Test 3 - Chapters 8 & 9 Flashcards
It is estimated that at least _________percent of those who recover from an initial episode of depression will have at least one subsequent depressive episode
A) 10
B) 25-35
C) 60-90
D) 100
C) 60-90
The most frequent comorbid condition with depression is
A) Anxiety
B) Suicide
C) Alcoholism
D) Anomie
A) Anxiety
Which of the following words is most descriptive of manic episodes?
A) Flamboyant B) Pensive C) Expensive D) both a and c E) none of the above
C) Expensive
Less severe or brief episodes of mania are referred to as:
A) petit-manic
B) hypermanic
C) hypomanic
D) schizo-manic
C) hypomanic
In bi-polar ___________disorder, there are one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episodes
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
B) 1
In bipolar_____ disorder, there are at least one hypomanic episode and one or more depressive episode
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
A) 2
Bipolar affective disorder
A) occurs more frequently in males than in females
B) occurs more frequently in females than in males
C) rates do not differ between males and females
D) is so rare that no research has examined its relative incidence in males and females
C) rates do not differ between males and females
Clara moves very quickly in and out of depressive and manic episode, commonly having 5 or more episodes of mania and depression in one year. Of the following disorders, which is Clara most likely suffering from?
A) bipolar 1
B) bipolar 2
C) rapid-cycling depression/mania
D) major depression
C) rapid-cycling depression/mania
The prevalence of this disorder is greater where there is more seasonal variation in hours of sunlight
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Up to 70 percent of women experience mood swings and sad feelings lasting up to two weeks after childbirth
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
Approximately 10 to 15 percent of women are diagnosed with this disorder that occurs after childbirth
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
Yearly changes in the amount of sunlight available may trigger faulty regulation of circadian rhythms, leading to affective disturbance
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
The hormone melatonin, which is secreted by the pineal gland in response to changes in light intensity, has been implicated in this disorder
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Symptoms of this disorder can include panic attacks, anxiety, sleep disruption, and disturbing thoughts about harming themselves or their babies.
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
Since melatonin can be inhibited by prolonged exposure to bright light, patients with this disorder have been treated with phototherapy
A) Mood disorder with postpartum onset
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
B) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
Although a definitive cause of mood disorders are still unknown, most researchers agree that depression is caused by:
A) Social factors
B) Biological factors
C) Personality factors
D) a complex interaction of social, biological, and personality factors
D) a complex interaction of social, biological, and personality factors
Stress always leads to depression
A) True
B) False
B) False
Christine is a therapist who takes as her starting point concerning depression that person’s emotional reactions are determined in part by what he or she thinks. Based on this, Christine is most likely to use _______________ therapy to treat her clients.
A) Interpersonal
B) Cognitive-behavioural
C) Neo-psychoanalytic
D) Freudian
B) Cognitive-behavioural
Which of the following was NOT mentioned by the text as a potential side effect of antidepressant medication?
A) dry mouth
B) Blurred vision
C) Insomnia
D) none of the above, all are potential side effects
D) none of the above, all are potential side effects
Which of the following produces the fewest side effects?
A) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
B) Tricyclics
C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
D) all these produce comparable side effects
C) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Though other treatments exist, today _____________________ is considered the treatment of choice for bipolar disorder
A) Prozac
B) Clomipramine
C) Lithium
D) Elavil
C) Lithium
A false belief that is held, held even when there is evidence to prove otherwise, is called a
A) delusion
B) firm conviction
C) tangential focus
D) hallucinatory concept
A
Patients often believe that their unique interpretations of religious texts give them the means to save or destroy the world
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
D
An example is a man’s belief that his stomach is being eaten from within by ants
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
E
Involve beliefs that a person has special powers or special knowledge
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
B
Convictions involving common, everyday occurrences, objects, or people having special personal significance
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
A
Sometimes called “paranoid” delusions
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
C
The delusions involve beliefs about the body
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
E
Beliefs that one is a famous historical figure, for example, Napoleon or Jesus Christ
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
D
People believe they are being attacked, cheated, persecuted, or conspired against in some way
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
C
Examples of this type of delusion include the belief that one has the power to read thoughts of others or that one has the only true understanding of the Dead Sea Scrolls
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
B
One example of this delusion if the belief that the jacket colour worn by the morning television news broadcaster is a special signal about what clothes should be worn that day
A) Delusions of reference B) Grandiose delusions C) Persecutory delusions D) Religious delusions E) Somatic delusions
A
____________________ schizophrenia is thought to be the least severe of the five official subtypes and the most common
A) Disorganized
B) Undifferentiated
C) Paranoid
D) Catatonic
C
Current evidence indicates that genetic factors play an important role in at least some forms of schizophrenia
A) True
B) False
B not sure about this
Which of the following is evidence for the role of dopamine in schizophrenia?
A) Neuroleptic medications act by inhibiting the release of dopamine
B) The density of D2 (dopamine) receptors is greater in certain areas of the brain among people with schizophrenia
C) Overdoses of amphetamine (which is medicated by dopamine) produces symptoms similar to paranoid schizophrenia
D) All of the above
D
What part of the brain of people with schizophrenia have abnormalities been found?
A) Frontal lobe
B) left temporal lobe
C) amygdala and hippocampus
D) all of the above
D
A loss of pleasure or interest in almost all activities or the lack of reactivity to usually pleasurable events
anhedonia
Rigid body positions assumed by people with schizophrenia
catatonic behaviour
A less severe, less disruptive, and often shorter version of manic episode
Hypomania
A mental state characterized by severe impairment or disorientation in the experience of reality as seen in disorders like schizophrenia
psychosis
False beliefs that are strongly held, even in the face of solid contradictory evidence. Such beliefs usually involve a misinterpretation of one’s experiences
delusions
False perceptions occurring in the absence of any relevant stimulus. Auditory hallucinations are the most common form, but they may occur within any sensory modality
hallucinations
A subtype of the bipolar mood disorder in which there is at least one hypomanic episode & one or more episodes of major depression
Bipolar 2 disorder
Schemas are hypothetical structures in the mind that contain core beliefs about the self, the world and the future- this is known as the __________ _________
cognitive triad
The feature of the depressed individuals schema is its rigidly __________ __________
negative quality
You see things in black or white categories. If your performance falls short or perfect, you see yourself as a total failure
All or nothing attitude
You see a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat by using words such as “always” or “never” when you think about it
Overgeneralization
You exaggerate the importance of your errors or problems
Magnification (catastrophizing)
You interpret things negatively when there are no definite facts to support our conclusion.
Jumping to conclusions
The presence of four or more manic and/or depressive episodes in a 12 month period. The episodes must be separated from each other by at least two months or full or partial remission, or by a switch to the opposite mood state.
Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder
A hormone secreted at night by the pineal gland
melatonin
Two neurotransmitters that are responsible for depression
norepinephrine and serotonin
What is a common comorbid disorder associated with depression
anxiety
What is some important criteria for diagnosis of mood disorder
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting at least 1 week (or any duration if hospitalization is necessary)
- inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep
- more talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
- flight of ideas, or subjective experience that thoughts are racing
- distractibility
- increased in goal-directed activity
- excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences
What is the cognitive-behavioural treatment goal
Is to teach people to become aware of the meanings of and attributions to events in their lives, and to examine how these cognitions contribute to the emotional reactions that follow
Common side-effects of antidepressants:
Dry mouth, blurry vision, constipation, urinary hesitation, dizziness, sedation and weight gain
What are some classes of antidepressants:
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) e.g. Wellbutrin
criteria for major depressive disorder and mania
To meet the DSM-IV-TR criteria for the diagnosis, the depressed individual must show a persistent sad mood and /or lack pleasure or enjoyment in activities for at least two weeks. This must be accompanied by at least four additional symptoms: sleep or eating disturbances, lack of energy, psychomotor retardation or agitation (talking or moving more slowly or in a more agitated fashion than usual), difficulty concentrating or making decisions, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and thoughts of death or suicide
Used to treat a range of psychiatric disorders:
lithium
An electrical current is applied to the patient’s brain through electrode pads placed on his or her temples. This induces a seizure that typically lasts for about 25 seconds.
ECT- Electroconvulsive Therapy
five major DSM-IV-TR symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized Speech
Grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
Negative symptoms (i.e., affective flattening, alogia, or avoliton)
positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Positive symptoms refer to exaggerated, distorted adaptations of normal behaviour. They include more obvious signs of psychosis, namely delusions, hallucinations, thought and speech disorder and grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour.
Negative symptoms refer to the absence or loss of typical behaviours and experiences. These may take form of sparse speech and language, social withdrawal, and avolition (apathy and loss of motivation). Anhedonia or an inability to feel pleasure as well as lack of emotional responsiveness, and diminished attention and concentration are also considered negative symptoms.
The type of schizophrenia that is the most disabling and has the poorest prognosis :
grossly disorganized behaviour
Lack of emotional expressiveness, failing to convey any feeling in their face, tone of voice, or body language.
flattened affect
Anomalous experiences can occur in healthy adults who are suffering from sleep deprivation, or from unusually high levels of stress. Moreover, patients are taught how to interpret correctly relevant environmental events and how to respond appropriately to social cues while interacting and communicating with other people.
vulnerability-stress perspective and schizophrenia
subtypes of schizophrenia
Paranoid Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual
A subtype of the bipolar mood disorder in which there are one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episodes
Bipolar 1 disorder
