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Psychology > Test 3: Chapters 7-9 > Flashcards

Test 3: Chapters 7-9 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are concepts?

A

Basic ingredient of thought, a category of objects, events or activities.

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1
Q

What are the two ways that people think?

A

Mental imagery (picture-like representation of information0, and internal dialog (mental talking).

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2
Q

What are the four types of concepts?

A

Superodinate, subordinate, formal, and natural.

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3
Q

What are superordinate concepts?

A

The most general, like “animals” or “fruits”.

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4
Q

What are subordinate concepts?

A

More specific, like dog breeds, types of apples.

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5
Q

What are formal concepts?

A

Have very specific rules, like in math.

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6
Q

What are natural concepts?

A

“Fuzzy” concepts, influenced by life experience and culture.

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7
Q

What are prototypes?

A

Unique to each person, something that matches the defining characteristics of a concept, what pops into your mind when you hear the word. (Fruit–> apple, or vehicle–> car).

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8
Q

What is problem solving?

A

Making a decision - process of cognition to reach a goal.

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9
Q

What are the methods of problem solving?

A

Mechanical solution (trial & error), algorithms, heuristics, and insight.

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10
Q

What is a mechanical solution (trial and error)?

A

Trying possible solutions until one works.

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11
Q

What is an algorithm?

A

Very specific, step-by-step, will always work.(Math formulas, rubik’s cube combos).

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12
Q

What is a heuristic?

A

educated guess, rule of thumb, based on prior experience.

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13
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Estimates frequency or likelihood of event based on how easy it is to recall relevant info. (tendency to problem solve with what you know, what is familiar, what info is readily available).

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14
Q

What is insight?

A

Sudden perception of a solution to a problem,

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15
Q

What are the three problem-solving barriers?

A

Functional fixedness, mental sets, and confirmation bias.

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16
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

Only seeing the original use/function for an object.

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17
Q

What is a mental set?

A

tendency to persist in using problem solving patterns that worked in the past.

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18
Q

What is the confirmation bias?

A

tendency to look for info that confirms your own beliefs.

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19
Q

What is convergent and divergent thinking?

A

Convergent thinkers see a problem as having one solution, divergent thinkers come up with as many different answers as possible.

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20
Q

What is creativity?

A

Solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.

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21
Q

Define intelligence:

A

learn from experience, acquire knowledge, use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.

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22
Q

What is an intellectual disability?

A

cognitive function is below actual age, and/or IQ is below 70.

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23
Q

What is mild mental retardation?

A

55-70 IQ, 12yr old functioning.

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24
Q

What is moderate mental retardation?

A

40-55 IQ, 6-7yr old functioning

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25
Q

What is severe mental retardation?

A

25-40 IQ, 3-4yr old functioning

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26
Q

What is profound mental retardation?

A

Below 25 IQ, 18mo old functioning.

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27
Q

What are some causes of mental retardation?

A

Deprived environments/dietary deficiencies (familial retardation), chromosome and genetic disorders.

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28
Q

What is “giftedness”?

A

IQ 130 or above, 2% of population

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29
Q

What were Terman’s Termites?

A

1921-2020 study of gifted children, who grew up to be successful. IQ of 180 and above had mental illness.

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30
Q

What is Spearman’s theory of intelligence?

A

Intelligence can be divided into general and specific.

31
Q

What is Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?

A

Triarchic theory, analytical, creative, and practical (street smarts).

32
Q

How does Nature vs. Nurture affect intelligence?

A

It is 50/50, equally important.

33
Q

What is language?

A

system for combining symbols (words) so that infinite number of statements can be created and communicated.

34
Q

What is the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis?

A

Thought processes and concepts are relative to language; the words you use determine the way you think about things.

35
Q

What is Cognitive Universalism?

A

Concepts are universal and influence the development of language.

36
Q

What is human development?

A

age-related changes that occur across the life-span.

37
Q

What is the longitudinal design research method?

A

One person or group is studied as they age. (takes forever, people drop out).

38
Q

What is the cross-sectional research method?

A

different age groups are studied at the same time.

39
Q

Behavioral genetics focuses on…

A

Nature vs. Nurture

40
Q

What is genetics?

A

science of inherited traits

41
Q

What is DNA?

A

What carries genetic material.

42
Q

What is a gene?

A

section of DNA having the same arrangement of chemical elements.

43
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

actively controls expression of a trait.

44
Q

What is a recessive gene?

A

only expresses itself when paired with identical gene.

45
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA.

46
Q

What is a zygote?

A

cell resulting from the uniting of the ovum (egg) and sperm, starts dividing into many cells.

47
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

“Identical” twins, when zygote splits into two separate, whole masses of cells.

48
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

“Fraternal” twins, two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.

49
Q

What are conjoined twins?

A

Monozygotic twins that didn’t fully separate.

50
Q

What are the three periods of pregnancy?

A

Zygote/germinal, embryonic, fetal.

51
Q

What is the zygote/germinal period?

A

First two weeks, zygote moves down and begins to implant.

52
Q

What is the embryonic period?

A

2-8 weeks, major organs begin to develop, critical period as embryo is most susceptible to teratogens.

53
Q

What is the fetal period?

A

8 weeks-birth.

54
Q

What are the 5 newborn reflexes?

A

rooting, sucking, moro(startle), grasp, stepping.

55
Q

What is assimilation?

A

interpret new information based on existing scheme (concept/prototype)

56
Q

What is accommodation?

A

change scheme to adjust to new information

57
Q

Describe the language acquisition process:

A

cooing (2 mo), babbling (6 mo), one-word speech/holophrases (1yr), telegraphic speech(1-2yrs).

58
Q

What are the four attachment styles?

A

Secure, avoidant (not touch base), ambivalent (mixed feelings/clingy), disorganized(disoriented).

59
Q

What is the pre-conventional level of morality?

A

morality is governed by consequences. punishment/reward orientation.

60
Q

What is the conventional level of morality?

A

conforming to societies norms, rules.

61
Q

What is the post-conventional level of morality?

A

moral principles, personal experience, the greater good.

62
Q

What are the theories of aging?

A

cellular clock (cells only reproduce so much), wear-and-tear (body wears down), free radicals (oxygen molecules with unstable electron cause damage).

63
Q

What are the five stages of death/grief?

A

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance.

64
Q

Define motivation:

A

How activities are started, directed and continued.

65
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

to get something that is separate from the person, money, praise.

66
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

the action itself is rewarding or satisfying. working out, reading…

67
Q

What is the drive-reduction theory?

A

needs create drives, drives create action in order to reduce the drive.

68
Q

What is a primary drive?

A

basic needs.

69
Q

What is an acquired drive?

A

learned needs, need for money, certain kind of food.

70
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

How the body tries to maintain a steady state.

71
Q

What are the three needs of motivation?

A

Need for achievement (strong desire to attain goals), need for affiliation (people, friend, relationships), and need for power (control, influence over others).

72
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

Internal (you control life), and external (life controls you).

73
Q

what is a stimulus motive?

A

unlearned but causes increase in stimulation. like activity, curiosity, exploring, manipulation…

74
Q

What is the arousal theory?

A

people seek to raise or lower arousal to optimal level.

75
Q

What are the maladaptive eating behaviors?

A

Obesity (body weight 20% or more than the ideal), anorexia (reduces eating to 15% below ideal body weight), bulimia (binging and purging).

76
Q

What are the three elements of emotion?

A

Physiology (emotion causes physical response), behavior, subjective experience (labeling emotion, relates to memories).

Psychology (7 decks)

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