Lecture 16 SPECIFIC STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING ORAL AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE SKILLS Flashcards
In the old days we had regular education in the classroom OR what?
Special education with an IEP
Now more schools across the U.S. are implementing RTI. What are the 3 tiers?
Regular education classroom (Tier 1)—no modifications
▼
Regular education classroom (Tier 2)—minor modifications
▼
Noncategorical, nonspecial education interventions (after-school math and/or reading academy; REWARDS reading program, etc.) (Tier 3)
Many ELLs benefit from Tier 3. Describe these type of students
Don’t need special ed
If 5-6 months of Tier 3 is not enough, sped is necessary
If not enough, give IEP and move to Tier 4 or 5
T/F Idea 2004 especially emphasizes intervention for reading in the early grades to prevent problems later on
True
Nelson 2010 suggests that ____ of students should receive core instruction in classroom
80%
Nelson 2010 suggests that ____ should get targeted small group, specialized instruction, or RtI
15%
Nelson 2010 suggests that ____ should receive special ed.
5%
RtI can be very helpful in decreasing _______
special education caseloads
Diane Blevins, Santa Ana, CA. What was her population of focus?
had a deluge of “at risk” preschoolers referred for assessment and probable intervention
Many were ELLs
It would have cost $2 million to hire enough SLPs to serve all these children
Diane Blevins Preschoolers implemented RTI at risk for language difficulties were seen by SLPAs for 6 weeks; they received language support
At the end of the 6 weeks, approximately ____ of the children were functioning well and ______
95% of the children were functioning well and were no longer “at risk”—did not need special ed testing; 5% went on to IEPs
Were no longer “at risk”—did not need special ed testing; 5% went on to IEPs
SERVING PRESCHOOL ELLs WITH LI–These children are especially vulnerable because ….
they may be rejected by peers, even as young as 3 years of age
Tabors recommended that teachers give children what?
some immediate, routine phrases to use to initiate conversation with peers.
If an ELL child with LI can be taught such words/phrases as “Hi” “How’s it going?” “Can I play?,” they immediately open themselves up to more language exposure and interaction with other children.
Tabors and her colleagues showed that it was extremely helpful during the first few weeks of preschool if the adults could
say words like bathroom, eat, listen in the children’s first languages.
By having adults say words like “bathroom, eat etc.” This gave the children a sense of connection with the teachers and helped them learn preschool routines faster
True
This gave the children a sense of connection with the teachers and helped them learn preschool routines faster
Tabors and her Harvard colleagues also recommended that
Adults give the preschoolers a great deal of verbal “space” for the first few weeks.
In the Harvard project, the teachers welcomed the children and smiled at them, but they did not overwhelm them by issuing directives (unless necessary) or calling on them too much during the first few weeks.
Teachers “doubled the message” by adding what three things?
gesture, action, or direct gaze.
One of the most helpful things for the preschool children was the establishment of what?
Was the establishment of a consistent set of routines that were simple and used daily. For example, things like snack time, outside play, cleanup time, and circle time allowed the ELL preschoolers to immediately act like members of the group.
It was found that during routines such as singing, many ELL children did what?
“opened up” for the first time as they sang songs in their second language of English.
Another successful strategy that helped the ELL preschoolers fit into the group faster and socialize more was…
Teachers always structured small group activities to include a mix of ELL and monolingual English-speaking children.
The ELL children because they did not have to negotiate entry into the groups; they were automatically included.
They gained more exposure to English and more opportunities to interact with other children.
To include parents of ELL preschoolers teachers allowed them to do what?
Teachers allowed them to volunteer for simple tasks such as pouring juice and cleaning up the paint area—these tasks required little-no knowledge of English.
They also had parents demonstrate a skill or talent such as cooking a native dish for all the children, performing a folk dance in a native costume, and others.
Parents felt included and were even more supportive of teachers’ efforts.
A new resource for supporting social skills is
Kimochis—Seven Keys to Effective Communication
Ellen Pritchard Dodge and colleagues, 2010
What are Kimochis?
Kimochis are “feeling” plush toys
The Kimochi’s toys is for ELL LI preschoolers because
it’s hands-on, easy to teach and learn
Program: 7 keys to successful communication (e.g., “Choose words that help instead of hurt.”)
How can you Increase Literacy Skills?
Reading, writing, spelling (top)
Phonological awareness
Oral language
Foundation is environmental experiences and exposure (bottom)
What is Phonological awareness ?
is the ability to consciously reflect on and manipulate the sound system of a language.
It is foundational to success in reading, writing, and spelling
Preschoolers who are ELL and have LI especially need to develop phonological awareness
The research of Ukrainetz et al (2009) showed that
ELL kindgergarteners (including low-SES Hispanic) exposed to PA activities over a year showed good reading progress.
T/F Ukrainetz research showed that even when tx was provided in short, intensive periods (as opposed to longer, more drawn out, less intense periods), children made gains; but were not able to maintain it over time
False
These gains maintained over time
What is the hierarchy for phonological awareness?
- Count the # of words in a sentence
- Count the number of syllables ina word
- Count the number of sounds in a word
- Identify rhyming words
- Use sound blending skills (e.g., “What word is this? S-u-n”
- Identify the first sound in a word
- Identify the last sound in a word
What are some other ideas for phonological awareness?
Use rhythm sticks and clapping to facilitate knowledge of how many syllables there are in a given word. Students can clap out the syllables or use rhythm sticks to tap or shake for each syllable.
Use a grab bag where students pull an object/toy out of the bag and tell the beginning or ending sound in the word.
Use rhymes such as Dr. Seuss. Many ELL preschoolers with LI have underdeveloped rhyming skills.
Some children may not be motivated to read. This can be due to what?
lack of exposure to books in the home, lack of desire to sit still and focus, and other variables.
Thus, it is extremely important for professionals to make reading books motivating and enjoyable.
Ideas to make book reading enjoyable and motivating include?
Keep it short!
Predictable books – simplified repetitive text
Professionals can use books that
Have highly exciting or dramatic story themes
Have manipulative parts like flaps and movable tabs to engage children.
Have buttons to press that make noises (e.g., a choo-choo noise for a train) or play music.
Have many colorful pictures that accompany the words. Often, children who have limited exposure to books will become disinterested in books that have many words on each page.
iPad: useful, captures interest
Written Language Attainments: Preschool Period (Turnbull & Justice, 2012)–what did they find?
We need to be sure that before they enter kindergarten, preschool students have PRINT AWARENESS and can:
preschool students that have PRINT AWARENESS and can:
- Display interest in reading & sharing books
- Hold a book right side up
- Identify front & back of book
- Identify top & bottom of a page
- Look at & turn pages from left to right
- Identify title on book cover
- Identify titles of favorite books**
- Distinguish between pictures and print on a page
- Know where the story begins in the book
- Identify letters that occur in their own names
- Print the first letter of their name
- Recite the first 10 letters of the alphabet
- Point to the first letter in a word**14. Differentiate uppercase from lowercase letters15. Use terms such as letter, word, alphabet
- Point to words individually as they are read
- Respond to signs in the classroom
- Recognize common environmental signs (e.g., stop sign, restroom, safety signs, etc…)
The research of Justice et al. showed that when teachers of disadvantaged preschoolers used print referencing strategies…
they showed more gains than ch not exposed
Gains: print concept knowledge, alphabet knowledge, name writing
Turnbull & Justice, 2012 found that on their own, preschoolers do what?
On their own, preschoolers do not attend to print
Adults need to prompt children to attend to print.
When reading with young children, we can also use a picture walk. What is a picture walk?
The adult looks at the pictures and discusses them with the child before actually reading
This can be done in any language
If preschool students receive comprehensive support in oral and written language skills they will be …..
They will be far more successful in elementary school and beyond
T/F Many SLPs do not view literacy as something that is “our job.” Many of us in public schools work with students who have oral language problems, and literacy is viewed as the province of other professionals such as Resource Specialists
True
However, ASHA has been increasingly emphasizing the role of the SLP in supporting students with what?
written language problems
ELL students with LIs are particularly vulnerable to written language difficulties because
1) written materials are in their second language of English, and 2) their LI often makes written language difficult.
most special education referrals involve students who have difficulty with ______
writing
There are several reasons for this difficulty with writing. What are they?
- Have poor composition skills
- Have weak hand/finger muslces, poor finger dexterity
- Background: writing and other prereadiness fine motor skills not emphasized
In many homes, parents don’t have the money for materials to develop fine motor skills. Children do what?
Children watch a lot of TV and have a great deal of screen time in general
Teachers assume what?
Children come to school ready for paper-pencil tasks; they should start writing immediately
T/F but in reality children are not ready and need to do activities like painting and playing with clay
True
In today’s kindergartens, there is no time for this; children are asked to write before they are ready
Handwriting without Tears is ?
Is a multisensory, developmental approach that is virtually 100% successful.
It is excellent for ELL children; it is very visual and tactile
It is also good for children who are left-handed, who reverse their letters, and who have difficulty forming their letters.
What are some ideas to help with writing and fine motor skills?
Small pencils—accurate grip (no fat pencils!!)
In upper left hand corner—where to begin writing
Letters in clay for play dough
Trace letters in a salt or sand tray—kinesthetic “feel” or letter
Tear newspaper into strips, then crunch into little balls
Trace letters in glitter gel-filled ziploc bags
Encourage the child to squeeze a squishy ball during listening activities. This enhances what?
attention and helps strengthen hand and finger muscles.
Overteach right vs. left. Many ELL students with LI confuse
right and left. I have pre-adolescents who are still inaccurate with these concepts!
Make sure the child is sitting at _____ degrees with his/her body positioned how?
90 degree angles.
Her feet should be flat on the floor, her posture straight, and her stomach touching the table. Her nonwriting hand should be flat and should support the paper as she writes.
What are some other things you can do to help fine motor and writing skills?
Have the child write letters in the air, writing from the shoulder
Have the child wake up her body by stomping on the floor, moving around—this will enhance concentration.
If the child is a leftie, the paper is turned in the opposite direction
A STONE- is what?
is the most frequent in Dolch list
Have CH over exaggerate spacing when first learning to write
Skittle test
