Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pediatrics > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Infant Proportional changes

Weight gain per week…

A

5-7 oz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Birth weight compared to one year..

A

.x3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Height increase per month as an infant…

A

1 inch for 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Double the birth weight by what age

A

age 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Length compared to birth at a 4 years old…

A

Double the length by age 4 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fine motor

Grasps objects at… (grasping at random)

A

2-3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Palmar at…(should be able to pick things up)

A

6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Transfer objects between hands at…

A

7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pincer at (should be able to use fingers, pick up something small)

A

…10 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Remove objects from container at…

A

11 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Build tower of two blocks at…

A

12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gross Motor Development

Head lag

A

in first 2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Head control at

A

4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Rolling over (from abdomen to back) at

A

5 to 6 months

*baby need to have “tummy time” need to learn to roll over

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sit alone by

A

7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Move from prone to sitting position by

A

10 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Locomotion

Increased coordination of extremities at

A

4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Crawling at

A

6 to 7 months (usually backward) - with abdomen on the flood and pulling pushing with arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Creeping at

A

9 months - uses hands and knees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When can the infant start walking with assistance and when will they be able to walk alone.

A

assistance 11 months

alone 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Social Development

A

Attachment, social smile
Reactive attachment disorder (RAD)
Stems from inadequate attachment to parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Separation anxiety appears during what age
And
Stranger anxiety happens between what months

A

4-6 mo, aware of parent’s absence

Stranger anxietyNormal beginning at 6-8 months and disappears after 1 year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Language Development for infant, what is the first basic communication of infants

A

CRYING

Crying is the first verbal communication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vocalizations by

A

6 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Coo, gurgle, laugh aloud at

A

3 to 4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Imitate sounds and add consonants at

A

8 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

B, d, m are early sounds baby able to make

Comprehend “No”; follow commands at

A

9 to 10 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

may not be actual meaning of words but still correlates to something
Ascribe meaning to a word at

A

10 to 11 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Three to five words with meaning by

A

age 1 year -

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nutrition: Breast milk only is the best choice for the first __ months of life

A

6 MONTHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

NO need for additional fluids in the first __ months

Replaces calories, can lead to low Na levels seizures

A

4 MONTHS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

NO honey in the first year of life WHY?

A

botulism spores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Introduction of solid foods after

A

age 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Introduce foods at intervals of _ to _ days to allow for identification of food allergies

A

4 to 7 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Soft finger foods at

A

9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Weaning from breast or bottle to cup by

A

1 year

lean towards whole milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the normal infant sleep pattern and total amount of hour they sleep

A

Nocturnal pattern of 9 to 11 hours by 3 to 4 months

Total daily sleep: 15 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Dental health for infants

A

Dental Health
Avoidance of early childhood caries
Cleaning begins when primary teeth erupt
First dental visit at 6 months (eruption of first teeth)
Water is preferred to toothpaste until after
age 2 years
Consider need for fluoride supplements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Contraindications for vaccine administration

A

Severe febrile illness
Immunocompromised child or household member
Recently acquired passive immunity (blood transfusion, immunoglobulin, or maternal)
Known allergic response
Parental fears, misinformation, and questions
Religious beliefs - there are no more personal exemption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Common Injuries in Infancy

A 
Aspiration of foreign objects
Suffocation
Motor vehicle injuries 
Falls
Poisoning
Burns
Drowning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Toddler Age Range

A

Age 12 to 36 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Characteristic of toddlers

A

Intense period of exploration
Temper tantrums and obstinacy occur frequently
Successful mastery of developmental skills depends on the trust and guidance of parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Weight gain slows to __ to __ pounds per year as a toddler

A

4 to 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Birth weight should be quadrupled by

A

2½ years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Height increases about __ inches per year (in toddlers)

A

3 inches per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do the growth vary as toddler

A

Growth is steplike rather than linear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Anterior fontanel closes by __ months

A

12 months

Anterior fontanel closes between 12 and 18 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

True or False, Toddlers have enhanced taste and is okay to have 20/40 vision

A

Visual acuity of 20/40 is acceptable
Development of hearing, smell, taste, and touch increases
Taste to food may change due to taste enhancement
Uses all senses to explore the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Voluntary control of elimination

Sphincter control at age __ to __ months

A

18 to 24 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

True or False, Most physiologic systems are relatively mature by the end of toddlerhood
Inner ear structures are short and straight, tonsils are large and, therefore, upper respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and tonsillitis are common

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Walks by __ months; runs by __ months

Climbs stairs by age __ years

A

Walks by 12 months; runs by 18 months

Climbs stairs by age 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Has improved coordination between __ and __years

Fine motor development

A

Has improved coordination between 2 and 3 years

Fine motor development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Has improved manual dexterity at__ to __months

A

Has improved manual dexterity at 12 to 15 months

54
Q

Throws a ball by __ months

A

Throws a ball by 18 months

55
Q

Draws circles by age __ years

A

3 years

56
Q

Psychosocial Development of Toddlers

A

Begins development of independence and self-control
Erikson: Autonomy versus shame and doubt
Wants to things for themselves, even things they are not physically able to do
Negativism
Ritualization provides a sense of comfort

57
Q

Cognitive Development of toddlers

A 
Piaget
Sensorimotor phases
Imitation and domestic mimicry 
Awareness of causal relationships between two events (problem solving and operations)
Learns spatial relationships
58
Q

Development of Body Image of toddlers

A

Body image closely parallels cognitive development and self-awareness
Refers to body parts by name
Avoid negative labels about physical appearance
Recognizes gender differences by age 2 years
Development of Sexuality
Exploration of genitalia is common
Gender roles are understood by a toddler
Gender identity is established by age 3 years
Playing “house”

59
Q

Social Development

of toddlers

A 
Differentiation of self from mother and from significant others is a major task 
Separation
Individuation
Increased understanding and awareness of object permanence and ability to tolerate frustration diminished stranger fear
Transitional objects provide security
Language
Increasing level of comprehension
Increasing ability to understand
60
Q

Comprehension of 300 words by age __ years

A

2 years

61
Q

At age __ years, can use two- or three-word phrases

At age __ years, can use simple sentences and acquires five to six new words a day

A

At age 2 years, can use two- or three-word phrases
At age 3 years, can use simple sentences and acquires five to six new words a day
Gestures precede each language milestone up to 30 months of age
Individuals with language delays are taguht to use sign languages

62
Q

Personal Social Behavior of toddlers

A

Toddlers develop skills of independence
Sudden mood swings are common
Skills of independence may result in tyrannical, strong-willed, volatile behaviors
Skills include feeding, playing, dressing, and undressing self

63
Q

Play in a toddler

A

Parallel play
Imitation
Little emphasis on gender-stereotyped toys
Increased locomotor skills
Educational toys and books
Tactile play - like to touch things, play dough, sand, finger painting
Appropriate safety in relation to size, shape, risk for toxins, and sturdiness of toys

64
Q

Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development of toddlers

A

Sibling rivalry – preparation of a toddler
Temper tantrums – nearly universal, ignore unless injurious
Negativism – don’t ask yes/no questions
Don’t give choices if there isn’t a choice
Do you want this medication in a cup or a syringe, do you want to wear your purple shirt or your greens shirt, don’t give choices they can’t say no to
Regressive behavior – common during stress
Assessing Readiness for Toilet Training
Voluntary sphincter control
Ability to stay dry for 2 hours
Fine motor skills to remove clothing
Willingness to please parents
Curiosity about adult’s or sibling’s toilet habits
Impatience with wet or soiled diapers

65
Q

Promoting Optimum Health during Toddlerhood

Nutrition

A

Phenomenon of physiologic anorexia
Picky, inconsistent eaters
Ritualism – same dish or cup

Drinks an average of 24 to 30 oz of milk/day
May need iron supplementation
Serving size = 1T/year or ¼ - 1/3 an adult portion
Sleep and activity
Sleeps for 11 to 12 hours per day
Has an adult sleep pattern by age 3 years

66
Q

How old are preschoolers

A

3-5 years

67
Q

What is the most significant lifestyle change for preschoolers group…

A

Going to school

68
Q

In regards to growth and development what happens to separation, attention span and memory…in preschoolers

A

Tolerate brief and prolonged separations, attention span and memory increase

69
Q

Biologic development

What happens to physical growth for preschoolers…

A

Slows and stabilizes

70
Q

What is the average weight gain per year for preschoolers…

A

5 lbs

71
Q

What is the average height increase in inches per year for preschoolers…

A

2.5-3 in

72
Q

Body systems mature and stabilize; can adjust to moderate stress and change (good to know)
What gross motor skills should be well established by this time period…for preschoolers

A

Walking, running, climbing, jumping (NOT skipping)

73
Q

What fine motor skills should be well established…for preschoolers

A

Drawing, dressing, artwork, skillful manipulation

74
Q

Cognitive development

What age do children enter school and what is the reason for this specific age group to go into school..

A

.5-6 years-readiness for school, scholastic learning, and achievement of cognitive goals

75
Q

Explain this age groups concept of time…

A

Incompletely understood

76
Q

Development of body image of preschoolers

Explain this age groups understanding of appearance…I

A

ncreasing comprehension of “desirable appearances”, racial identity, and biases

77
Q

Explain of preschoolers groups understanding of injury and body boundaries (like the skin)…

A

Poorly defined-if skin is “broken”, one’s “insides” can leak out

78
Q

Development of sexuality of preschoolers

Explain the attachment with parental figures…

A

Forms strong attachment to the opposite-sex parent while identifying with the same-sex parent
Sexual exploration is more pronounced as well as questions about sexual reproduction (good to know)

79
Q

Social Development of preschoolers

Explain individuation, This age groups feelings on anxiety and separation…

A

Separation process is completed, stranger anxiety and fear of separation from parents is overcome

80
Q

Speech Problems

for preschoolers

A

Most critical period for speech development is age 2-4y
Vocabulary is growing faster than words can be formed
Stuttering
Stammering
Dyslalia (articulation problems)

81
Q

Promoting Optimum Health during the Preschool Years
Nutrition
what are caloric requirements cal/kg

A

Caloric requirements are approximately 90 kcal/kg
Fluid requirements are approximately 100 mL/kg, depending on activity and climate
Food fads and strong tastes are common
Important to emphasize limiting milk and juice (should only have one cup) intake

82
Q

Sleep and Activity for preschoolers

A

Sleeps for 12 hours per night; infrequent naps
Free play is encouraged
Emphasis is on fun and safety

83
Q

The preschool period lasts from age __ to __ years

A

The preschool period lasts from age 3 to 5 years

84
Q

Preschoolers’s developmental stage

A

Preparation for the most significant lifestyle change: going to school
Tolerates brief and prolonged separations
Uses language for mental symbolization
Has an increased attention span and memory

85
Q

Biologic Development of preschoolers

A

Physical growth slows and stabilizes
Average weight gain remains about 5 pounds per year
Average height increases 2½ to 3 inches per year
Body systems mature and stabilize; can adjust to moderate stress and change

86
Q

Preschoolers Uses magical thinking frequently, define magical thinking

A

Uses magical thinking frequently
Vulnerable to feeling guilt due to “wished thoughts” coming true. Egocentricity leads them to believe they are all powerful.

87
Q

Development of Body Image of preschoolers

A

Increasing comprehension of “desirable” appearances
Aware of racial identity, differences in appearances, and biases
Poorly defined body boundaries
Fear that if the skin is “broken,” all one’s blood and “insides” can leak out
Frightened by intrusive experiences

88
Q

Development of Sexuality of preschoolers

A

Forms a strong attachment to the opposite-sex parent while identifying with the same-sex parent
Becomes concerned with modesty
Sex role limitation; “dressing up like Mommy or Daddy”
Sexual exploration is more pronounced
Questions arise about sexual reproduction

89
Q

Social Development of preschooler

A

Individuation–separation process is completed
Overcomes stranger anxiety and fear of separation from the parents
Responds well to preparation for separation.
Still needs parental security and guidance
Security from familiar objects
Play therapy is beneficial for working through fears, anxieties, and fantasies

90
Q

For a preschooler Vocabulary increases dramatically between age __ and __ years
For a preschooler Complexity of language use increases between age___ and __ years

A

For a preschooler Vocabulary increases dramatically between age 2 and 5 years
For a preschooler Complexity of language use increases between age 2 and 5 years

91
Q

Personal and Social Behavior of preschooler

A

Minimal help with toileting, eating, or dressing
Is willing to please
Has internalized values and standards of family and culture
May begin to challenge parental values

92
Q

Play of preschoolers

A

Associative play
Imitative play
Imaginative play and imaginary playmates
Dramatic play

93
Q

preschoolers’ fears

A

Dark, Being left alone, Animals (e.g., snakes, large dogs), Ghosts, Objects or persons associated with pain, Technique of desensitization to overcome fears

94
Q

Aggression of preschoolers

A

Behavior that attempts to hurt another person or destroy property
May be influenced by biological, sociocultural, and familial variables
Factors that increase aggressive behavior include gender, frustration, modeling, and reinforcement

95
Q

Speech Problems of preschoolers

Most critical period for speech development is age ___ to ___ years old

A

Most critical period for speech development is age 2-4y
Vocabulary is growing faster than words can be formed
Stuttering
Stammering
Dyslalia (articulation problems)

96
Q

Nutrition of preschoolers
Caloric requirements are approximately ___kcal/kg
Fluid requirements are approximately 100 mL/kg, depending on activity and climate
Food fads and strong tastes are common
Important to emphasize limiting milk and juice (should only have one cup) intake

A

Caloric requirements are approximately 90 kcal/kg
Fluid requirements are approximately 100 mL/kg, depending on activity and climate
Food fads and strong tastes are common
Important to emphasize limiting milk and juice (should only have one cup) intake

97
Q

Sleep and Activity of preschoolers

A

Sleeps for 12 hours per night; infrequent naps
Free play is encouraged
Emphasis is on fun and safety

98
Q

Sleep Problems for preschoolers

A

Prime age for sleep disturbances, Thorough assessment of sleep problems, Nightmares, Sleep terrors, Nighttime fears, Encourage consistent bedtime routine

99
Q

Dental Health for preschoolers

A

Eruption of deciduous teeth is complete
Still requires parental supervision and assistance in brushing
Professional care and prophylaxis
Fluoride supplements

100
Q

Injury Prevention for preschoolers

A

Safety education
Reckless behavior – running into the street
Parents must set a good example
Development of long-term safety behaviors
Bike helmets

101
Q

School age is generally defined as age __ to __ years

A

School age is generally defined as age 6 to 12 years

102
Q

Biologic Development of school age child (6-12)

Height increases by__ inches per year

A

Height increases by 2 inches per year

103
Q

Weight increases by __ to __ kgs (___– ___ lbs) per year

A

Weight increases by 2 to 3 kgs (4.5 – 6.5 lbs) per year

104
Q

True or false

Girls surpass boys at the end of this period (school age 6-12)

A

true

105
Q

Maturation of Systems of school age children (6-12)

A

Bladder capacity increases
Heart is smaller in relation to the rest of the body
Immune system is increasingly effective
Bones increase in ossification
Physical maturity is not necessarily correlated with emotional and social maturity

106
Q

When does puberty start?

A

Varying ages from 9 to 12 years (in girls, it occurs about 2 years earlier than in boys)
Average age of puberty is 12 years in girls and 14 years in boys

107
Q

Psychosocial Development of school age children (6-12)

A

Relationships center around same-sex peers
Freud described it as the latency period of psychosexual development

Erikson: Developing a Sense of Industry
Eager to develop skills and participate in meaningful and socially useful work
Acquires a sense of personal and interpersonal competence
Growing sense of independence
Peer approval is a strong motivator

Erikson: Inferiority
Feelings may derive from self or the social environment
May occur if incapable or unprepared to assume the responsibilities associated with developing a sense of accomplishment
All children feel some degree of inferiority regarding skill(s) they cannot master

Piaget: Cognitive Development
Concrete operations
Use thought processes to experience events and actions
Develop an understanding of relationships between things and ideas
Able to make judgments based on reason (conceptual thinking)
Conservation and classification skills

Kohlberg: Moral Development
Development of conscience and moral standards
In a child age 6 to 7 years, reward and punishment guide choices
Older school-age child is able to judge an act by the intentions that prompted it
Rules and judgments become more founded on the needs and desires of others

108
Q

Spiritual Development of school age children

A

Children think in concrete terms
Children expect punishment for misbehavior
May view illness or injury as punishment for a real or imagined misdeed

109
Q

Social Development of school age children

A

Importance of the peer group
Identification with peers is a strong influence in a child gaining independence from parents
Sex roles are strongly influenced by peer relationships, become more separate

110
Q

Relationships with Families - school age children

A

Parents are the primary influence in shaping a child’s personality, behavior, and value system
Increasing independence from parents is the primary goal of middle childhood
Children are not ready to abandon parental control

111
Q

Play - school age children

A

Involves physical skill, intellectual ability, and fantasy
Form groups, cliques, clubs, secret societies
Strong need for conformity

112
Q

Rules and rituals - school age children

A

See the need for rules in games they play
Team play – teaches need to modify behavior for the good of the team, learns camplex rules and strategies
Quiet games and activities; collections; reading
Ego mastery – can feel big and powerful
Developing a Self-Concept
Definition: A conscious awareness of a variety of self-perceptions (e.g., abilities, values, appearances)
Importance of significant adults in shaping a child’s self-concept
Positive self-concept leads to feelings of self-respect, self-confidence, and happiness

113
Q

Developing a Body Image for school age children

A

Generally, children like their physical selves less as they grow older
Body image is influenced by significant others
Increased awareness of “differences” may influence feelings of inferiority

114
Q

Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development of school age children

A

School experience
Second only to the family as a socializing agent
Transmission of values of the society
Peer relationships become increasingly important
Coping with Concerns Related to Normal Growth and Development
Teachers – take on some parental roles
Parents – share responsibility of teaching
Latch-key children
Limit setting and discipline - reasoning
Dishonest behavior – lying, stealing, cheating
Stress and fear- increasing violence
Promoting Optimum Health during the School Years

115
Q

Nutrition of school age children

A

Importance of balanced diet to promote growth
Quality of the diet related to family’s pattern of eating
Quality of dietary choices in the school cafeteria
“Fast food” concerns
the caloric intake is less than the need for preschool, and even lesser than the adolescent.

116
Q

Sleep and Rest of school age children

The average amount of sleep a night is___

A

The average amount of sleep a night is 9½ hours in school-age children, but this is highly individualized
May resist going to bed at age 8 to 11 years
Children of 12 years and older are generally less resistant to bedtimes

117
Q

Exercise and Activity of school age children

A

Sports
Controversy regarding early participation in competitive sports
Concerns with physical and emotional maturity in competitive environment
Acquisition of skills
Generally like competition

118
Q

Dental Health of school age children

A

Stage begins with the shedding of the first deciduous teeth
Eruption of permanent teeth
Good dental hygiene
Prevention of dental caries
Malocclusion
Dental injury
Dental avulsion (replacement or reattachment)

119
Q

Injury Prevention of school age children

A

Most common cause of severe injury and death in school-age children is motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian and passenger
Bicycle injuries; benefits of bike helmets remind parents to act as role models
Appropriate safety equipment for all sports

120
Q

Weight of an infant is doubled at __ months of age, tripled at ___ and quadrupled at __ years of age.

A

It is doubled at 6 months of age , tripled at 1 year old and quadrupled at 2 years of age.

121
Q

Bowel training should come before bladder training, why?

A

Bowel training is usually accomplished before bladder training because of its greater regularity and predictability. The sensation to defecate is stronger than that of urination. The completion of bowel training will give the toddler a sense of accomplishment that can be carried onto bladder training. Nighttime bladder control normally takes several months to years after daytime training; therefore, this should not be the initial focus of toilet training with a toddler. There is no universal right age to begin toilet training or an absolute deadline to complete training. One of the nurse’s most important responsibilities is to help parents identify the readiness signs in their child.

122
Q

True or false By 2 years of age, children are able to walk up and down stairs without falling. Grasping small objects without being able to release them is a task of infancy. Interaction with the environment is essential for mastery of both fine and gross motor skills at this age and beyond.

A

True

123
Q

The nurse notices that a toddler is more cooperative taking medicine from a small cup than from a large cup. This is an example of which characteristic of preoperational thought?

A

Irreversibility

124
Q

What is bottle-mouth caries ?

A

Giving a bottle of milk or juice at nap time or bedtime predisposes the child to this syndrome.

Sweet liquids, or the sugars in milk and even breast milk, pooling in a toddler’s mouth during sleep increase the incidence of dental caries. Changes in the positioning of the teeth may result from pacifier use or thumb sucking and are not related to bottle-mouth caries. Frequent breastfeeding before sleep can cause bottle-mouth caries, since breast milk does contain lactose, which is present in higher concentrations than in cow’s milk–based formula. Juice, which contains varying concentrations of sugar, in bottles before sleep contributes to bottle-mouth caries.

125
Q

At what age would children be able to get off of car seats?

A

A car seat should be used until the child weighs 18 kilograms (40 pounds) and is approximately 4 years old.

126
Q

The concept of gender identity begins at about __ years of age, at which children are able to label their own as well as other’s genders. It is not inherent at birth or by 1 year of age.

A

2 years of age (24 months), at which children are able to label their own as well as other’s genders. It is not inherent at birth or by 1 year of age.

127
Q

What is Rapprochement and at what age does it show?

A

Rapprochement occurs when the child returns to the mother for reassurance following exploration of the environment.
Toddler

128
Q

What to expect for attitude for preschoolers

A

The end of preschool and the beginning of school age is a more tranquil period. Preparing the parent for increased aggression is anticipatory guidance for 4-year-old children. Encouraging the parent to offer the child choices is anticipatory guidance for 3-year-old children. Advising the parent that this is the age when stuttering may develop is anticipatory guidance for 3-year-old children.

129
Q

What is the difference between nightmares and sleep terrors

A

Nightmares are associated with difficulty returning to sleep as opposed to sleep terrors where the individual easily goes back to sleep. With the advent of a nightmare, the child has a memory of the dream like state, is comforted by traditional methods of contact and thrashing type behaviors cease upon awakening. In sleep terrors, the child has no memory of the event, continues thrashing behaviors when awaken, and is not comforted by traditional methods of contact.

130
Q

Malocclusion

A

Malocclusion occurs when upper and lower teeth do not approximate when a child bites down.

Pediatrics (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions