Test 3 - Chapter 16 Health Promotion of the Adolescent and Family

Question 1

What age range is the adolescent ? And developmentally what happens during that time?

Answer 1

12-18 year old

Transition between childhood and adulthood
Rapid physical growth, cognitive, social, and emotional maturation
Generally defined as beginning with the onset of puberty and ending with the cessation of body growth at 18 to 20 years

Question 2

Define Prepubescence:

Answer 2

About 2 years before puberty, heralding physical changes

Question 3

Define Puberty:

Answer 3

Sexual maturity is achieved

Question 4

Define Postpubescence:

Answer 4

1 to 2 years after puberty; skeletal growth is complete and reproductive functions become established

Question 5

Define Adolescence:

Answer 5

Time of growing into psychological, social, and physical maturation

Question 6

Primary sex characteristic vs secondary

Answer 6

Primary sex characteristics
External and internal organs necessary for reproduction

Secondary sex characteristics
Result of hormonal changes: Voice change, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits
Play no direct role in reproduction

Question 7

Tanner stages of sexual maturity

Answer 7

Stages of development of secondary sex characteristics and genital development
Defined as a guide for estimating sexual maturity
Describes the stages of pubertal growth

Numbered from 1 (immature) to 5 (mature)

Girls – based on breast size and shape and distribution of pubic hair

Boys – based on size and shape of penis/scrotum and distribution of pubic hair
Look for possible hormonal imbalance, for dr to look for a quick screening for premature stages

Question 8

Physical Growth of adolescent

Answer 8

Dramatic increase in growth accompanies sexual maturation
Adolescent growth spurt
20% to 25% of total height is achieved during puberty
Usually occurs within a 24- to 36-month period
Characteristic sequence of changes

Question 9

Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - GIRLS

Answer 9

Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - GIRLS

happens early in puberty

Breast changes
Rapid increase in height and weight
Growth of pubic hair
Appearance of axillary hair
Menstruation – usually begins 2 years after first signs
Abrupt deceleration in linear growth

Question 10

Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - BOYS

Answer 10

Usual Sequence of Maturational Changes - BOYS

at the end of puberty

Enlargement of testicles
Growth of pubic hair, axillary hair, hair on upper lip Facial hair usually appears 2 years after appearance of pubic hair
Rapid increase in height
Changes in the larynx and then the voice (usually takes place along with the growth of the penis)
Nocturnal emission
Abrupt deceleration of linear growth - sometimes it doesnt happen until 20

Question 11

sex Differences in General Growth Patterns

Answer 11

Appear to be the result of hormonal effects during puberty
Skeletal growth – girls stop growing earlier
Voice changes – effect in boys is dramatic
Lean body mass – occurs after bone growth spurt
Non–lean body mass – increases in a less orderly way
Skin, glands, and hair – acne

Question 12

Pubertal Delay Concerns in girls

Answer 12

Girls
Breast development has not begun by age 13
Menarche has not occurred within 4 years of breast development

Question 13

Pubertal Delay Concerns in boys

Answer 13

Boys
No enlargement of testes or scrotal changes by age 13 ½ or 14y
Genital growth not complete by 4 years after testes begin to enlarge

Question 14

Psychosocial Development of adolescent

Answer 14

Erikson: Identity vs. Role confusion - who am i, what are my goals and value

(not tested)

Early adolescent: Group identity versus alienation
Pressure to belong to a group is intense
Helps to establish differences and separation from parents
To be different is to be unaccepted and alienated
Later adolescence: Development of personal identity versus role diffusion
Body acceptance and self-awareness
May find it too easy to accept roles that were chosen for them by others

Sex role identity
Peer group often sets expectation
Adjustment may be difficulty if adolescent is dealing with sex role confusion

Emotionality – volatile shifts
Vacillate between considerable maturity and childlike behavior
Unpredictable mood swings
Anger-tension release-retreat to review-master anger-improve ability to control emotions

Question 15

Piaget: Cognitive Development of adolescent

Answer 15

Piaget: Cognitive Development
Formal Operations period
Abstract thinking
Think beyond present
Mental manipulation of multiple variables
Concerned about others’ thoughts and needs
No longer only think about only the real and concrete; can consider possibilities and abstract ideas
Can think about logical principles, not just their own experiences

Question 16

Kohlberg: Moral Development of adolescent

Answer 16

Kohlberg: Moral Development
Internalized set of moral principles
Questioning of existing moral values and relevance to society
Understand duty and obligation, reciprocal rights of others
Concepts of justice, reparation
Late adolescence is a time of serious questioning of existing moral principles and values, especially in relation to society

Question 17

Spiritual Development of adolescent

Answer 17

Spiritual Development
Some may question the values and beliefs of the family.
Capable of understanding abstract concepts and interpreting analogies and symbols.
May fear that others will not understand their feelings.
Tendency for introspection and emotional intensity.
Greater levels of religiosity and spirituality associated with fewer risk taking behaviors.

Question 18

Social Development of adolescent

Answer 18

Social Development
Goal is to define one’s identity independently from parental authority
Much ambivalence
Intense sociability; intense loneliness
Acceptance by peers, a few close friends and the secure love of family are requisites for interpersonal maturation.

Question 19

adolescent’s relationship with parents

Answer 19

Relationships with Parents
Roles change from “protection–dependency” to “mutual affection and equality”
Process involves turmoil and ambiguity
Struggle of privileges and responsibility
Emancipation from parents may begin with the rejection of parents by the teenager

Question 20

adolescent’s relationship with peers

Answer 20

Relationships with Peers
Peers assume an increasingly significant role in adolescence (“best friend”)
Peers provide a sense of belonging and a feeling of strength and power
Peers form a transitional world between dependence and autonomy
Role of social media and advanced technology

Question 21

adolescent’s Development of Self-Concept and Body Image

Answer 21

Development of Self-Concept and Body Image
Feelings of confusion in early adolescence
Acute awareness of appearance, comparison of appearance with others
Blemishes and defects are magnified out of proportion
Matures to self-concept based on uniqueness and individuality

Question 22

adolescent’s Responses to Puberty

Answer 22

Responses to Puberty
Responses differ depending on the stage of development
Curiosity in early adolescence
Concerns with “Am I normal?”
Concerns for late-maturing teens
Concept of “perfect body” achievement
Eating disorders

Question 23

Promoting Optimum Health during Adolescence

Answer 23

Promoting Optimum Health during Adolescence
Assumption of responsibility for health
Immunizations
Nutrition
Eating habits and behaviors
Healthy lifestyle habits
Sleep and rest
Exercise and activity
Dental health
Personal care
Vision, hearing
Posture
Body art (piercing and tattooing)
Suntanning, ultraviolet damage
Stress reduction
Sexuality education and guidance
Media influences
Knowledge from peers, TV, movies, magazines
Need factual information, presentation based on developmental maturity and ability to ask questions
Role modeling

Question 24

common injury prevention for adolescent

Answer 24

Injury Prevention
Motor vehicle crashes are the single greatest cause of serious and fatal injuries in teens
Other vehicles
Firearms and other weapons
Sports injuries
Water safety
Poisoning, tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs