Test 3 Chapter 12 PRACTICAL STRATEGIES AND MATERIALS FOR INFORMAL ASSESSMENT OF ELLS WITH POTENTIAL LI Flashcards
Haynes & Pindzola 2012 (Diagnosis and evaluation in speech pathology: 8th ed) said nonstandardized assessment increases what type of validity?
Nonstandardized assessment increases ecological validity (what the child can do in the real world)
What does ecological validity show in regards to the child’s abilities?
Relates more to the child’s actual environment, and language needed there, than standardized testing does
The Assessment Wheel demonstrates an ideal approach to __________ assessment
Comprehensive assessment
What is the drawback of a comprehensive assessment? but what is the advantage?
This does take some time, but is worth it because typically-developing ELL students are much less likely to be mislabeled and placed into speech-language and/or other special education services
T/F It is important to evaluate the Student’s Communication Skills in a Variety of Settings
True
Use multiple observations in naturalistic settings
Observe the student’s ability to communicate successfully at home, in the classroom, on the playground, in the cafeteria, and other settings
Name a popular current measure
McArthur-Bates Communicative
Development Inventories (Spanish
and English)
Describe the pre-evaluation process
- Gather the case history. Be sure to include language history.
- Use questionnaires and interviews with individuals who are familiar with the student (e.g., teachers, parents, interpreters)
- Ascertain the student’s language proficiency in L1 and English
When we a student is Compared with Peers from a Similar Cultural and Linguistic Background we need to check if the student manifests any of the behaviors listed on the ______________________
English Language Learner Prereferral Screening
T/F Dr. Roseberry tries to interview the classroom teacher, parent, and interpreter who has worked with the student
True
A wonderful new parent questionnaire has been developed in _________
Canada
Portfolios help teams judge a student’s _____ to learn _____ ____ when provided with instruction
ability
over time
What is narrative assessment?
The child can create a story, or the clinician can tell a story and ask the child to tell it back
5-8 year olds should know how many words?
150 words
In a narrative assessment what should you ask yourself when the student tells a story?
Does she organize it in such a way that the listener understands the general story sequence?
Does she give comments or explanations that are relevant or irrelevant to the story?
If the student is re-telling a story originally told by the speech-language pathologist, does she remember both major and specific details?
Does the student use appropriate syntax and vocabulary, even in L1?
What is a cultural characteristic you have to remember in regards to a narrative assessment?
Different cultures have different rules for telling stories
What was the goal of Gorman, Fiestas, Pena, & Clark (2011). Creative and stylistic devices employed by children during a storybook task: A cross-cultural study. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools study?
Goal of study: to assess cultural variations in storytelling when children were presented with wordless picture books
60 first and second grade Caucasian, Hispanic, and African American children
Important to examine this topic because narrative skills are very predictive of school success
Gorman et al 2011 found that
African American CH included more fantasy in stories
Hispanic CH names characters more often
White CH talked more about relationships between characters
To, Stokes, Cheung, & T’sou (June 2010 Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research) Narrative assessment for Cantonese-speaking children found that narrative skills are predictors of what?
of later language outcomes
This study attempted to create some norms for evaluating narrative skills of Cantonese-speaking children
Studied typically-developing subjects and those with specific language impairment (SLI)
To, Stokes, Cheung, & T’sou (June 2010 Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research) Narrative assessment for Cantonese-speaking children found what in regards to validity and reliatbility?
Narrative Assessment can be reliably and validly standardized for use with Cantonese-Speaking CH
Cantonese-speaking CH with SLI had great difficulty using appropriate syntactic complexity when telling stories in Cantonese
Soodla & Kikas (2010; Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research examined the macrostructure of ________ children’s narratives to determine if there were differences between _______ and _____
Estonian children’s narrative
To determine if there were differences in narrative macrostructure between typically-developing (TD) and language impaired (LI) children
The TD children were much better than the LI children at starting stories; the TD children also had significantly more quantity of information in their stories than the LI children
T/F assessment of CH’s narrative skills is very promising —> differentiating lang difference from impairment in ELL students
True
What is RAN?
Rapid Automatic Naming
Assessment of RAN skills provides information about what ?
the student’s speed and organization of thought
Research has demonstrated that individuals with dyslexia have difficulty with this task
RAN tests are best for children who are ages 5 yrs. and over
RAN assessment works with ELLs too!
Research shows that if ELL students have difficulty with RAN, there is a distinct possibility of ________________
dyslexia/reading disabilities
More research –> ELL population
T/F Research suggests that students who have learning disabilities may manifest associated motor behaviors
True
What are some associated motor behaviors?
=Poor coordination or awkwardness
=Difficulty copying from the chalkboard or white board
=Poor handwriting
=Clumsiness and poor balance
=Difficulty manipulating small objects
=Trouble learning to tie shoes, button shirts, and other self-help activities
T/F Reading fluency or lack thereof is not an important indicator of a learning disability
False, it is as an indicator. An SLP should assess reading fluency in a number of areas
What is a good screening for reading literacy—WPM Words Per Minute ?
DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills) (Good & Kaminski, 2002)
Research has suggested that students with true LI have difficulty retaining the __________ of information
sequential order
LI students have specific difficulties on tasks that require what?
verbatim, immediate ordered recall
LI students have specific difficulties on tasks that require verbatim, immediate ordered recall. For example, it is hard for these students to recall lists of
real words, nonsense words, and to repeat back digits in sequence
Dollaghan and Campbell (1998) developed procedures designed to measure language processing capacity and found what?
and found that these procedures had good potential to be used with ELL students in differentiating LI from a language difference
First people to prove that Information Processing worked with ELL’s
What other studies have also had similar findings as Dollaghan and Campbell in regards of differentiating LI from a Language Difference ?
Stokes, Wong, Fletcher, & Leonard (2006). Nonword repetition and sentence repetition as clinical markers of specific language impairment: The case of Cantonese. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 219-236.
Kohnert, Windsor, & Yim (2006). Do language-based processing tasks separate children with primary language impairment from typical bilinguals? Journal of Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 21, 19-29.
T/F Swanson & Saez (2006). Growth in literacy and cognition in bilingual children at risk or not at risk for reading disabilities found that spanish-speaking students with reading disabilities performed poorly on Spanish short-term memory tasks
True
Published in Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 247-264.
They had students repeat words back, and they also used digit repetition
Swanson & Saez (2006). Growth in literacy and cognition in bilingual children at risk or not at risk for reading disabilities, what were their conclusion and results ?
Concluded: word memory in primary language predicts growth in 2nd language reading
Results: CH who had average intelligence but were at risk for reading disabilities were deficient on Spanish measures of short term memory
T/F A study was conducted by Kan & Windsor (2010). Journal of Speech-Language-Hearing Research, 53, 739-756. Word learning in children with primary language impairment: A meta-analysis. What is good or bad?
Dr. R just said to know it was a good study don’t worry about the numbers
Retrieved 846 published studies on this topic for their meta-analysis; analyzed 28 of them
What was a strong and striking finding across studies about CH with LI performance ?
=Ch with LI performed significantly below age-matched typically developing peers on non-word repetition tasks
=Group difference increase as the complexity of nonwords increase
Kapantzoglou, Restrepo, & Thompson (2012). Dynamic assessment of word learning skills… Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research examined whether or not dynamic assessment (DA) of word learning skills was effective in identifying what population for LI?
=bilingual children with language impairment
=Used 4-5 year old Spanish-speaking children
What was the goal Kapantzoglou, Restrepo, & Thompson (2012). Dynamic assessment of word learning skills… Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research**
Goal was to differentiate genuine language impairment from lack of opportunities to learn English
Kapantzoglou et al. 2012 found what?
CH with true LI learned new words more slowly than TD CH
TD ch learned words faster, were more modifiable (teachable) than LI ch
Thordardottir & Brandeker (2012; Journal of Communication Disorders) conducted studies of the use of nonword repetition, vocabulary, and sentence imitation for diagnosis of language impairment in ___________ children
French-English bilingual children
Thordardottir & Brandeker (2012; Journal of Communication Disorders)
Vocabulary scores were impacted by what?
previous exposure (ex. Low income or no preschool; nonword repetition was not affected by previous bilingual exposure
Thordardottir & Brandeker (2012; Journal of Communication Disorders)
TD bilingual CH performed
well on nonword and sentence repetition tasks; lang exposure did not matter. LI ch had difficulty with what?
with nonword repetition and sentence imitation; language exposure did not matter
=Non word repetition and sentence imitation are very promising measures for differentiating lang differences from impairment in bilingual CH, regardless of bilingual exposure
Dispaldro, Leonard, & Deevy (2013) Examined the diagnostic accuracy of repetition of both real words and nonwords in what children?
identifying Italian-speaking children with and without language impairment (ages 3;11-5;8 yrs)
They found that, as with other languages, real and nonword repetition successfully distinguished LI children from typically-developing (TD) children
T/F According to Dispaldro, Leonard, & Deevy (2013) Non word repetition showed excellent sensitivity in distinguishing TD from LI children who spoke Italian
True
Guiberson & Rodriguez (2013; Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools)
Compared nonword repetition skills of _______ children; some were LI, and others typically-developing (TD)
3-5 year old Spanish-speaking
The authors administered a Spanish nonword repetition task to both groups (3 to 5 nonword strings were used)
Guiberson & Rodriguez (2013) found that
LI CH had nonword repetition scores significantly lower those of TD CH
Even with little kids LI kids could not do it
Conclusion: nonword repetition tasks successfully differentiated between LI and TD Spanish-Speaking 3-5 year olds
The use of processing-dependent/dynamic measures with ELL populations is appealing for a number of reasons. What are they?
They are not biased toward life experience, socialization practices, or literacy knowledge, and they are quick and easy to administer.
T/F Performance on nonword repetition and working memory measures has been found to be highly correlated with language impairment in children
True
When children perform poorly on processing-dependent measures, there is a high likelihood that they will have some type of language-learning difficulty
It is very advantageous to use assessment measures that do not rely on what?
on a child’s prior experience or world knowledge
Processing-dependent measures assess the integrity of the underlying language learning system while at the same time to minimizing the role of what?
previous linguistic, cultural, or environmental experience
The CTOPP has a __________ that we can use for LI
Has a nonword repetition subtest that we can use
To assess a student’s ability to follow directions, Dr. Roseberry likes the ________ Test for children
Token Test for Children
What recent study summarizes some of best practices in assessment of ELLs?
Paradis, J., Schneider, P., & Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013). Discriminating children with language impairment among English-language learners from diverse first-language backgrounds. Journal of Speech-Language-Hearing Research, 56, 971-981.
This study had 178 subjects
What was the purpose of Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013). Discriminating children with language impairment among English-language learners from diverse first-language backgrounds study?
The purpose of the study was to determine whether a combination of a parent questionnaire (on L1 development) and English language measures could differentiate between ELLs with and without language impairment
The children had all been exposed to English sequentially at 2-3 years of age; all parents were foreign-born immigrants or refugees
Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013). Discriminating children with language impairment among English-language learners from diverse first-language backgrounds
All subjects were in the process of acquiring English; language backgrounds included what?
Arabic, Assyrian, Cantonese, Farsi, Hindi, Mandarin, Portuguese, Punjabi, Urdu, Somali, Spanish, and Vietnamese
There was a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, including low-income families
What measures were used in Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013). Discriminating children with language impairment among English-language learners from diverse first-language backgrounds?
- ALDeQ
- Nonword repetition subtest-CTOPP
- Test of Early Grammatical Impairment
(TEGI; screening form; Rice & Wexler, 2001) - Narrative Assessment
- Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III
What were the results of Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013)?
TD ch scored higher than LI children on every measure except PPVT-II
ELLs, both LI and TD, all had difficulty with the knowledge-based PPVT-III
(Vocab tests don’t accurately portray kids w LI)
what are the Measures that were successful with a wide variety of subjects in Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013)?
- Nonword repetition
- Measure of tense morphology in English (TEGI; Looked at accurate production of 3rd person singular -s and regular past tense -ed [and irregular past tense])
- Results of ALDeQ (Parent Questionnaire)
Most successful predictor of LI in Sorenson Duncan, T.S. (2013)?
Results of a well designed parent questionnaire
What is a Dynamic Assessment ?
Dynamic assessment evaluates a student’s ability to learn when provided with instruction
Conventional tests are static; they measure children’s functioning at one point in time
We need to measure a child’s zone of proximal development; what s/he can achieve with help
We look at trainability, or the child’s ability to profit from instruction
What was the purpose of Patterson, J., Rodriguez, B.L., & Dale, P. (2013). Response to dynamic language tasks among typically developing Latino preschool children with bilingual experience. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 22, 103-112 ?
to determine whether typically developing preschool children with bilingual experience showed evidence of learning within brief dynamic assessment (DA) language tasks
What prompting was used in Patterson, J., Rodriguez, B.L., & Dale, P. (2013). ?
Graduated prompting was used in 3 tasks: novel word learning, a semantic task, and a phonological awareness task
What conclusions did Patterson, J., Rodriguez, B.L., & Dale, P. (2013) draw ?
For these TD children, within-task improvements observed on semantic and novel word learning tasks
Conclusion: dynamic assessment for distinguishing langauge difference from LI, as TD children do benefit from learning in a graduated prompting framework
What questions J., Rodriguez, B.L., & Dale, P. (2013) ask to compare the student to similar ELL peers?
How much structure and individual attention is needed for the student to acquire new language skills?
During instructional activities, to what extent does the student exhibit off-task behaviors or inappropriate responses
Did this student require instructional strategies that differed from those which had been used effectively with similar peers?
Response to Intervention (RtI) utilizes the principles of dynamic assessment
Students in regular education classrooms receive increasingly intense amounts of support from teachers and Teacher Assistance Teams
If they do not respond to this—if they show treatment resistance–then they probably qualify for special education.
What is the goal of RtI?
RtI: tries to “catch” kids before they end up needing special ed
Emphasis on reading intervention in early grades
Take us away from a “wait to fail” system; “supporting success” orientation
Goal: PREVENT problems later
Diane Blevins from Santa Ana, CA did what with ELL students?
Santa Ana Unified–so many preschool referrals–would have cost $2 million to hire SLPs to test and treat kids
Many were ELL
Created preschool RtI program
“At risk” preschoolers seen by SLPAs for a year
(Not therapy but language stimulation)
Received language treatment/intervention
Diane Blevins from Santa Ana found what at the end of her RtI preschool?
End of year: 95% of CH were fine
Only about 5% needed IEPs
Belvins non-special education intervention options included a _________ for children and ________ program for parents
Their non-special education intervention options included a language lab for children and Let’s Talk program for parents
Language Lab: <12 Ch; in it for 1 year; very successful in decreasing the #s of children on IEPs in elementary school
what was in Belkins Let’s Talk for Parents ?
trained parents 1 hour a week for 6 weeks
Modeled and coached them on language stimulation techniques
Parent-Child activities occurred; caregiver handbook too
Belvins found
24% increase in caregivers reading to CH
24% increase in families visiting lang-rich environments
CH’s lang skills improved! decrease IEPs in elementary school
All these informal assessment tasks we have discussed…
Use of the tasks depends mostly upon the students’ English proficiency and how long they have been consistently exposed to English
But it can be used with students from ages preschool through high school
Make sure interpreters are well trained and understand the purpose of the evaluation. Also, Ensure that interpreters can build ________ with others from their culture
Rapport
How can you prepare the interpreter?
Providing information about the student who is being assessed
Allowing the interpreter time to get organized and ask questions BEFORE the student arrives
Showing (actual demonstration) the interpreter how to use each measure
Debrief with the interpreter after the session
Supervise the interpreter during the session and make sure s/he doesn’t what?
Record data incorrectly
Prompt student or give clues
What behaviors should you have the interpreter watch for ?
Response delays Use of gestures to replace words Preservation, confusion Distractibility Lang, articulation errors in L1
