Test 3 - Chapter 16 Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family Flashcards
What age range is the adolescent ? And developmentally what happens during that time?
12-18 year old
Transition between childhood and adulthood
Rapid physical growth, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation
Generally defined as beginning with the onset of puberty and ending with the cessation of body growth at 18 to 20 years
Define Prepubescence:
About 2 years before puberty, heralding physical changes
Define Puberty:
Sexual maturity is achieved
Define Postpubescence:
1 to 2 years after puberty; skeletal growth is complete and reproductive functions become established
Define Adolescence:
Time of growing into psychological, social, and physical maturation
Primary sex characteristic vs secondary
Primary sex characteristics
External and internal organs necessary for reproduction
Secondary sex characteristics
Result of hormonal changes: Voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits
Play no direct role in reproduction
Tanner stages of sexual maturity
Stages of development of secondary sex characteristics and genital development
Defined as a guide for estimating sexual maturity
Describes the stages of pubertal growth
Numbered from 1 (immature) to 5 (mature)
Girls – based on breast size and shape and distribution of pubic hair
Boys – based on size and shape of penis/scrotum and distribution of pubic hair
Look for possible hormonal imbalance, for dr to look for a quick screening for premature stages
Physical Growth of adolescent
Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation
Adolescent growth spurt
20% to 25% of total height is achieved during puberty
Usually occurs within a 24- to 36-month period
Characteristic sequence of changes
Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - GIRLS
Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - GIRLS
happens early in puberty
Breast changes Rapid increase in height and weight Growth of pubic hair Appearance of axillary hair Menstruation – usually begins 2 years after first signs Abrupt deceleration in linear growth
Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - BOYS
Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - BOYS
at the end of puberty
Enlargement of testicles
Growth of pubic hair, axillary hair, hair on upper lip Facial hair usually appears 2 years after appearance of pubic hair
Rapid increase in height
Changes in the larynx and then the voice (usually takes place along with the growth of the penis)
Nocturnal emission
Abrupt deceleration of linear growth - sometimes it doesnt happen until 20
sex Differences in General Growth Patterns
Appear to be the result of hormonal effects during puberty
Skeletal growth – girls stop growing earlier
Voice changes – effect in boys is dramatic
Lean body mass – occurs after bone growth spurt
Non–lean body mass – increases in a less orderly way
Skin, glands, and hair – acne
Pubertal Delay Concerns in girls
Girls
Breast development has not begun by age 13
Menarche has not occurred within 4 years of breast development
Pubertal Delay Concerns in boys
Boys
No enlargement of testes or scrotal changes by age 13 ½ or 14y
Genital growth not complete by 4 years after testes begin to enlarge
Psychosocial Development of adolescent
Erikson: Identity vs. Role confusion - who am i, what are my goals and value
(not tested)
Early adolescent: Group identity versus alienation
Pressure to belong to a group is intense
Helps to establish differences and separation from parents
To be different is to be unaccepted and alienated
Later adolescence: Development of personal identity versus role diffusion
Body acceptance and self-awareness
May find it too easy to accept roles that were chosen for them by others
Sex role identity
Peer group often sets expectation
Adjustment may be difficulty if adolescent is dealing with sex role confusion
Emotionality – volatile shifts
Vacillate between considerable maturity and childlike behavior
Unpredictable mood swings
Anger-tension release-retreat to review-master anger-improve ability to control emotions
Piaget: Cognitive Development of adolescent
Piaget: Cognitive Development
Formal Operations period
Abstract thinking
Think beyond present
Mental manipulation of multiple variables
Concerned about others’ thoughts and needs
No longer only think about only the real and concrete; can consider possibilities and abstract ideas
Can think about logical principles, not just their own experiences
Kohlberg: Moral Development of adolescent
Kohlberg: Moral Development
Internalized set of moral principles
Questioning of existing moral values and relevance to society
Understand duty and obligation, reciprocal rights of others
Concepts of justice, reparation
Late adolescence is a time of serious questioning of existing moral principles and values, especially in relation to society
Spiritual Development of adolescent
Spiritual Development
Some may question the values and beliefs of the family.
Capable of understanding abstract concepts and interpreting analogies and symbols.
May fear that others will not understand their feelings.
Tendency for introspection and emotional intensity.
Greater levels of religiosity and spirituality associated with fewer risk taking behaviors.
Social Development of adolescent
Social Development
Goal is to define one’s identity independently from parental authority
Much ambivalence
Intense sociability; intense loneliness
Acceptance by peers, a few close friends and the secure love of family are requisites for interpersonal maturation.
adolescent’s relationship with parents
Relationships with Parents
Roles change from “protection–dependency” to “mutual affection and equality”
Process involves turmoil and ambiguity
Struggle of privileges and responsibility
Emancipation from parents may begin with the rejection of parents by the teenager
adolescent’s relationship with peers
Relationships with Peers
Peers assume an increasingly significant role in adolescence (“best friend”)
Peers provide a sense of belonging and a feeling of strength and power
Peers form a transitional world between dependence and autonomy
Role of social media and advanced technology
adolescent’s Development of Self-Concept and Body Image
Development of Self-Concept and Body Image
Feelings of confusion in early adolescence
Acute awareness of appearance, comparison of appearance with others
Blemishes and defects are magnified out of proportion
Matures to self-concept based on uniqueness and individuality
adolescent’s Responses to Puberty
Responses to Puberty Responses differ depending on the stage of development Curiosity in early adolescence Concerns with “Am I normal?” Concerns for late-maturing teens Concept of “perfect body” achievement Eating disorders
Promoting Optimum Health during Adolescence
Promoting Optimum Health during Adolescence Assumption of responsibility for health Immunizations Nutrition Eating habits and behaviors Healthy lifestyle habits Sleep and rest Exercise and activity Dental health Personal care Vision, hearing Posture Body art (piercing and tattooing) Suntanning, ultraviolet damage Stress reduction Sexuality education and guidance Media influences Knowledge from peers, TV, movies, magazines Need factual information, presentation based on developmental maturity and ability to ask questions Role modeling
common injury prevention for adolescent
Injury Prevention
Motor vehicle crashes are the single greatest cause of serious and fatal injuries in teens
Other vehicles
Firearms and other weapons
Sports injuries
Water safety
Poisoning, tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs
