TEST 3 - CARDIO Flashcards
1
Q
_______ node is the pace maker: 60 to 100 beats per minute
A
SA
2
Q
________ node takes over when SA node fails: 40 to 60 beats per minute
A
AV
3
Q
DEFINITION
inflammation of the heart valves
A
endocarditis
4
Q
DEFINITION
really thick layer under endocardium
A
myocardium
5
Q
DEFINITION
outside layer of the heart
A
pericardium
6
Q
Coronary Circulation
____________ has its own blood supply.
A
Heart
7
Q
Coronary Circulation
The heart needs a continuous source of ___________.
A
oxygen
8
Q
WHICH BLOOD VESSELS provide heart with oxygen?
A
coronary arteries
9
Q
this structure, located in the aorta, is where the blood supply originates.
A
sinus of Valsalva
10
Q
HEART RATE + STROKE VOLUME = ?
A
CARDIAC OUTPUT
11
Q
a hormone system that helps regulate long-term blood pressure and blood volume in the body
A
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
12
Q
DIAMETER OF ATERIOLES + RAAS = ?
A
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE
13
Q
BLOOD PRESSURE = ____________ ______________ X _______________ _____________ ______________
A
CARDIAC OUTPUT
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE
14
Q
DEFINITION
volume of blood that is pumped by the heart every minute
A
Cardiac output
15
Q
DEFINITION
the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each heartbeat
A
Stroke volume
16
Q
______________ ___________ depends on heart rate and stroke volume
A
CARDIAC OUTPUT
17
Q
_____________ ___________ depends on contractility
A
Stroke volume
18
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
The volume of blood in the cardiac chamber just prior to systole (end-diastolic volume).
A
Preload
19
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
The force and velocity of cardiac muscle shortening in response to stimuli that increase cytoplasmic free calcium ion levels
A
Contractility
20
Q
FACTORS AFFECTING CARDIAC OUTPUT
The impedance or resistance that must be overcome in order to eject blood from a cardiac chamber.
A
Afterload
21
Q
DEFINITION
the percentage of blood that is ejected from the ventricles (generally about 55%)
A
Ejection fraction
22
Q
ARTERIES OR VEINS?
have more muscle to move blood forward
A
ARTERIES
23
Q
ARTERIES OR VEINS? have less muscle than arteries
A
VEINS
24
Q
ARTERIES OR VEINS? have valves to prevent backflow and prevent blood from backing up
A
VEINS
25
3 disorders of arterial circulation
1. Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis
2. vasculitis
3. aneurysm
26
2 disorders of venous circulation
1. thrombophlebitis
| 2. varicose veins
27
4 disorders of cardiac function
1. Acute coronary syndrome
2. Atrial fibrillation
3. infection of the heart (Endocarditis/pericarditis)
4. Cardiac tamponade
28
_____________ is failure of the entire cardiovascular system
shock
29
_____________ occurs as a result of oxygen not getting to tissue
shock
30
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
* occurs because of lack of oxygen to heart
* cells have to go through anaerobic metabolism
* the result of lactic acid sensitizing nerve endings
CHEST PAIN
31
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
- shortness of breath
- early sign of heart problems
DYSPNEA
32
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
| - tripod breathing
ORTHOPNEA
33
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
- occurs especially in cv disease
- blue skin
CYANOSIS
34
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
- people with PV have pain in their legs after walking any distance because circulation cannot keep up with oxygenation demands
- relieves itself with rest.
Intermittent claudication
35
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
* fainting
* can be an early sign
SYNCOPE
36
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
* sign of cv disfunction
* may indicate heart failure
EDEMA
37
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
| - irregular heartbeat
Dysrhythmia
38
WHICH CARDIOVASCULAR MANIFESTATION?
| secondary to hypoxemia
Anxiety/restlessness
39
CONDITION: hardening of the arteries
Arteriosclerosis
40
TYPE OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS:
| calcium accumulation, layers of the blood vessels have calcified and the arteries become thick and hard
MONKSBERG
41
TYPE OF ARTERIOSCLEROSIS:
| plaque and fat accumulation, alters the blood vessels ability to constrict and dilate as it should. reduces blood flow
Atherosclerosis
42
_____________ causes thickening and hardening of the arterial walls
Atherosclerosis
43
_____________ is the accumulation of fibro-fatty deposits in the intimal lining of large and middle-sized arteries
Atherosclerosis
44
because of _____________ vessels are unable to dilate as they should
Atherosclerosis
45
TRUE OR FALSE?
| diabetics may not experience chest pain
TRUE
| because of neuropathy
46
WHICH LIPID?
- helps in building cell walls
- binds to protein and is transported through the blood stream.
cholesterol
47
WHICH LIPID?
* type of fat
* needed for energy
triglycerides
48
WHICH TYPE OF LIPOPROTEINS
- good/healthy cholesterol
- contains very little cholesterol and very little triglycerides
- carries excess cholesterol and triglycerides from peripheral tissue back to the liver
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
49
WHICH TYPE OF LIPOPROTEINS
* bad cholesterol
* carried from liver to peripheral tissues
* deposited in the form of plaque
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
50
WHICH TYPE OF LIPOPROTEINS
* contains large triglycerides
* transfats
Very low density lipoprotein
51
MANIFESTATIONS OF WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
* Initially asymptomatic
* Intermittent claudication
* Paresthesia
* Pallor/cyanosis
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
52
TREATMENT OF PVD?
Elimination of risk factors
53
EVALUATION OF PVD?
Doppler measurement of blood flow
54
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Also known as Buerger’s Disease
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
55
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Inflammatory arterial disorder that causes thrombus formation
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
56
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
Usually affects small and medium size arteries of the extremities
Higher incidence in men 20 -40 yrs old
Associated with tobacco
Thromboangiitis Obliterans
57
6 P's of Acute Arterial Occlusion
* Pain
* Paresthesia
* Pallor
* Paralysis
* Pulselessness
* Polar
58
Acute Arterial Occlusion threatens the __________
limbs
59
Acute Arterial Occlusion is _________-_______________ and must be treated ________________
life-threatening
| immediately
60
Acute Arterial Occlusion treatment?
embolectomy
61
Sequelae (consequence of previous disease/injury) of Thromboangiitis Obliterans?
fibrotic changes, ulceration, gangrene
62
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Intense vasospasm of arteries and arterioles of hands and feet
Raynaud’s Syndrome
63
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Excessive vasoconstrictor response to stimuli that normally cause mild vasoconstriction
Raynaud’s disease
64
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| associated with previous vessel injury
Raynaud’s phenomenon
65
Sequelae (consequence of previous disease/injury) of Raynaud’s Syndrome
nails thick and brittle, ulceration and gangrene
66
TREATMENT FOR RAYNAUD'S SYNDROME
directed at eliminated factors that cause vasospasm
67
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Localized arterial dilatations
Aneurysm
68
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Most commonly in aorta and cerebral circulation
Aneurysm
69
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Once it becomes larger than 5cm it requires surgical intervention.
Aneurysm
70
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
- involve all 3 layers of blood vessels
- categorized according to shape
True Aneurysm
71
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
| Involves one side of blood vessel
Saccular
72
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
| Involves both sides of blood vessel
Fusiform
73
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
| (Shaped like a blueberry) – commonly seen in circle of Willis (in the brain)
Berry
74
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
| does not involve all three layers of blood vessels
False Aneurysm
75
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
May be a tear in tunica intima and/or tunica media. Blood seeps between layers. The tunica adventitia is not damaged. Causes hypovolemic shock.
False Aneurysm
76
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
- most dangerous
- surgical emergency
Dissecting Aneurysm
77
WHICH TYPE OF ANEURYSM
| 3 layers of blood vessels are all splitting apart. Blood is seeping between all three of the layers of blood vessels.
Dissecting Aneurysm
78
Clinical Manifestations of Which type of Aneurysm?
* Vague signs
* Chest pain
* Epigastric pain
* Shoulder tip pain
Dissecting Aneurisms
79
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
* Potentially life threatening
* Blood clot, usually in lower legs
* Clot can travel to lungs
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
80
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| More common in lower extremities
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
81
Risk factors for DVT
* Venous stasis
* Hypercoagulability
* Venous endothelial damage
82
Clinical manifestations for DVT
pain
| edema
83
Treatment for DVT
anticoagulants
84
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
| Dilated tortuous veins of the lower extremities
Valvular Incompetence
85
WHICH Valvular Incompetence
| involves saphenous veins
Varicose veins
86
4 Risk factors FOR Valvular Incompetence
congenital
pregnancy
obesity
heavy lifting
87
COMPLICATION OF Valvular Incompetence
venous stasis ulcers
88
TREATMENT FOR Valvular Incompetence
compression stockings,
elimination of risk factors,
sclerotherapy,
surgical treatment
89
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION?
| main health concern
PRIMARY
90
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION?caused by another disease
SECONDARY
91
2 TYPES OF RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION?
1. MODIFIABLE
| 2. NON-MODIFIABLE
92
5 MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION
* diet
* exercise
* smoking
* stress
* elevated triglycerides
93
2 NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR HYPERTENSION
* family history
| * increasing age
94
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY HYPERTENSION?
| if they fix that disease, the hypertension will resolve itself
SECONDARY
95
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERTENSION?
An elevation in systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mm Hg without an increase in diastolic blood pressure. Most commonly occurs in the elderly.
Isolated Systolic Hypertension
96
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERTENSION?
the blood pressure is high but the patient is asymptomatic, and high blood pressure presents a potential risk to their tissue damage
Hypertensive urgency
97
WHICH TYPE OF HYPERTENSION?
high BP and have symptoms with it.
Eg. 180/110 & develop chest pain, headache
Hypertensive emergency
98
2 TREATMENTS FOR HYPERTENSION
1. LIFESTYLE CHANGES
| 2. MEDICATION
99
PEOPLE MOST AT RISK FOR DEVELOPING Coronary Artery Disease
MALES OLDER THAN 45 YEARS
| FEMALES OLDER THAN 55 YEARS
100
TRUE OR FALSE?
| GUM DISEASE CAN LEAD TO CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
TRUE
| infection & inflammation leads to coronary artery disease
101
marker of inflammation
C reactive protein
102
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE
- begins with coronary artery disease
- as it worsens it develops myocardial ischemia
- as it worsens person can have a myocardial infarction
Pathophysiological Continuum
103
temporary decrease in blood flow to coronary arteries
angina
104
WHICH CARDIO DISEASE?
* heart cells are temporarily deprived of oxygen
* insufficient oxygen supply to meet metabolic demands due to
* Myocardial cells remain alive but less functional
ANGINA
105
3 kinds of angina pectoris
a) Stable angina
b) Prinzmetal angina
c) Unstable angina
106
WHICH KIND OF ANGINA?
- Characterized by transient episodes of chest pain related to activities that increase MV02
- Duration of symptoms typically 2 to 5 minutes; occasionally 5 to 15 minutes.
- Prolonged discomfort unusual.
STABLE
107
WHICH KIND OF ANGINA?
- Abnormal vasospasm results in unpredictable chest pain
- Not usually exercise induced
PRINZMETAL
108
WHICH KIND OF ANGINA?
* Indicates that plaque has become complicated;
* Infarction may follow
* What used to resolve chest pain is no longer effective
UNSTABLE
109
WHAT CARDIO DISEASE?
* impaired blood flow through a coronary artery to an area of the myocardium
* results in myocardial necrosis and death due to schema
* occurs as a result of: thrombosis, coronary spasm (rare)
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
110
___________ _____________ ______________
| A spectrum of clinical syndromes representing varying degrees of coronary artery occlusion
Acute Coronary Syndrome
111
WHAT SYNDROME?
- person has developed chest pain
- unsure of whether it's angina or myocardial infarction
Acute Coronary Syndrome
112
6 Clinical Manifestations of Acute Coronary Syndrome
1. PAIN
2. Nausea, vomiting, indigestion
3. Feeling of doom
4. Diaphoresis
5. Anxiety & restlessness
6. feeling of doom
113
Serum Cardiac Marker DIAGNOSIS
| high troponin levels
myocardial infarction
114
Serum Cardiac Marker DIAGNOSIS
| normal troponin levels
myocardial ischemia (angina)
115
PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:
| ASPIRIN
BLOOD THINNER
116
PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:
| OXYGEN
PREVENTS ISCHEMIA
117
PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:
| NITROGLYCERIN
DILATES THE BLOOD VESSELS
118
PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:
| MORPHINE
REDUCES PAIN AND RELAXES SMOOTH MUSCLES
119
PURPOSE OF THIS CARDIO TREATMENT:
| HEPARIN
DISSOLVES CLOTS
120
what does NOAH stand for?
NITRO
OXYGEN
ASPRIN
HEPARIN
121
6 Complications of MI
* Dysrhythmias
* Sudden death
* Pericarditis
* Papillary muscle rupture
* Congestive Heart Failure
* Cardiogenic Shock
122
WHICH TYPE OF Congestive Heart Failure
* can be caused by hypertension
* fluid backs up into lungs
* pulmonary congestion
LEFT SIDED (L FOR LUNGS)
123
WHICH TYPE OF Congestive Heart Failure
* pulmonary disease can cause this (COPD)
* blood blacks up in the system
* peripheral edema
* as it worsens fluid backs up into the organs
RIGHT SIDED (R FOR REST OF BODY)
124
NAME THE PURPOSE OF THIS HEART FAILURE DRUG: DIURETICS
REDUCES FLUID CONGESTION
125
NAME THE PURPOSE OF THIS HEART FAILURE DRUG: NITROGLYCERINE
REDUCES BLOOD FLOW RESISTANCE
126
NAME THE PURPOSE OF THIS HEART FAILURE DRUG: POSITIVE INOTROPES
MAKES THE HEART BEAT FASTER
127
WHAT IS THIS?
| Inflammation leads to thickened and fibrotic pericardium
Pericarditis
128
WHAT CARDIO DISEASE? * Scarring interferes with diastolic filling of ventricles
PERICARDITIS
129
4 CAUSES OF PERICARDITIS
* MI
* Bacterial, viral, fungal infections
* Neoplasms, radiation, uremia
* Autoimmune disease, drugs, post cardiac injury
130
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF WHAT?
* Sudden sharp pain over sternum, radiating to neck, shoulders, and back
* Pleuritic pain – inc with insp; dec with sitting and forward positioning
PERICARDITIS
131
NAME 2 COMPLICATIONS OF PERICARDITIS
1. PLEURAL EFFUSION
| 2. HEART FAILURE
132
WHAT CARDIO DISEASE?
* bleeding into the pericardial sac
* compresses on the heart
* decreases cardiac output
* surgical emergency
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
133
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF WHAT?
* Venous pressure elevation
* Decreased arterial pressure
* Muffled heart sounds
CARDIAC TAMPONADE
134
COMPLICATIONS OF CARDIAC TAMPONADE
THROMBOSIS
- STROKE
- PULMONARY EMBOLISM
135
MEDICATION THAT TREATS CARDIAC TAMPONADE?
BLOOD THINNERS SUCH AS COUMADIN
136
heart problem that will require heart transplant
CARDIOMYOPATHY
137
WHAT KIND OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?
* cardiac chambers are larger
* walls of muscle are thinner
* pumping ability is decreased
* genetic
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
138
WHAT KIND OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?
* genetic cause
* muscle is thick and sclerotic
* does not pump efficiently
* does not hold much blood
* increases risk of pulmonary edema from fluid backing up
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
139
WHAT KIND OF CARDIOMYOPATHY?
* worse
* involves both ventricles
* thick and sclerotic
* right chamber is larger than left
* stiff and no stretch - not able to expand
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
140
rheumatic heart disease ____________ as rheumatic fever
begins
141
WHAT HEART DISEASE?
| diffuse inflammatory disease in genetically susceptible individuals
RHEUMATIC FEVER
142
WHAT HEART DISEASE?
| abnormal humoral and cell-mediated immune response to Group A streptococcal pharyngeal infections
RHEUMATIC FEVER
143
WHAT HEART DISEASE?
| begins as step throat, and then infection travels to joints
RHEUMATIC FEVER
144
WHAT HEART DISEASE?
effects connective tissue
EG. swollen and painful joints
RHEUMATIC FEVER
145
WHAT HEART DISEASE?
effects endocardium
EG. causes scarring of the valves
RHEUMATIC FEVER
146
WHAT HEART DISEASE?
| Scarring and deformity of cardiac structures
RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE
147
Disease of the aortic valve will cause pooling in which of the following heart chambers
LEFT VENTRICLE
148
Disease of the MITRAL valve will cause pooling in which of the following heart chambers
LEFT ATRIUM
149
during fetal life, the septum between the left and right ventricles did not close properly
Ventricular Septal Defect
150
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF WHICH HEART DISEASE?
* shortness of breath
* babies that don't feed well
* babies that tire easily
* babies that are pale with peripheral cyanosis
* heart sounds: swishing sound
Ventricular Septal Defect
151
TREATMENT OF Ventricular Septal Defect
SURGERY
152
PROGNOSIS OF Ventricular Septal Defect
GOOD IF DETECTED EARLY
153
Cardiovascular system fails to perfuse tissues adequately resulting in widespread impairment of cellular metabolism LEADS TO WHAT?
SHOCK
154
common denominator in all types of shock:
poor tissue perfusion
155
2 COMPLICATIONS THAT untreated shock leads to
1. DIC
| 2. ORGAN FAILURE
156
2 CAUSES OF SHOCK
1. INADEQUATE BLOOD VOLUME
| 2. POORLY DISTRIBUTED BLOOD VOLUME
