Test 3 - Ethology Flashcards

Question

what approach do you take if you want to increase a behaviour and apply something? example

Answer 1

positive reinforcement - give treat after a trick

Answer 2

* Strengthen relationship between two stimuli * Can be used to change emotional states associated with a situation or procedure by pairing it with something good * Be aware of potential for opposite effects

Answer 3

1. Consistency is key – remove triggers outside training 2. Reward stimulus > aversive stimulus 3. Gradually build up the procedure while keeping fear/arousal sub-threshold 4. Separate components where possible 5. Repetition, repetition, repetition

Answer 4

* More stress behaviours in dogs trained with shock collars in comparison to dogs trained with positive reinforcement (Cooper et al., 2014) * Direct reactions to shock suggest pain, and more stress behaviours during both training and free walking in dogs trained with shock collars versus control dogs (Schilder & van der Borg, 2004)

Answer 5

negative punishment - remove attention if they jump

Answer 6

* Dog performance on a novel learning task was reported to be better for reward versus positive punishment-based training (Rooney & Cowan, 2011) * Dogs at training schools using negative-reinforcement based methods showed more stress behaviours and those at schools that used positive- reinforcement showed more attentiveness (Deldalle & Gaunet, 2014) * Increased obedience correlated with use of rewards but not positive punishment, and problematic behaviours were related to positive punishment but not rewards (Hiby et al., 2004)

Answer 7

1. What is the behaviour? 2. Is the behaviour increasing or decreasing? 3. Am I applying something or taking it away?

Answer 8

The faster the better * Assists with making the connection between the behaviour and the reward

Answer 9

-doesnt tell the animal the correct the behaviour -Must occur immediately after the behaviour and happen every time

Answer 10

Food is effective for most animals * Balance internal versus external factors for reward value

Answer 11

-Can cause physical and mental harm -Breakdown of the human- animal bond -> Impacts learning ability!

Answer 12

* Case series of 5 serious dog attacks on humans that appear to be linked to electronic containment systems (Polsky, 2000) * Confrontational training methods were reported to elicit aggressive responses in many dogs prior to a behaviour consult (Herron et al., 2009) * Use of physical punishment is associated with increases in various forms of aggression in dogs (Hsu & Sun, 2010), and human-directed aggression specifically (Casey et al., 2014)

Answer 13

Break the association between behaviour and reward by removing the reward Don’t inadvertently reward!

Answer 14

1. Timing of reinforcement 2. Strength of reinforcement 3. Schedule of reinforcement

Answer 15

Initially reward every time to help solidify the association

Answer 16

Learning at particular developmental stages (sensitive periods) that is rapid and independent of behavioural consequences sexual and filial

Answer 17

Fear/avoidance of novel items Especially food - Animals often try new items in small amounts - If palatability and energy/nutrition high, negative effects low animal likely to return

Answer 18

-Foods that make an animal ill will be avoided in the future -Based on classical conditioning, does not require conscious awareness * One-trial learning * Duration between intake and illness can be delayed * Taste/smell most effective sensory cues in mammals * In birds, visual stimuli effective

Answer 19

-Adaptive behaviours that promote health, survival and reproduction

Answer 20

-Physiological or psychological suppression of typical behaviours by external threat/ stress/ illness -Adaptive changes in behaviour to conserve resources and promote survival and/or reproduction

Answer 21

* Fixed actions performed in the absence of the normal eliciting stimulus can be linked to welfare

Answer 22

* Irrelevant behaviours performed during periods of motivational conflict or stress can be linked to welfare

Answer 23

1. ‘Away from the norm’ or statistically rare, based on naturalistic conditions -> But with domesticated species, not all statistically rare behaviours are abnormal, and not all common behaviours are normal 2. Generally lacking any clear or apparent function 3. Often pathological, either causing harm or resulting from neurological damage

Answer 24

Cannibalism & Infanticide - But not necessarily maladaptive... ‘Abnormal’ aggression - Sometimes, but what level or type should be considered maladaptive? Pica & Polydipsia - But not necessarily maladaptive... Abnormal repetitive behaviours

Answer 25

ARBs - behaviour patterns that are inappropriate, repeated and unvarying in either motor pattern or goal

Answer 26

1. Stereotypic behaviours * repetitive, unvarying and with no apparent goal or function * E.g. Route tracing, bar-biting 2. Impulsive/Compulsive behaviours * repetition of an inappropriate goal with variable flexible goal-directed behavior * E.g., barbering in mice

Answer 27

Stress and frustrated motivations can lead to: * Intention movements -Pacing with confinement * Redirected movements -Cross-suckling in calves * Vacuum activities -Sham dustbathing in chickens * Displacement activities -Preening during conflict in chickens These are not ARBs, but when repeated they might develop into them

Answer 28

Repetitive digging in laboratory gerbils * Providing sand to dig did not affect development * But a plaster cast of a burrow system had a dramatic effect! * Suggests frustrated motivation to have a burrow, not to dig

Answer 29

* Bar-mouthing in lab mice is derived from attempts to escape * Feather-plucking in hens is derived from motivations to forage * Object-sucking by calves is derived from motivations to suckle * Pacing in carnivores is derived from motivations to range

Answer 30

ARBs also found with: * autism spectrum disorders, tourettes, obsessive compulsive disorders in humans * Animal models where brain damage induced via lesions or drug stimulation All associated with alterations to basal ganglia and connections to cortex * Decision center for action In humans, associated with reduced behavioural control - inability to suppress inappropriate behaviours * Poor abilities to shift responses/goals * Impulsive responding

Answer 31

* Adequate space * Environmental enrichment to reduce boredom and frustration * Appropriate social contact * Reducing aversive conditions, providing coping strategies * Genetic selection

Answer 32

Removing stress/frustration may not result in improvements * Improvements depend on severity and how long it has been ongoing * Possibility of permanent brain pathology Treatment should focus on reducing stress and frustration, encouraging natural behaviours * Environmental and social enrichment * Reducing aversive conditions * Pharmacological treatment

Answer 33

How long have they been ongoing? How much of the time budget is spent on ARBs? Is there underlying pathology? Is the ARB causing damage?

Answer 34

1. Causation: Proximate mechanisms that stimulate behaviour, including physiology 2. Ontogeny: Behavioural development, learning and changes in

Answer 35

* Food animals often managed at the group level * We lack knowledge about causal factors* * Lower priority vs other matters of concern, which may have more tangible impact on productivity * Animal scientists c/should do a better job capturing the impact of welfare on profitability * Impact of behaviour problems on animal welfare is only more recently of interest in animal ag

Answer 36

1. What is: Facts (animal health & welfare science) 2. What must be: Requirements (animal protection laws, codes of practice, and practical welfare assessment) 3. What ought to be: Ethical perspectives

Answer 37

* “The ongoing acceptance of an industry’s standard business practices or operating procedures by its employees, stakeholders, and the general public” * Animal ag’s SLO is greatly impacted today by “welfare” (in its broadest sense): by what we do to the animals (how we care for them) but also by the public’s perspective on what is important

Answer 38

1. Problem behaviour during handling 2. Mis-mothering, and maternal aggression 3. Buller-steer syndrome

Answer 39

1. Vigilance behaviour (reduced scanning of the environment for predatory threats): 6,000 to 9,000 years of artificial selection for docility / reduced fear of humans 2. Maternal behaviour: Some selection against cows that are aggressive towards humans after calving 3. Reproductive behaviour: Seasonal breeding replaced by ability to breed year-round. Mostly natural breeding. 4. Feeding behaviour: Diet during the feedlot finishing phase affects natural feeding behaviour, especially duration

Answer 40

1. Balking (stopping - refusing to move forward) * Shadows and stark transitions in flooring * Entering / moving through handling chutes 2. Rearing in the chute, attempts to escape 3. Charging the handler

Answer 41

* Risk of injury to the cattle (slips, falls, but especially bruising on market-weight animals $) * Increases handling time, which may be considered by some to be inefficient * Risk of injury to handlers (farmers, vets) * Welfare implications: cattle (e.g., fear, pain, “distress”) * Welfare implications: humans (e.g., frustration, negative reciprocal effects: problem behaviour during handling leading to rougher handling)

Answer 42

Habituate cattle to humans, and good handling Follow natural behaviour principles: * Flight zone (compare beef vs dairy cattle) * Point of balance * Following behaviour Habituate cattle to the facilities (free access) Provide good facilities: * Well-lit * Limit novel stimuli move cattle in small groups keep quiet as much as possible during handling

Answer 43

1. Mis-mothering * Rejecting their newborn calf * Calf “stealing” by cows close to giving birth 2. Aggression towards humans

Answer 44

1. Mis-mothering * Inefficient: Time and labour to care for orphaned calves and/or to try and fix the problem * Risk to future calf health: affects the timely consumption of colostrum * Risk of injury to the newborn calf if dam is aggressive 2. Aggression towards humans * Risk of injury to farmers - and veterinarians

Answer 45

* Enough space for cows to spread out / seek isolation at calving * Avoid disturbing close-up cows (e.g., video monitoring), especially primiparous cows (greater risk for mis-mothering – why?) * Dystocia cases and C-section deliveries have a higher prevalence of calf rejections, for different reasons: -Pain and stress of dystocia and / or intervention -Time shift of hormonal profile for normal maternal behaviour (delays in the progression of delivery) -Possible interference of drugs administered for surgery * Facilitate licking the newborn to trigger normal maternal behaviour (e.g., smear birth fluids on the dam’s nose / tongue, putting feed on the calf) * Work to get the calf to nurse; Release of oxytocin during milk let-down may facilitate bonding. Pen the pair together and restraint the cow, if necessary for the calf to suckle a few times/day * “Stealing” cows need to be separated from the main calving group to avoid interference

Answer 46

* Protect yourself at all times around new momma cows (knowing your escape route is the best defense) * Encourage producers to use protective barriers when handling / processing newborn calves * Culling aggressive cows

Answer 47

* Repeated mounting of an individual animal (the “buller”) in feedlots by one or more penmates (“riders”) * Muddy flanks, tail-head, and / or hair loss on these areas

Answer 48

* Efficiency RE time and labour to intervene, remove and examine buller, treat them (if necessary), return after recovery * Possible injury or even death of the buller * Costs RE treatment costs, negative impact on ADG * Negative welfare implications: bullers are persistently pursued, attempt to avoid mounting (aversive), but often cannot, fatigue/exhaustion, pain

Answer 49

* Avoid large groups; prevalence is higher in feedlot pens of > 300 animals * Remove buller from the home pen for recovery, however, currently no science-based guidelines about how long is required for recovery (very difficult to study in the field) * Some repeat bullers can learn to effectively use hiding structures / anti-mounting bars

Answer 50

Issue: Dehorning, castration, dehorning and branding all cause pain - both acute and after the procedure Rationale * Dehorning reduces carcass bruising, and injuries to cattle, farmers, and veterinarians * Castration reduces aggression between unfamiliar males, and DFD / dark cutter meat quality problems * Branding provides permanent herd-level ownership identification (only practiced in western Canada)

Answer 51

* Castrate as young as possible, pain mitigation required for calves > 6 mo * Dehorn as young as possible, pain mitigation required if horn bud has implanted * Canadian Beef Quality Audit results suggest a steady increase in the use of polled genetics in the purebred sector of the industry

Answer 52

ISSUE -Weaning imposed when calf is 6 to 8 months old. -Conventional method is to impose remote physical separation of the cow and calf (e.g. transport calves to an auction market) -Behaviour response suggests significant distress for up to 4 days (increased vocalizing and walking, reduced eating, and resting / lying down) RATIONALE Allows for the specialized feeding and finishing process Dams have a recovery period before giving birth to the next calf

Answer 53

* Natural weaning (practiced by some, but unlikely to be widely adopted) * Fenceline weaning * Two-stage weaning

Answer 54

* Nursing prevented by a nose-flap (stage 1) * Pairs are separated 4 to 7 days later (stage 2)

Answer 55

Weaned cattle could be without feed, water or rest for up to 36 h

Answer 56

Deal-breakers for some are not for others * Personality * Time availability * Children * Mobility Deal-breakers can change with life stage Animals can develop new deal-breakers with changes in circumstance

Answer 57

* Treatment and nail trim issues * Puppy and kitten consults with behaviour questions * House-soiling in cats * Separation anxiety and noise phobia in dogs * Fear or aggression towards other animals or people * Cognitive dysfunction

Answer 58

* Reward-based training * Aversive training * Balanced training * Dominance-based training (dogs)

Answer 59

Dominance describes the relationship between two individuals * Related to priority of access to critical resources (e.g., food, mates, shelter) * Developed and maintained by agonistic encounters

Answer 60

1. Your dog urinates in the house to show you that she owns the "territory" 2. Dogs pull on leash so they can get out in front and be in charge of you and the walk 3. Dogs get on the furniture and/or beds to show that they rule the household

Answer 61

Leadership = initiation of group activities * Based on affiliative behaviours not dominance * Participants want to join in Training methods * Dominance – make dogs do something by force or intimidation * Leadership – convince dogs that they want to do something using consistency and positive reinforcement of wanted behaviours

Answer 62

Encourage performance of particular behaviours without force * Work to earn with rewards for appropriate behaviours - Attention, food, play, etc * Ignore or redirect unwanted behaviours Better outcomes * Changes emotional state associated with situation in a positive manner * Rewarded behaviours become habit over time

Answer 63

* High forage diet * Grazing

Answer 64

-linear -despotism -triangular

Answer 65

1. Vigilance: reduced by 6,000 to 9,000 years of artificial selection for docility (esp. fear of humans) 2. Maternal: cow-calf separation, and selection for milk let- down, do not favour strong maternal care traits 3. Reproductive behaviour: seasonal breeding receptivity replaced by ability to breed year-round, also artificial insemination 4. Feeding: Totally Mixed Ration (TMR) diet, often zero- grazing by the animal; delivery impacts timing of feeding esp important lactating cows 5. Social behaviour: impacted by hand-rearing calves (e.g., dairy bulls more aggressive toward human handlers)

Answer 66

1. Balking (stopping - refusing to move forward) * Shadows and stark flooring transitions in flooring * Entering the milking parlour * Passing through a foot bath * Loading onto a truck / trailer

Answer 67

1. Nose-pressing 2. Tongue-rolling 3. Problem behaviour during handling 4. Non-nutritive sucking by calves 5. Problems related to lying

Answer 68

* Use and habituate cows to good handling * Follow natural behaviour principles: * Flight zone (smaller for dairy vs beef cattle * Point of balance * Following behaviour * Habituate cows to the facilities * Provide good facilities: * Well-lit * Limited presentation of novel stimuli

Answer 69

2. Kicking – especially at milking * Nervous or fearful cows * Injured or sore teats

Answer 70

Sucking (creation of at least a partial vacuum) on pen fixtures or body parts of other calves - objects that provide no apparent nutritive reinforcement Body parts targeted are the muzzle, ears, navel, inguinal area (e.g., teats or scrotum)

Answer 71

* Important means of disease transmission (?) * Hairballs may form in the digestive tract * Urine may be ingested esp when males are subjects * Considered “abnormal” - not seen by calves raised on cows * Possibly linked to “milk stealing” during lactation (?)

Answer 72

* Welfare implications: cattle (e.g., fear, pain, distress) * Risk of injury to handlers (farmers, vets) * Increases handling time × multiple handling events/d * Risk of injury to the cattle (slips, and falls) * Negative welfare implications: humans (e.g., frustration, negative reciprocal effects)

Answer 73

* Prevalence – how common is the problem and / or what proportion of dairy animals does the problem effect * * Severity – how impactful the issue would be on the animal in terms of eliciting negative affects * Duration – period of time over which the animal would be affected

Answer 74

1. Lying in alleyways or transfer alleys 2. Lying backwards (turned-around) in the stall 3. Not standing-up or lying-down in a natural way, resulting, over time, in injury 4. Extreme lying durations (both short, and long)

Answer 75

Feed calves to appetite - hunger plays some role Satisfying the motivation to suck after milk feeding * Natural feeding methods – sucking is important (e.g., teat buckets, automated milk-feeding systems, use of nurse cows) * Mimic the natural feeding duration (~10 min) * Provide “blind” / “dummy” teats with non-perforated tips for calves to suck on after the meal to avoid cross-sucking * Provide a “distraction” (e.g., feed hay after milk meal)

Answer 76

Issues: -Lameness: Dairy cows have a number of different problems with their feet and legs, manifest as abnormal gait and limping -Injuries: Aberrations on their tarsal and carpal joints, and on the dorsal aspect of the neck, often referred to as “injuries” Rationale: -Farmers underestimate the prevalence of these issues, and so they may not think they have a problem -Vets have focused more on sickness and disease and these issues do not really fall into those categories -Farmers and vets have focused on things that impact productivity and profitability (e.g., mastitis, reproductive health, ketosis) -Causes of these problems are multi-factorial, and complex (i.e., no quick fix). Not all animals at a facility are affected

Answer 77

* A fundamental behavioural need for lying (12 to 13h/d for lactating cows, housed indoors) * Welfare implications (e.g., fatigue, perhaps also pain – from standing on concrete flooring) * Extreme durations associated with health problems (e.g., long duration, severe lameness) and associated with reduced milk production * Duration of lying can be impacted by the inability to change position easily (without hitting a wall, or stall divider)

Answer 78

* Stall dimensions appropriate to modern cow size * Expose calves to freestalls from a young age so they become accustomed to using them * Stocking density code Requirement: ≤ 120%, i.e. 120 cows: 100 stalls (110:100 in 2027, 100:100 in 2031) * Innovation / testing stall designs

Answer 79

Issue: Calves are taken away from the dam before they are 1 day old. Rationale: * Dairy production is about milk... (calves are in direct “competition” for the saleable product) * Leaving calves to nurse can interfere with milk let- down – cows holding back their milk * Separation can reduce the risk of transmitting certain diseases (e.g., Johnes disease)

Answer 80

Issue: -Virtually all dairy breeds have horns, and all methods of removal cause acute and post-operative pain -Tail-docking is the removal of the tail, often above the rear-udder attachment – an alteration from nature Rationale: * Dehorning * Prevent injuries to handlers and each other * Reduce input costs as animals with horns require more space * Tail-docking * Improve milker comfort * Perceived improvement cow cleanliness

Answer 81

Issue: -Cases of downed dairy cows on farms and at auction markets suggest room for improvement (most often these are dairy cows, not beef cows) Rationale: * Hoping for recovery of the animal * The ethic / duty of care (euthanasia seen as failure?) * Loss of income and cost - for animals killed on farm * Culture of not wanting to be wasteful * Uncertain understanding of how poor health influences capacity to withstand stress of transport and handling which occurs at culling * Poor understanding (by all) of what happens to cull cows after leaving the home farm

Answer 82

1. Producer self-evaluation questionnaire: 20 questions to determine whether they are meeting (certain) Requirements from the Code of Practice 2. Mandatory records: SOPs: colostrum management & calf feeding, health practices and branding, euthanasia, shipping cattle 3. Mandatory records: Cattle assessment / animal-based measures: BCS, hock, knee, and neck injuries, lameness

Answer 83

* Observe cows in their home stall * If lying, make them stand but wait 5 min before scoring * Watch the cow for 30 s, from behind (10 s from their right, 10 s from directly behind, 10 s from their left) * Assess the presence of 4 control points * If any 2 are present, a closer examination of the limbs is indicated

Answer 84

head bob, spinal arch, joint flexion, swinging in and out, tracking up, asymmetric steps/reluctance to bear weight

Answer 85

Horses are sensitive to pressure and move away from it, which has laid the foundation for negative reinforcement training

Answer 86

1. WEIGHT SHIFTING from side-to-side, between the left and right feet (front feet or back feet) 2. UNEVEN WEIGHT BEARING; repeated resting of one limb more than the other, opposite leg via a leg lift 3. STANDING ON THE STALL EDGE: to take the weight off affected claw 4. UNEVEN MOVEMENT when the cow is moved laterally, by the assessor, the animal shifts position in an uneven, irregular way

Answer 87

Attributes of an injury can include: * Swelling / inflammation? * Hair loss? * Lesion(s) / broken skin? * Discharge? * Painful to palpation?

Answer 88

* Fibrous diet consumed throughout the day -> meal feeding concentrate * Constant activity over a wide range -> box stalls, small paddocks * Stable social groups  individual housing, fluctuating social groups (Mixing sexes? – Jørgensen et al 2009 no sex effect on aggression, space) * Sleep deprivation * “Buddy sour/barn sour” * Competition season during breeding season

Answer 89

* Wears teeth * Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy * EGUS * Weight loss * Gas colic – surgical, poor recovery

Answer 90

* Displacement behaviour – normal behaviour displayed out of context (in a stressful or anxiety-producing situation). * Can become emancipated from the original cause – Compulsive Disorder * Confinement, lack of social contact, frustration, barren environments, lack of foraging opportunity, high concentrate diets, genetics, use, early weaning.

Answer 91

vision * Recognize familiar conspecifics and people * Can differentiate between twins, recognize person from photo * Poor visual acuity - Binocular vision at the end of the nose only audition * Poor acuity * Wider range 55 to 33,500 Hz * Rarely suffer hearing loss

Answer 92

-nutrition -physical environment -health -behavioural interaction -mental/affective state

Answer 93

Fears and phobias * Vet, farrier, trailering.... * Separation anxiety Aggression * Towards people: fear, pain, learned behaviour * Towards other horses: sex hormones, fear, territory, pain (esp breeding) Narcolepsy * More often recumbent sleep deprivation Headshaking Learned helplessness * “stubborn” Other * Self-mutilation, kicking, bucking, bolting, spooking

Answer 94

* Crib collars * Electrifying surfaces and e-collars * Bitter substances * Rings * Surgery; modified Forssell’s procedure Medication * SSRIs/TCAs * Naloxone * NMDA receptor antagonist * Omeprazol

Answer 95

* Transportation and slaughter; Slaughter ban in US has led to longer transport times for horses sent to Canada or Mexico, Shipping of live horses overseas for slaughter * End of life decisions * PMSG * Ejiao * Lack of adequate turnout * Horse rescues * Obesity/metabolic disease * Identifying and treating OA * Doping * Tight nosebands * Fireworks

Answer 96

* Signalment * Age at onset of the problem * Duration of the problem * Description of the actual behavior – VIDEO! * Frequency of the behaviour (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly) * Duration of an average episode (seconds, minutes, hours) * Any change in the pattern, frequency, intensity, or duration of episodes * Learning, emancipation * Any corrective measures tried and the response * Typical 24-hour schedule for the horse and owner, as well as any day-to-day variability * Genetics * Environment and housing * Anything else the owner thinks is relevant

Answer 97

Pain * Musculoskeletal * Feet * Gastric ulceration, colic * Teeth * Vaginitis Hormonal * Estrus behaviour * Cushings Neurologic * EPM * Neuralgia Tack/equipment PE, CBC/chem, fecal, radiograph

Answer 98

* Medical * Management ->Changing the environment to prevent triggering of the behaviour ->Learning body language and avoid ALL situations where problems have occurred in the past. * Behaviour Modification ->Avoid ALL punishment and reward ALL desired behaviors ->Teaching coping strategies and alternative behaviours * Medications ->Medications, supplements used to decrease anxiety or fear and enable behavior modification to be implemented

Answer 99

FREEDOM, FORAGE, FRIENDS * Providing turnout * Foraging opportunity * Social opportunity

Answer 100

Negative reinforcement * Traditional horse training * Fine line -> abuse -> habituation/learned helplessness * Timing is everything Positive reinforcement * Reinforcement in the eye of the beholder * Most horses do not find, talking, petting, slapping as reinforcing * Clicker training- timing of reinforcement R+ creates motivated and exploratory learners Often training a new or alternative behaviour to bypass a previously learned behaviour is easier than trying to fix a problem behaviour

Answer 101

* Cooperative care is a method of training that allows the animal to participate in it’s own care and husbandry/medical procedures * The animal has a sense of agency and control by being able to deliver and withdraw consent

Answer 102

Use positive reinforcement to shape behaviours * Mounting block * Trailering * Shoeing * In the saddle Shaping is rewarding the components of a more complicated behaviour to build up to the full repertoir

Answer 103

* Milk-fed to 5 months (200 kg): QC, NY * Grain-fed to 7 months age (325 kg): ON

Answer 104

* Age they are killed is of concern to some (mainly an ethical matter more than one to do with welfare) * Housed indoors * Kept individually during milk feeding phase * Very close confinement * Required to be in group housing no later than 8 weeks of age * Still relatively high stocking densities * Slatted flooring so feces falls through * Slats are uncomfortable and cause slipping

Answer 105

Many dairy farms now breed some of their cows using beef semen. Often Angus semen. Used on cows of lower genetic value the farmer does not want replacement heifers from

Answer 106

Full-blood Holstein males raised and finished to the standard of regular beef cattle (but a longer time on feed)

Answer 107

Red jungle fowl nest, forage and spend the majority of daylight hours on the ground, flying up to roost in trees, mainly at at night, in order to avoid predation

Answer 108

Laying Hens -More eggs >320/year -Greater efficiency Feed:Egg Broilers -Fast growth rates -Huge appetites -Large breasts and legs

Answer 109

* Efficiencies realized through, confinement housing, nutrition, as well as genetic selection

Answer 110

* Confinement housing (battery cages) improved health, hygiene, efficiency but with significant behavioural costs to the hen * Earlier sexual maturity & greater egg production increases demand for calcium leading to osteoporosis, high risk for bone fractures

Answer 111

laying more eggs and eating less kg of feed per kg of eggs less mortality

Answer 112

Broodiness – incubation and care of chicks- has been heavily selected ”out” Feeding behaviour has become more efficient * Laying hens “work less” for food * But foraging behaviour still seems to be very important Some abnormal behaviours have developed that we don’t fully understand * Absence of foraging substrate is a risk for feather pecking....but it is not the whole story

Answer 113

* Modern hen has retained ‘urge’ to nest * Most hens prefer to lay in an enclosed space * Most hens will perform a variety of ‘costly’ tasks to get to the nest box - Push through heavy doors −Squeeze through narrow gaps −Pass by a dominant hen

Answer 114

* Most wild-type behaviors are retained * Changes are quantitative rather than qualitative * Thresholds may be altered * Reduced fear, increased sociability, reduced anti-predator response

Answer 115

* Nesting * Perching * Dust bathing * Foraging -Motivation of hens for these specific behaviors and the consequences of preventing them have been researched extensively

Answer 116

* Hens perch in high places to avoid predators * Hens prefer to rest/roost on perches * Some data that hens work for access to perch * It is well established that perching increases the strength of leg bones

Answer 117

* On litter, hens dust bathe every 2-3 days * Evolved for parasite removal, feather condition * Hens ‘sham’ dust bathe on wire floors * Hens dustbathe more quickly and for a longer period of time after going without litter * ‘Build-up’ of motivation

Answer 118

* Promote good health and hygiene * But space and behavior are greatly restricted * And lack of exercise leads to weaker bones

Answer 119

* Include nest area, perches, scratch mat * Provide the hygiene and health benefits of conventional cages * Production comparable to conventional cages * Perches and more space increase bone strength * Furnishings intended to support behavior patterns important to hens

Answer 120

1. Appropriate socialization 2. Appropriate training methods 3. Meeting behavioural needs 4. Pet-proofing 5. Early behaviour issues * Housetraining (covered later), jumping up, puppy biting/chewing, kitten rough play

Answer 121

* Provide more space and opportunities to engage in a full range of behavior * But can also may increase problems such as feather pecking and cannibalism * Behavioural management is critical for making these systems work

Answer 122

1. No appreciable risk of harm to the community or the environment 2. Adequately meet the needs of the species within captivity 3. Suitable interactions with humans to ensure continued commitment

Answer 123

Attachments and familiarity develop relatively easily and rapidly * Starts with social and environmental exploration * Once closed, new things are treated with suspicion, slower process * Puppies – 3 to 16 weeks * Kittens – 2 to 9 weeks

Answer 124

Socialization – 3 to 12(-16) weeks * Maturation of motor skills and nervous system * Imprinting – dog identification and learning social limits * 5-8 weeks optimum for socialization * 8-14 weeks stranger danger develops, also parallel fear of objects

Answer 125

Neonatal – first 2 weeks * Mainly sleeping and nursing, seeking tactile contact Transition – 2 – 3 weeks * eyes and ears open, become mobile, start interactions, eating solid foods

Answer 126

* Reinforcement of socialization and environmental complexity necessary

Answer 127

Neonatal – first week * Eating, sleep, basic interaction with mother and littermates Transitional – second week * Begins adult forms of eating and locomotion, emergence of social behaviours

Answer 128

Adolescent * Maturation of motor skills * Ongoing socialization * Adoption ideally at 10-16 weeks?

Answer 129

Socialization – 2 to 7(-9) weeks * Formation of social bonds/familiarity

Answer 130

Complete isolation from humans * Withdrawal from humans starting after 5 weeks * Intractable fear of humans after 14 weeks Hand-rearing with isolation from other dogs * After 12 weeks, passive with peers leading to later aggression * Altered interactions with humans

Answer 131

-Reduced welfare -Related behaviour problems * E.g., aggression, noise phobia, house-soiling -Consequences of behaviour problems and reduced bonding with pet

Answer 132

For well-socialized animals * Socialization should continue throughout the life of the animal For poorly socialized animals * Most won’t have complete deprivation, so some base to build on * Will take longer with more effort, lack of generalization * Particularly important for experiences to be positive

Answer 133

Well-socialized pets will be easier to handle for both the owner and veterinary staff * More complete physical exams * More accurate diagnostics with reduced stress * Easier to deliver treatments and increased client compliance * Owner more likely to bring pet to the vet

Answer 134

Wait 1 week after first vaccination for titre to build * Prior to this, socialize but stick to safe activities * After this, start moderately safe activities * Following complete series, expand to more ‘risky’ activities

Answer 135

Choose safe dogs for socialization * Fully vaccinated adults that play gently * Healthy puppies with at least first vaccination Choose safe environments * Puppy classes with appropriate cleaning and vaccination requirements * Low traffic areas where potentially unsafe dogs can be avoided * Avoid the dog park and other busy areas where control is limited

Answer 136

Encourage owners to ask lots of questions * All puppies should have at least first vaccination * Clean and free of potential dangers * Positive-reinforcement based methods * Good content; Puppy socialization opportunities, Basic obedience and house-training, Prevention of common behaviour problems * Good rapport with instructors * AVSAB handout on finding a traine

Answer 137

Make experiences positive for the puppy or kitten * Gradual, passive exposure * Limit the number of stimuli at one time * Pay attention for signs of fear * Appropriate rest and down time * Pair exposure with good things like food and attention

Answer 138

Fear behaviour * Hissing, open mouth * Piloerection * Arched posture * Ears and whiskers back * Pupil dilation Avoidance behaviour * Struggling or moving away * Refusing treats Engaged behaviour * Ears, whiskers and posture forward

Answer 139

Fear behaviour * Arched posture * Ears back * Tail tucked * Freezing and barking * Subtle behaviours like lip licking, paw lifting, panting, yawning and flinching Avoidance behaviour * Struggling or moving away * Refusing treats

Answer 140

* Don’t coddle and immediately rescue, but be kind and remove if they escalate * Encourage approach using vocal cues and gestures, and luring them with treats and toys * Use desensitization and counter-conditioning for persistent fears

Answer 141

Exaggerated, persistent, or inappropriate fear given the context Signs of emerging aggression * Growling, lip-lifting, inhibited or actual bites in puppies * Outside of the context of play * Persistent defensive behaviours in kittens Discuss with client whether behaviour warrants assistance from a trainer versus a veterinary behaviourist

Answer 142

1. Provide a safe place 2. Provide multiple and separated key environmental resources 3. Provide opportunity for play and predatory behaviour 4. Provide positive, consistent, and predictable human– cat social interaction 5. Provide an environment that respects the importance of the cat’s sense of smell

Answer 143

* Be aware of arousal levels – stop play when puppy/kitten gets too excited * Interrupt and redirect to an appropriate outlet (e.g., enrichment!) * Negative punishment to reduce the behaviour

Answer 144

physical; smaller size, shorter muzzle, domed head, larger eyes, smaller teeth, floppy ears behaviour; increased care soliciting behaviours such as begging, face licking, reduced fear, curiosity, playfulness, reduced territoriality, increased social contact other; earlier sexual maturity, relaxed estrous cycles, better social cognitive skills

Answer 145

facultative carnivores but will consume other foods large infrequent meals

Answer 146

vision; field varies with breed, focal ability likely reduced, some colour vision hearing; range depends on age and breed, ear tile to rotate and capture sounds taste; less senstitive than humans, less sensitive to salt, bitter receptors are at back of the tongue, receptors for water at tip of tongue touch; specialized vibrissae at eye, cheek, muzzle, chin and neck important for preventng collisions and exploration olfaction; highly sensitive in comparison to humans

Answer 147

feces marking; anal sac secretions generally only at time of defecation, marking not standard in dogs urine marking; more common in males, not always affected by neutering, may indicate territory or general communication pheromones; not detectable by humans, roles in sexual and maternal behaviour, dog appeasing pheromone potentially useful for treatment of stress and anxiety

Answer 148

obligate carnivores multiple small frequent meals per day predation based object play behaviour

Answer 149

vision; eyes adapted for night hunting. large visual field with large area of retinal activation, good ability to detect movement, colour blind hearing; broad range and very sensitive, heightened for prey location, use of pinna for capture taste; no receptors for sweet but bitter is intact olfaction; more developed than humans, used for communication rather than tracking touch; vibrissae key to determining location in space and of objects, sensitive paws

Answer 150

feces marking; generally buried, unsure if there is a role urine marking; spraying more common in males, not always affected by neutering, doesnt appear to indicate territory pheromones; roles in sexual and maternal behaviour, skin secretions, urine

Answer 151

-naturally crepuscular, but domestrics largely diurnal -need a varied diet beyond pellets -long rest periods, brief spurts of energy -copraphagia 3-8 hours after eating -marking through rubbing, urine spraying

Answer 152

feeding -obligate carnivores, prefer multiple small meals -olfactory critical period at 60-90 days olfactory signals -show marking behaviour; communication, territorial marking, may increase with new additions

Answer 153

precocial, but still dependent on sow for first few weeks -stress sensitive - quiet environment, access to hide -neophobic; sensitive to changes in water and food -ingest cecotropes throughout the day

Answer 154

1. board certified vet behaviourist 2. certified applied animal behaviourist 3. trainers

Answer 155

-pet info, family info, home environment and activities (training), housetraining, responses to people/animals/common stimuli, health concerns principle complaint too!!

Answer 156

-clear dx -related stimuli can be identified and managed -problem is mild, short duration, simple -low motivation and arousal, easy to interrupt -previous evidence of success for the given problem -minimal risk of injury -family members capable, committed, consistent, plus have a good grasp of the problem and treatment

Answer 157

1. owner education 2. modify the environment 3. modify the animals

Answer 158

fear; emotional response to a present of threatened danger anxiety; reaction to a prospective or imagined danger or uncertainty phobia; marked, persistent, excessive fear of clearly discernible objects or situations

Answer 159

-genetic predisposition -previous experience, specific plus developmental -current situation; anything that affects perceived risk

Answer 160

1. fear of people, places, objects noises; associated with specific triggers 2. generalized anxiety; no clear triggers, normally across a range of situations 3. separation anxiety; distress response when left alone or when separated from a specific person or people

Answer 161

owner education -identification of fear, remain calm, no excessive soothing to reduce anxiety transfer management -identify all problem stimuli and avoid exposure outside of training -use muzzle if potential for aggression -use leash/head halters to improve control behaviour modification -no positive punishment -general training for control and to build confidence -training for settle, watch and touch for use during training -desensitization and counterconditioning -medication if response is intense, adjust to threshold

Answer 162

1. fear of ppl, places, objects, noises: associated with specific triggers 2. generalized anxiety: no clear triggers, normally across a range of situations 3. separation anxiety: distress repsonse when left alone, or when separated from a specific person or people

Answer 163

-previous negative experiences with stimulus -missing particular exposures during socialization

Answer 164

-consider related behavioural problems based on signalment and history -sudden onset may be related to underlying injury or disease that influences fear thresholds (pain, discomfort, endocrine disorders, neurological issues)

Answer 165

prognosis better with adequate socialization

Answer 166

-manage exposure to stimulus outside training -desensitization and counterconditioning -settle, watch and touch can be helpful for control and redirection, plus calm and confidence building -consider situational and daily medication if necessary

Answer 167

controlled early exposure to a variety of noises risk factors for specific noises include experience during first 4 months of life

Answer 168

-some breed differences, increases with dog age -often extreme responses by the time owners seek help (pacing, escape attempts, hiding, vocalizations, etc) -may be responsive to visual stimuli associated with noise -diff dx; if not observed it may be mistaken for elimination disorders, destructive behaviours

Answer 169

-good for specific noises, reduced for generalized anxiety -chance for relapse high is high without maintenance -thunderstorm phobia can be more than just noise, better resolution if treated before associated with other stimuli

Answer 170

-owner education; continued reinforcement is necessary for maintenance -management; prevent/reduce impact of exposure outside training, limit potential for self harm

Answer 171

acute; alprazolam and other benzos -also clomipramine or fluozetine can help

Answer 172

-any sex, age, breed and some genetic influencces -behavioural and physiological signs of fear/aggression (key is global response rather than to specific stimuli) -associated with; previous negative experience which becomes generalized, inadequate socialization, congnitive decline with age, unavoidable stressors in the environment

Answer 173

diff dx; underlying injury/disease that influences fear thresholds, other related behavioural disorders -prognosis; good for improveent, but often poor for complete resolution, key factor is level of socialization

Answer 174

management; triage concerns based on animal welfare and owner needs. provide predictable routines, calm environments, stable social environment behavioural modification; teach settle, watch, touch exercises, preferably specific safe location. medications likely useful like clomipramine, fluoxetine

Answer 175

-anxiety of destructive behaviours when alone OR when separated from a particular person associated with pessimism; a negative emotional state can be a serious welfare concern

Answer 176

-any age, sex, breed, some genetic influences -behavioural and physiological signs of fear/anxiety at separation and during absence -other behavioural signs during absence; destructive behaviours, urination, vocalizations, repetitive locomotion, self injury, anorexia, etc -associated with hyperattachment to owners, generalized anxiety, cognitive decline

Answer 177

single owner, neutered, rehomed, recent changes to home and family composition, lack of obedience training

Answer 178

diff dx -vocalization due to other issues, destructive behaviours, elimination disorders, stereotypic/compulsive behaviours, cognitive dysfunction prognosis; good for improvement, complete resolution may not be possible in severe cases. may take weeks to months to resolve, setbacks due to extended time away/at home

Answer 179

housesoiling, vocalizations, aggression looks different from dogs

Answer 180

owner education; dispel anthropomorphic reasoning management; safe environments to prevent destruction and self injury, during treatment avoid separation/reduce impact (clonidine, traz/gaba/benzos), exercise and mental stimulation esp before separation

Answer 181

-potential for other animals to be harmed -breakdown of the human animal bond (relinquishment, healthy euthanasia) -potential for neglect and abuse by frustrated owners (use of punishment based training, ostracized by family)

Answer 182

1- pre bite 2- near bite (dont break skin) 3 - skin punctures, single or multiple bites 4-single bite with deeper punctures 5- multiple bites with deep punctures or multiple attack incidence 6-victim killed or flesh consumed

Answer 183

dog owners liability act -owner is liable for damages arised from a bite from any breed of dog, proceedings can be commenced with a bite to a person or domestic animal or with menacing behaviour health protection and promotion act -vets must report mammal bites to public health

Answer 184

-treat the animal in the home; important to understand owners goals -relinquish to someone with more experience or a better environment for the problem -euthanize

Answer 185

-treat; simple cases with low risk of injury -refer; any time you are unsure if you are capable of handling it

Answer 186

it can be improved/managed but it cant be cured. always a chance of relapse

Answer 187

-consider possible underlying medical problems (neuro cause, pain, discomfort, medication side effects) differentiate between different types and targets of aggression

Answer 188

the owners; lack of control is a disaster the animal; assess potential for and likelihood of damage aggression details; lack of predictability is a disaster

Answer 189

human direction; owner directed vs stranger direted interdog/cat/species; familiar and unfamiliar animals

Answer 190

-fear related/defensive -resource guarding/possessive aggression/food aggression/conflict -territorial and protective -redirected (bites not original target) -predatory (chase instinct) -play related (unruly play) -petting induced (feline, during touch) -pain induced/iatrogenic -maternal/paternal; offspring, hormonal, temporary -pathophysiological; underlying neural dysfunction

Answer 191

-warn owners of liability issues -treatment/management is ongoing -beware of unfamiliar situations -proper recognition of signs of fear and aggression and appropriate methods for approach and response

Answer 192

-identify all stimuli that elicit fear/aggresion and avoid -manage with separation barriers -improve safety and control with head halter and basket muzzle

Answer 193

no its not licensed for aggression. fear/anxiety only

Answer 194

danger!!!! escalation of aggression, lowers threshold for aggression overtime, causes redirected aggression, further reduces trust, results in injuries

Answer 195

rapid ingestion of food, keey away/body blocking, threats, bite attempts management; dont compete for resources, remove triggers. treat drop it and leave it,

Answer 196

response to threatening stimuli. fearful body postures early on but can switch to confident aggressive behaviours over time. often increased by leash/crowding management; identify stimuli that elicit fear and avoid. behaviour modification, medication (TCAs/SSRIs)

Answer 197

-directed towards outside people/animals, onset generally at social maturity, occurs on family property or with family, more common in guard breeds and intact males, influenced by previous success

Answer 198

dx; heightened emotional state, aggression is redirected to unintended target treatment; avoid overarousal, avoid contact when overstimulated, understand and treat initial trigger

Answer 199

diagnosis; predatory sequence with no threat behaviours prognosis; generally poor with strong prey drive treatment; segregation for safety, alternative outlets for energy and play, training for strong recall, difficult to treat if motivation is high

Answer 200

-excessive play behaviour directed towards people or other animals -aggression is inhibited prognosis; good with early prevention management; dont use hands or feet to play, interrupt and redirect

Answer 201

dx; low threshold for physical contact prognosis; good if owners respect boundaries management; identify threshold, retraining with D+CC

Answer 202

-proper socialization -proper management -teach children animal signals and appropriate interactions

Answer 203

-surgical complications -chronic pain -impaired communication -impaired defense for declaw

Answer 204

ear crop; not related to ear infection risk tail dock; minimal effect on tail injuries declaw and debark; behavioural prevention and alternatives available

Answer 205

-back pain -inappropriate elimination -aggression

Answer 206

animal; behaviour issues owner; unmet expectations, expenses, change in circumstances, uncontrolled breeding lack of value for animals

Answer 207

limited food and care, often harsh environments, impact of welfare

Answer 208

~10% of pet population relinquished per year (15% of dogs, 50% of cats euthanized) -many animals remain in shelters for extended periods. (environment is stressful and barren, no kill shelters can pose serious concerns for welfare) -some animals end up in revolving door

Answer 209

welfare issues -unintentional health and behaviour problems -inadequate environments and vet care -ongoing behavioural problems due to poor socialization during early critical periods -stress and further issues with importation from abroad solutions -government regulations for breeders -only purchase from reputable sources; no pet stores or online

Answer 210

-cant breed female <12 months or before second heat -cant breed parent/offspring or siblings -cant separate puppies at <56 days -providing dogs or premises for use in puppy mill activities

Answer 211

-failure to address matting, visible parasites, or emaciation -failure to isolate with contagious diseases -failure to maintain clean environment

Answer 212

deafness in dalmations, epilepsy in border collies

Answer 213

english bulldog; heads too large to birth normally bulldog/pug/boston terrier; brachycephalic (flattening of the face impedes breathing) dachshund; extendend back related to vertebral issues and pain

Answer 214

welfare -pain or discomfort resulting from the condition or treatment of the condition -restricted mobility affecting ability to perform species-typical behaviours solutions -selective breeding to restrict known genetic conditions (screening for hip dysplasia) -relaxation of selection extremes or focus on individuals that appear to cope well with the extreme

Answer 215

socialization issues and lack of vet care

Answer 216

-animal injury and death; fights can last 1-2 hours -suboptimal housing and care -training with bait animals -encourages insensitivity to animals in general