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LINDSAY - PATHO 1 > TEST 3 - CARDIO > Flashcards

TEST 3 - CARDIO Flashcards

1
Q

_______ node is the pace maker: 60 to 100 beats per minute

A

SA

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2
Q

________ node takes over when SA node fails: 40 to 60 beats per minute

A

AV

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3
Q

DEFINITION

inflammation of the heart valves

A

endocarditis

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4
Q

DEFINITION

really thick layer under endocardium

A

myocardium

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5
Q

DEFINITION

outside layer of the heart

A

pericardium

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6
Q

Coronary Circulation

____________ has its own blood supply.

A

Heart

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7
Q

Coronary Circulation

The heart needs a continuous source of ___________.

A

oxygen

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8
Q

WHICH BLOOD VESSELS provide heart with oxygen?

A

coronary arteries

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9
Q

this structure, located in the aorta, is where the blood supply originates.

A

sinus of Valsalva

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10
Q

HEART RATE + STROKE VOLUME = ?

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

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11
Q

a hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and blood volume in the body

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

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12
Q

DIAMETER OF ATERIOLES + RAAS = ?

A

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE

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13
Q

BLOOD PRESSURE = ____________ ______________ X _______________ _____________ ______________

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE

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14
Q

DEFINITION

volume of blood that is pumped by the heart every minute

A

Cardiac output

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15
Q

DEFINITION

the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each heartbeat

A

Stroke volume

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16
Q

______________ ___________ depends on heart rate and stroke volume

A

CARDIAC OUTPUT

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17
Q

_____________ ___________ depends on contractility

A

Stroke volume

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18
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT

The volume of blood in the cardiac chamber just prior to systole (end-diastolic volume).

A

Preload

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19
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
The force and velocity of cardiac muscle shortening in response to stimuli that increase cytoplasmic free calcium ion levels

A

Contractility

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20
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT

The impedance or resistance that must be overcome in order to eject blood from a cardiac chamber.

A

Afterload

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21
Q

DEFINITION

the percentage of blood that is ejected from the ventricles (generally about 55%)

A

Ejection fraction

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22
Q

ARTERIES OR VEINS?

have more muscle to move blood forward

A

ARTERIES

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23
Q

ARTERIES OR VEINS? have less muscle than arteries

A

VEINS

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24
Q

ARTERIES OR VEINS? have valves to prevent backflow and prevent blood from backing up

A

VEINS

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25
Q

3 disorders of arterial circulation

A
  1. Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
  2. vasculitis
  3. aneurysm
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26
Q

2 disorders of venous circulation

A
  1. thrombophlebitis

2. varicose veins

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27
Q

4 disorders of cardiac function

A
  1. Acute coronary syndrome
  2. Atrial fibrillation
  3. infection of the heart (Endocarditis/pericarditis)
  4. Cardiac tamponade
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28
Q

_____________ is failure of the entire cardiovascular system

A

shock

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29
Q

_____________ occurs as a result of oxygen not getting to tissue

A

shock

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30
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

  • occurs because of lack of oxygen to heart
  • cells have to go through anaerobic metabolism
  • the result of lactic acid sensitizing nerve endings
A

CHEST PAIN

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31
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

  • shortness of breath
  • early sign of heart problems
A

DYSPNEA

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32
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

- tripod breathing

A

ORTHOPNEA

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33
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

  • occurs especially in cv disease
  • blue skin
A

CYANOSIS

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34
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
- people with PV have pain in their legs after walking any distance because circulation cannot keep up with oxygenation demands

  • relieves itself with rest.
A

Intermittent claudication

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35
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

  • fainting
  • can be an early sign
A

SYNCOPE

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36
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

  • sign of cv disfunction
  • may indicate heart failure
A

EDEMA

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37
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

- irregular heartbeat

A

Dysrhythmia

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38
Q

WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?

secondary to hypoxemia

A

Anxiety/restlessness

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39
Q

CONDITION: hardening of the arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

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40
Q

TYPE OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS:

calcium accumulation, layers of the blood vessels have calcified and the arteries become thick and hard

A

MONKSBERG

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41
Q

TYPE OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS:

plaque and fat accumulation, alters the blood vessels ability to constrict and dilate as it should. reduces blood flow

A

Atherosclerosis

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42
Q

_____________ causes thickening and hardening of the arterial walls

A

Atherosclerosis

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43
Q

_____________ is the accumulation of fibro-fatty deposits in the intimal lining of large and middle-sized arteries

A

Atherosclerosis

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44
Q

because of _____________ vessels are unable to dilate as they should

A

Atherosclerosis

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45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

diabetics may not experience chest pain

A

TRUE

because of neuropathy

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46
Q

WHICH LIPID?

  • helps in building cell walls
  • binds to protein and is transported through the blood stream.
A

cholesterol

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47
Q

WHICH LIPID?

  • type of fat
  • needed for energy
A

triglycerides

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48
Q

WHICH TYPE OF LIPOPROTEINS

  • good/healthy cholesterol
  • contains very little cholesterol and very little triglycerides
  • carries excess cholesterol and triglycerides from peripheral tissue back to the liver
A

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

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49
Q

WHICH TYPE OF LIPOPROTEINS

  • bad cholesterol
  • carried from liver to peripheral tissues
  • deposited in the form of plaque
A

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

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50
Q

WHICH TYPE OF LIPOPROTEINS

  • contains large triglycerides
  • transfats
A

Very low density lipoprotein

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51
Q

MANIFESTATIONS OF WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

  • Initially asymptomatic
  • Intermittent claudication
  • Paresthesia
  • Pallor/cyanosis
A

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

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52
Q

TREATMENT OF PVD?

A

Elimination of risk factors

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53
Q

EVALUATION OF PVD?

A

Doppler measurement of blood flow

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54
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Also known as Buerger’s Disease

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

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55
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

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56
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
Usually affects small and medium size arteries of the extremities
Higher incidence in men 20 -40 yrs old
Associated with tobacco

A

Thromboangiitis Obliterans

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57
Q

6 P’s of Acute Arterial Occlusion

A
  • Pain
    • Paresthesia
    • Pallor
    • Paralysis
    • Pulselessness
    • Polar
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58
Q

Acute Arterial Occlusion threatens the __________

A

limbs

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59
Q

Acute Arterial Occlusion is _________-_______________ and must be treated ________________

A

life-threatening

immediately

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60
Q

Acute Arterial Occlusion treatment?

A

embolectomy

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61
Q

Sequelae (consequence of previous disease/injury) of Thromboangiitis Obliterans?

A

fibrotic changes, ulceration, gangrene

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62
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Intense vasospasm of arteries and arterioles of hands and feet

A

Raynaud’s Syndrome

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63
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Excessive vasoconstrictor response to stimuli that normally cause mild vasoconstriction

A

Raynaud’s disease

64
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

associated with previous vessel injury

A

Raynaud’s phenomenon

65
Q

Sequelae (consequence of previous disease/injury) of Raynaud’s Syndrome

A

nails thick and brittle, ulceration and gangrene

66
Q

TREATMENT FOR RAYNAUD’S SYNDROME

A

directed at eliminated factors that cause vasospasm

67
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Localized arterial dilatations

A

Aneurysm

68
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Most commonly in aorta and cerebral circulation

A

Aneurysm

69
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Once it becomes larger than 5cm it requires surgical intervention.

A

Aneurysm

70
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

  • involve all 3 layers of blood vessels
  • categorized according to shape
A

True Aneurysm

71
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

Involves one side of blood vessel

A

Saccular

72
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

Involves both sides of blood vessel

A

Fusiform

73
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

(Shaped like a blueberry) – commonly seen in circle of Willis (in the brain)

A

Berry

74
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

does not involve all three layers of blood vessels

A

False Aneurysm

75
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
May be a tear in tunica intima and/or tunica media. Blood seeps between layers. The tunica adventitia is not damaged. Causes hypovolemic shock.

A

False Aneurysm

76
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

  • most dangerous
  • surgical emergency
A

Dissecting Aneurysm

77
Q

WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM

3 layers of blood vessels are all splitting apart. Blood is seeping between all three of the layers of blood vessels.

A

Dissecting Aneurysm

78
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Which type of Aneurysm?

  • Vague signs
  • Chest pain
  • Epigastric pain
  • Shoulder tip pain
A

Dissecting Aneurisms

79
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

  • Potentially life threatening
  • Blood clot, usually in lower legs
  • Clot can travel to lungs
A

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

80
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

More common in lower extremities

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

81
Q

Risk factors for DVT

A
  • Venous stasis
    • Hypercoagulability
    • Venous endothelial damage
82
Q

Clinical manifestations for DVT

A

pain

edema

83
Q

Treatment for DVT

A

anticoagulants

84
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

Dilated tortuous veins of the lower extremities

A

Valvular Incompetence

85
Q

WHICH Valvular Incompetence

involves saphenous veins

A

Varicose veins

86
Q

4 Risk factors FOR Valvular Incompetence

A

congenital
pregnancy
obesity
heavy lifting

87
Q

COMPLICATION OF Valvular Incompetence

A

venous stasis ulcers

88
Q

TREATMENT FOR Valvular Incompetence

A

compression stockings,
elimination of risk factors,
sclerotherapy,
surgical treatment

89
Q

PRIMARY OR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION?

main health concern

A

PRIMARY

90
Q

PRIMARY OR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION?caused by another disease

A

SECONDARY

91
Q

2 TYPES OF RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION?

A
  1. MODIFIABLE

2. NON-MODIFIABLE

92
Q

5 MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION

A
  • diet
    * exercise
    * smoking
    * stress
    * elevated triglycerides
93
Q

2 NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION

A
  • family history

* increasing age

94
Q

PRIMARY OR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION?

if they fix that disease, the hypertension will resolve itself

A

SECONDARY

95
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERTENSION?
An elevation in systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg without an increase in diastolic blood pressure. Most commonly occurs in the elderly.

A

Isolated Systolic Hypertension

96
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERTENSION?
the blood pressure is high but the patient is asymptomatic, and high blood pressure presents a potential risk to their tissue damage

A

Hypertensive urgency

97
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERTENSION?
high BP and have symptoms with it.
Eg. 180/110 & develop chest pain, headache

A

Hypertensive emergency

98
Q

2 TREATMENTS FOR HYPERTENSION

A
  1. LIFESTYLE CHANGES

2. MEDICATION

99
Q

PEOPLE MOST AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING Coronary Artery Disease

A

MALES OLDER THAN 45 YEARS

FEMALES OLDER THAN 55 YEARS

100
Q

TRUE OR FALSE?

GUM DISEASE CAN LEAD TO CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

A

TRUE

infection & inflammation leads to coronary artery disease

101
Q

marker of inflammation

A

C reactive protein

102
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE

  • begins with coronary artery disease
  • as it worsens it develops myocardial ischemia
  • as it worsens person can have a myocardial infarction
A

Pathophysiological Continuum

103
Q

temporary decrease in blood flow to coronary arteries

A

angina

104
Q

WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?

  • heart cells are temporarily deprived of oxygen
  • insufficient oxygen supply to meet metabolic demands due to
  • Myocardial cells remain alive but less functional
A

ANGINA

105
Q

3 kinds of angina pectoris

A

a) Stable angina
b) Prinzmetal angina
c) Unstable angina

106
Q

WHICH KIND OF ANGINA?

  • Characterized by transient episodes of chest pain related to activities that increase MV02
  • Duration of symptoms typically 2 to 5 minutes; occasionally 5 to 15 minutes.
  • Prolonged discomfort unusual.
A

STABLE

107
Q

WHICH KIND OF ANGINA?

  • Abnormal vasospasm results in unpredictable chest pain
  • Not usually exercise induced
A

PRINZMETAL

108
Q

WHICH KIND OF ANGINA?

  • Indicates that plaque has become complicated;
  • Infarction may follow
  • What used to resolve chest pain is no longer effective
A

UNSTABLE

109
Q

WHAT CARDIO DISEASE?

  • impaired blood flow through a coronary artery to an area of the myocardium
  • results in myocardial necrosis and death due to schema
  • occurs as a result of: thrombosis, coronary spasm (rare)
A

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

110
Q

___________ _____________ ______________

A spectrum of clinical syndromes representing varying degrees of coronary artery occlusion

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome

111
Q

WHAT SYNDROME?

  • person has developed chest pain
  • unsure of whether it’s angina or myocardial infarction
A

Acute Coronary Syndrome

112
Q

6 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Coronary Syndrome

A
  1. PAIN
  2. Nausea, vomiting, indigestion
  3. Feeling of doom
  4. Diaphoresis
  5. Anxiety & restlessness
  6. feeling of doom
113
Q

Serum Cardiac Marker DIAGNOSIS

high troponin levels

A

myocardial infarction

114
Q

Serum Cardiac Marker DIAGNOSIS

normal troponin levels

A

myocardial ischemia (angina)

115
Q

PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:

ASPIRIN

A

BLOOD THINNER

116
Q

PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:

OXYGEN

A

PREVENTS ISCHEMIA

117
Q

PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:

NITROGLYCERIN

A

DILATES THE BLOOD VESSELS

118
Q

PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:

MORPHINE

A

REDUCES PAIN AND RELAXES SMOOTH MUSCLES

119
Q

PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:

HEPARIN

A

DISSOLVES CLOTS

120
Q

what does NOAH stand for?

A

NITRO
OXYGEN
ASPRIN
HEPARIN

121
Q

6 Complications of MI

A
  • Dysrhythmias
    • Sudden death
    • Pericarditis
    • Papillary muscle rupture
    • Congestive Heart Failure
    • Cardiogenic Shock
122
Q

WHICH TYPE OF Congestive Heart Failure

  • can be caused by hypertension
  • fluid backs up into lungs
  • pulmonary congestion
A

LEFT SIDED (L FOR LUNGS)

123
Q

WHICH TYPE OF Congestive Heart Failure

  • pulmonary disease can cause this (COPD)
  • blood blacks up in the system
  • peripheral edema
  • as it worsens fluid backs up into the organs
A

RIGHT SIDED (R FOR REST OF BODY)

124
Q

NAME THE PURPOSE OF THIS HEART FAILURE DRUG: DIURETICS

A

REDUCES FLUID CONGESTION

125
Q

NAME THE PURPOSE OF THIS HEART FAILURE DRUG: NITROGLYCERINE

A

REDUCES BLOOD FLOW RESISTANCE

126
Q

NAME THE PURPOSE OF THIS HEART FAILURE DRUG: POSITIVE INOTROPES

A

MAKES THE HEART BEAT FASTER

127
Q

WHAT IS THIS?

Inflammation leads to thickened and fibrotic pericardium

A

Pericarditis

128
Q

WHAT CARDIO DISEASE? * Scarring interferes with diastolic filling of ventricles

A

PERICARDITIS

129
Q

4 CAUSES OF PERICARDITIS

A
  • MI
    • Bacterial, viral, fungal infections
    • Neoplasms, radiation, uremia
    • Autoimmune disease, drugs, post cardiac injury
130
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF WHAT?

  • Sudden sharp pain over sternum, radiating to neck, shoulders, and back
  • Pleuritic pain – inc with insp; dec with sitting and forward positioning
A

PERICARDITIS

131
Q

NAME 2 COMPLICATIONS OF PERICARDITIS

A
  1. PLEURAL EFFUSION

2. HEART FAILURE

132
Q

WHAT CARDIO DISEASE?

  • bleeding into the pericardial sac
  • compresses on the heart
  • decreases cardiac output
  • surgical emergency
A

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

133
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF WHAT?

  • Venous pressure elevation
  • Decreased arterial pressure
  • Muffled heart sounds
A

CARDIAC TAMPONADE

134
Q

COMPLICATIONS OF CARDIAC TAMPONADE

A

THROMBOSIS

  • STROKE
  • PULMONARY EMBOLISM
135
Q

MEDICATION THAT TREATS CARDIAC TAMPONADE?

A

BLOOD THINNERS SUCH AS COUMADIN

136
Q

heart problem that will require heart transplant

A

CARDIOMYOPATHY

137
Q

WHAT KIND OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?

  • cardiac chambers are larger
  • walls of muscle are thinner
  • pumping ability is decreased
  • genetic
A

DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY

138
Q

WHAT KIND OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?

  • genetic cause
  • muscle is thick and sclerotic
  • does not pump efficiently
  • does not hold much blood
  • increases risk of pulmonary edema from fluid backing up
A

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

139
Q

WHAT KIND OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?

  • worse
  • involves both ventricles
  • thick and sclerotic
  • right chamber is larger than left
  • stiff and no stretch - not able to expand
A

RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY

140
Q

rheumatic heart disease ____________ as rheumatic fever

A

begins

141
Q

WHAT HEART DISEASE?

diffuse inflammatory disease in genetically susceptible individuals

A

RHEUMATIC FEVER

142
Q

WHAT HEART DISEASE?

abnormal humoral and cell-mediated immune response to Group A streptococcal pharyngeal infections

A

RHEUMATIC FEVER

143
Q

WHAT HEART DISEASE?

begins as step throat, and then infection travels to joints

A

RHEUMATIC FEVER

144
Q

WHAT HEART DISEASE?
effects connective tissue
EG. swollen and painful joints

A

RHEUMATIC FEVER

145
Q

WHAT HEART DISEASE?
effects endocardium
EG. causes scarring of the valves

A

RHEUMATIC FEVER

146
Q

WHAT HEART DISEASE?

Scarring and deformity of cardiac structures

A

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

147
Q

Disease of the aortic valve will cause pooling in which of the following heart chambers

A

LEFT VENTRICLE

148
Q

Disease of the MITRAL valve will cause pooling in which of the following heart chambers

A

LEFT ATRIUM

149
Q

during fetal life, the septum between the left and right ventricles did not close properly

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

150
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF WHICH HEART DISEASE?

  • shortness of breath
  • babies that don’t feed well
  • babies that tire easily
  • babies that are pale with peripheral cyanosis
  • heart sounds: swishing sound
A

Ventricular Septal Defect

151
Q

TREATMENT OF Ventricular Septal Defect

A

SURGERY

152
Q

PROGNOSIS OF Ventricular Septal Defect

A

GOOD IF DETECTED EARLY

153
Q

Cardiovascular system fails to perfuse tissues adequately resulting in widespread impairment of cellular metabolism LEADS TO WHAT?

A

SHOCK

154
Q

common denominator in all types of shock:

A

poor tissue perfusion

155
Q

2 COMPLICATIONS THAT untreated shock leads to

A
  1. DIC

2. ORGAN FAILURE

156
Q

2 CAUSES OF SHOCK

A
  1. INADEQUATE BLOOD VOLUME

2. POORLY DISTRIBUTED BLOOD VOLUME

LINDSAY - PATHO 1 (4 decks)

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