TEST 2 Flashcards by lindsay mckenzie

DEFINITION: quick, electrical impulse goes down neuron to target cell.

NERVOUS REGULATION

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3 STEPS OF ENDOCRINE REGULATION

Endocrine cell releases hormone
Hormone enters Blood Stream
Hormone is carried off to target cell

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TRUE OR FALSE? ENDOCRINE REGULATION HAS A FASTER REACTION TIME THAN NERVOUS REGULATION

FALSE

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Like a lock and key hormones must fit on the _____________ or the hormone isn’t able to ________ on the receptor.

receptors

act

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TRUE OR FALSE? Not all hormones fit on all cells.

TRUE

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Endocrine glands stop secreting hormones by a process called:

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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EXPLAIN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RELATED TO EXCESS GLUCOSE INGESTION

Pancreas begins to secrete insulin – causes cells to absorb glucose.

When blood sugar level drop down to normal the pancreas stops secreting insulin.

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WHICH ENDOCRINE GLAND?
* Gland secretes:

  * TSH: Thyroid
  * Growth Hormone: Bones
  * ACTH: Adrenal Glands
  * Prolactin: Milk reduction
  * Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  * Lutenizing Hormone: Sex Characteristics

POSTERIOR

  * ADH (antidiuretic hormone): Kidneys
  * Oxytocin: Contracts the uterus

PITUITARY GLAND

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HORMONE TSH ACTS ON WHAT?

THYROID

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GROWTH HORMONE ACTS ON WHAT?

BONES

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HORMONE PROLACTIN ACTIONS ON WHAT?

BREASTS (MILK REDUCTION)

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LUTENIZING HORMONE IS RELATED TO

SEX CHARACTERISTICS

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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ACTS ON WHAT?

KIDNEYS

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HORMONE OXYTOCIN ACTS ON WHAT?

UTERUS (CONTRACTIONS)

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WHICH ENDOCRINE GLAND?

Releases thyroid Hormone
- T3 Tri-iodothyramin
- T4 thyroxine
Calcitonin

THYROID

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T3 (TRI-IODOTHYRAMIN) AND T4 (THYROXINE) ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR:

CELL METABOLISM

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Thyroid hormone increases _________ ________ and is essential for normal __________ and ____________.

metabolic rate
GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT

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______________: Thyroid hormone that moves Calcium from the blood to bone

Calcitonin

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WHICH THYROID GLAND?

secretes a hormone that works opposite to calcitonin, the two balance each other out

PARATHYROID GLAND

PARATHYROID HORMONE

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WHICH THYROID GLAND?

secretes cortisol and aldosterone

ADRENAL GLAND

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WHICH THYROID GLAND?

secretes insulin and glucagon

PANCREAS

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WHICH HORMONE IS THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESS?

CORTISOL

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WHICH HORMONE acts on kidneys, tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium which makes it reabsorb water

ALDOSTERONE

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PANCREAS

____________ cells secretes insulin which lowers glucose.

BETA

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PANCREAS _____________ cells secrete glucagon – which increases blood sugar. Glucose is in bloodstream, glycogen is stored in the liver. Allows for a ready supply of glucose when we need it

ALPHA

WHICH HORMONE? Liver breaks glycogen down into glucose which helps maintain blood sugar levels. **important to remember when dealing with diabetes

glucagon

WHICH ENDOCRINE DISORDER? Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone

Giantism

WHICH ENDOCRINE DISORDER? Distorting Facial Feature

Acrmegaly

WHICH ENDOCRINE DISORDER? Normal intelligence and normal cognitive function

Hypopituitary Dwarfism

WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion? Causes water to reabsorb (Too much antidiuretic hormone)

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH):

WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion? Not enough diuretic hormone

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion? ``` SYMPTOMS: o low urine output o increase in urine osmolality o increase BP o edema o decreased blood osmolality o hyponatremia ```

SIADH

3 SYMPTOMS OF HYPONATREMIA:

* confusion * weakness * seizures

CAUSE OF SIADH:

Some tumors (particularly lung cancer) have ability to make ADH inappropriately.

condition OPPOSITE OF SIADH

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

4 CAUSES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS

o head injury o problem with pituitary gland o nephrogenic cause o neurogenic cause

WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion? SYMPTOMS: o Dehydration o increase osmolality of blood o Thirst (doesn’t have to do with glucose, but with ADH). o Excreting large amount of urine lowering the urines osmolality.

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Treatment FOR DIABETES INSIPIDUS:

ADH injections (vasopressin).

SIMILARITY BETWEEN DIABETES INSIPIDUS AND DIABETES MELLITUS:

Large amounts of urine output

Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) - Too much ________ ____________

THYROID HORMONE

DISEASE RELATED TO HYPERTHYROIDISM

GRAVE'S

COMPLICATION OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

THYROID STORM

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE CONDITION * Exophthalmus (Bulging Eyes) * Weight Loss (Due to sped up metabolism) * Increased Heart Rate & Cardiac Output * Goiter * Increased Appetite * Dyspneic * Sweating (Diaphoretic) * Anxious, Anxiety, Insomnia * As it worsens it may lead to Heart Failure * Heat intolerance

HYPERTHYROIDISM

TREATMENT FOR HYPERTHYROIDISM:

SURGICAL REMOVAL

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE CONDITION * Weight Gain * Depression * Bradycardia * Cold Intolerance * Decrease in Appetite * Slower Metabolism

HYPOTHYROIDISM

TREATMENT FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM

THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT

increased T3&T4 levels CAN CAUSE a __________ TO develope

goiter

_________ __________ (accelerated hyperthyroidism) is a form of lifethreatening thyrotoxicosis that occurs when excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are acutely released into the circulation

Thyroid storm

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE DISORDER • Fever • Tachycardia • Palpitations – may eventually lead to heart failure

THYROID STORM

__________ _____________ – inflammation of thyroid gland. As a result destroys thyroid tissue. May develop goiter as a result.

Hashimoto thyroiditis

congenital hypothyroidism

Cretinism

3 hormones secreted by the adrenal gland?

Mineralcorticoids Glucocorticoids Gonadocorticoids

ADRENAL GLAND | ________________ – aldosterone (causes fluid retention)

Mineralcorticoids

ADRENAL GLAND | ________________ – cortisol (stress hormone)

Glucocorticoids

ADRENAL GLAND | _________________ – androgens (sex hormones)

Gonadocorticoids

____________ ___________: Too much cortisol secreted from adrenal cortex

cushings syndrome

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE DISFUNCTION * Weight Gain from fluid retention * Trunkal Obesity * Long thin arms due to protein wasting * Abnormal Deposits of fat * Hyperglycemia * gynecomastia (man boobs)

cushing's disease

``` WHICH HORMONE DISFUNCTION? Insufficent cortisol. Problems are with the adrenal glands. It is autoimmune. Antibodies attack the adrenal glands. ```

ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY

WHICH ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY? Life threatening when they become Hypovolemic. Replace with cortisol and aldosterone.

ADDISONIAN CRISIS

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHICH HORMONE DISORDER * Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance * Decrease blood sugar * May become hypotensive * May lead to sever osteoporosis * Abnormal skin pigmentation

ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY

WHICH DISEASE? * metabolic disease * diagnosed on blood sugar levels * fasting blood sugar levels 4-6 mmol/L

DIABETES MELLITUS

__________ cells: secretes glucagon (acts on the liver)

ALPHA

__________ cells: secretes insulin (works on all cells)

BETA

test for longterm glucose levels

A1C

hemoglobin that glucose binds to the best

HEMOGLOBIN A1C

A1C RESULTS * good control: * fair control: * poor:

* good control: 2.5-5.9% * fair control: 6-8% * poor >8%

Acute Complications of Diabetes * aka insulin reaction insulin shock * activates CNS * causes increase in cortisol, which increases blood sugar (hyperglycaemia), which requires insulin

Hypoglycemia

Acute Complications of Diabetes * (aka diabetic coma) * Type 1 Diabetes marked hyperglycemia and elevation of ketones

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Acute Complications of Diabetes | * Rebound hyperglycemia, especially in children

Somogyi Effect

Acute Complications of Diabetes * Person during the night will have a higher blood sugar when waking up * hormone is secreted and this prevents glucose from entering the cell; * primarily in type 2 Diabetes * goes into electrolyte imbalances, when checking ketones they will be mildly elevated

Dawn Phenomenon

Acute Complications of Diabetes 1. when glucose binds to collagen it produces advanced glucosylated end products. (AGE) 2. Interferes with platelets- forms clots and promotes aggregation 3. Provides a medium for bacterial growth (At risk for infection) 4. inhibits myoinosital: promotes nerve conduction --> neuropathy

HYPERGLYCEMIA

Acute Complications of Diabetes * hyperglycemia * dehydration * electrolyte imbalances * ketones are normal

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome

Normal fasting range is ______-_______ mmol/L

4-6

DEFINITION: An increase in cell or tissue size and function.

Hypertrophy

DEFINITION: a reduction in size and function of a cell or tissue; wasting

ATROPHY

DEFINITION: a lack of differentiated features in a tumor cell as evidenced by variations in cell size and shape and presence of abnormal nuclei.

ANAPLASIA

DEFINITION: abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue, which increases its volume; more of them; even growth pattern

HYPERPLASIA

DEFINITION: abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cellsdisorderly; nuclei not of equal size; considered pre-cancerous

DYSPLASIA

DEFINITION: new growth; the term implies an abnormality of cellular growth and may be used interchangeably with the term tumor

NEOPLASIA

DEFINITION: incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue

HYPOPLASIA

DEFINITION: the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form abnormal for that tissue; abnormal; nuclei are still normal; capacity to return to normal dependent on the environment; eg. smokers; lungs

METAPLASIA

DEFINITION: abnormal swelling; abnormal growth

TUMOR

DEFINITION: not cancerous

BENIGN

DEFINITION: cancerous

MALIGNANT

DEFINITION: abnormal types of pattern

CANCER

DEFINITION: study of cancer

ONCOLOGY

DEFINITION: without shape

ANAPLASTIC

CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER: * Hallmark of cancer; during cell division chromosome duplicate, get lost, become unstable; * Genes will mutate causing them to become unstable

GENETIC INSTABILITY

CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER: * Normal cell need growth factors in order to divide; * Cancer cells do not need growth factors

Growth factor independence

CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER: * Don’t have; lose their normal function; WBC will not fight infection/no good * Do not contribute to the function of cell

LOSS OF DIFFERENTIATION

CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER: * Cells are programmed to die (apoptosis) * Cancer cell evade apoptosis * Unlimited replication

Immortal

CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER: * They will produce hormones that they usually do not produce * Enzymes that promote clotting

Production of enzymes, hormones

CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER: Surrounding tissue; capacity to spread

Invasion and metastasis

DEFINITION: benign tumor of bone

OSTEOMA

DEFINITION: benign tumor of fat

LIPOMA

DEFINITION: benign tumor of skeletal muscle

Rhabdomyoma

DEFINITION: benign tumor of smooth muscle; also known as fibroids

Leiomyoma

DEFINITION: benign tumor of blood vessel

Hemangioma

DEFINITION: benign tumor of glands or duct

Adenoma

DEFINITION: benign tumor of squamous cell

Squamous cell papilloma

DEFINITION: mole; melanocytes; skin pigmentation

NEVUS

DEFINITION: malignant tumor cells that gives us skin color

Melanoma

DEFINITION: malignant tumor of lymph

Lymphoma

DEFINITION: starts in the plasma cells in bone marrow

Multiple myeloma

DEFINITION: epithelial cancers

carcinoma

DEFINITION: cancer of squamous cells that line our body cavities ex: inside mouth

squamous cell carcinoma

DEFINITION: cancer of liver

hepatocellular carcinoma

DEFINITION: cancer of skin cell

malignant melanoma

DEFINITION: cancer of leukocytes WBC

leukemia

DEFINITION: cancer of lymph

lymphoma

DEFINITION: malignant tumour of plasma cells of the bone marrow

multiple myeloma

DEFINITION: cancer of connective tissue

sarcoma

DEFINITION: cancer of fat cells

liposarcoma

DEFINITION: cancer of bone

osteogenic sarcoma

DEFINITION: cancer of smooth muscles

leiomyosarcoma

DEFINITION: cancer of striated skeletal muscles

rhabdmyosarcoma

DEFINITION: cancer of nerves

neuroblastoma

DEFINITION: cancer of AID’s/HIV connective tissue

kaposi sarcoma

Genetic Basis of Cancer Two sets of genes:

1. proto-oncogenes | 2. tumor suppressor genes

WHICH GENE? | * normal genes responsible for normal cell growth

PROTO-ONCOGENE

WHICH GENE? | * “accelerators” – cause cells to multiply in a normal function

PROTO-ONCOGENE

WHICH GENE? | * gain of funtion

PROTO-ONCOGENE

WHICH GENE? * responsible for slowing down cell growth; keep them in check * Stop too much cell growth

TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE

Normally, the ____________ & ______________ ____________ ____________ balance each other out

PROTO-ONCOGENE | TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES

WHICH GENE? | * Mutated proto-oncogenes

ONCOGENE

WHICH GENE? | * responsible for abnormal cell growth & loss of function

ONCOGENE

TRUE OR FALSE? HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL CANCER FACTORS ARE ADDITIVE

TRUE

*__________ and __________ Gene- Increases the risk of Breast Cancer

BRCA1 | BRCA2

6 HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

1. HEREDITY 2. HORMONES 3. IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS 4. CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS 5. RADIATION 6. ONCOGENIC VIRUSES

HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS | Certain genes increases the risk of developing cancer

HEREDITY

HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS * Link isn’t always clear * Estrogen thought to play a role in feeding tumours, especially breast cancer

HORMONES

HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS * Natural killer cells will play a role if they detect stray cancer cells * High risk of cancer in immunodeficient people * Eg. People who have had organ transplants

IMMUNOLOGIC MECHANISMS

HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS * People working around chemicals  higher risks of bladder cancer, lung cancer (mines) * Smoking

CHEMICAL CARCINOGENS

HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS * Tanned skin is damaged skin * Tanning increases risk of skin cancer

RADIATION

HOST & ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS * Retrovirus have been known to increase the risk of skin cancer * HPV increases the risk of cervical cancer

ONCOGENETIC VIRUSES

THE RISK OF CANCER INCREASES WITH _____

AGE

Normal cells: | * are anchored to the basement membrane with _____________

laminin

Cancer cells: * Produce _____________ (protease and collagenase) to break away and destroy bonds normal cells have to hold one another together

ENZYMES

Cancer cells: * Have anchors called _______________ that allows them to ___________ ___________ the basement membrane and get into the bloodstream

fibronectin | break through

Cancer cells: * _____________ allow the tumors to bind together and form an _______________

Platelets | embolus

Cancer cells: | * _______________ travel down the blood stream and will stay and establish themsevles and grow

Embolus

DEFINITION:Tumours ability of growing their own blood supply

ANGIOGENESIS

This will help that tumor thrive and grow more.

ANGIOGENESIS

* Substances produced by cancer cells * Found on tumor plasma membranes, blood, spinal fluid, urine * Hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens, antibodies

TUMOR MARKERS

3 PURPOSES OF TUMOR MARKING

1. To screen & identify high risk 2. To diagnose specific tumors 3. To monitor clinical course

TUMOR STAGING (TNM)

T- (Tumor) Size of Tumor N- (Nodes) If any Tumors M- (Metastasis) Present

8 CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

1. Pain 2. Fatigue 3. Bleeding 4. Anemia 5. Chronic Infection 6. Paraneoplastic Syndromes 7. Cachexia 8. Pathological Fractures

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? | * Will ususally provoke people to seek medical attention(pressing on something else)

Pain

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? * Due to tumour taking nutrients * Recurring infections

Fatigue

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? | * abnormal bleeding

Bleeding

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? | * Due to chronic blood loss and poor appetite

Anemia

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? * immune system has been overwhelmed * Especially in cancers involving wbc eg. Leukemia

Chronic Infection

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? * Other conditions related to cancer * Syndrome where cancer cells secrete enzymes and hormones

Paraneoplastic Syndromes

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? * Severe malnutrition (skin and bones) becomes nauseous. * Abnormal state of metabolism

Cachexia

WHICH CANCER CLINICAL MANIFESTATION? - Metastasis to bone may lead to pathological fractures - Because of malnutrition - Calcium is being drawn out of the bones and into the blood stream - Tumours may have extended to the bones making them more brittle

Pathological Fractures

4 CANCER TREATMENTS

1. Surgery 2. Radiation 3. Chemotherapy 4. Immunotherapy

DEFINITION: Amount of RBC in one area (Ratio of RBC to plasma)

HEMOCRIT

DEFINITION: Too little RBC

ANEMIA

DEFINITION: Too many RBC

POLYCEMIA

Male Hematocrit Values

42-52 %

Female Hemocrit Values

37-47%

Male Erythrocyte (RBC) Values

4.7 - 6.1 x 10(to the 12) per litre

Female Erythrocyte (RBC) Values

4.2 - 5.4 x 10(to the 12) per litre

Leukocytes values

5000 - 10,000 x 10 (to the 9) per litre

Differential (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

``` Neutrophils Leukocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils ```

Platelet Values

150,000 - 400, 000 per cubic milimetre (mm3)

Male Hemoglobin Values

140-180g per litre

Female Hemoglobin Values

120-160g per litre

DEFINITION: protein that stores iron

FERRITIN

DEFINITION: protein that carries iron to bone

TRANSFERRIN

CONDITION: losing red blood cells faster than making them

ANEMIA

3 CAUSES OF ANEMIA:

1. Blood loss 2. Altered erythrocytes production 3. Increased erythrocytes destruction

Morphology (Structure) CYTIC MEANS:

SHAPE

Morphology (Structure) CHROMIC MEANS:

COLOUR

3 KINDS OF CYTIC

Normocytic (Normal Shape) Macrocytic (Bigger than normal) Microcytic (Smaller than normal)

2 KINDS OF CHROMIC

Normochromic (Normal colour - normal hemoglobin concentration) Microchromic (poor color or pale - less hemoglobin concentration)

7 Signs & Symptoms OF ANEMIA

* fatigue * pallor * lightheaded * dizziness (decreased oxygen to cerebral tissue) * tacchycardia * heart failure * jaundice

Anemia caused by Acute Blood Loss: | as blood loss increases, symptoms become _____________

worse

TREATMENT OF ANEMAI CAUSED BY ACUTE BLOOD LOSS:

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

EXAMPLE OF ANEMAI FROM BLOOD LOSS:Person is losing blood and the body is trying to compensate but the fluid entering the blood stream is going to _____________ the hemoglobin.

DECREASE

WHICH KIND OF ANEMIA RESULTS IN PANCYTOPENIA

APLASTIC

APLASTIC MEANS

FAILURE TO PRODUCE SOMETHING

IN APLASTIC ANEMIA, THE ___________ ___________ HAS FAILED

BONE MARROW

IN APLASTIC ANEMIA, THE BONE MARROW CANNOT PRODUCE ENOUGH OF THESE 3 THINGS

* RBCs * WBCs * platelets

CONSEQUENCE OF LOW RBCs

decreased oxygen carrying capacity

CONSEQUENCE OF LOW WBCS

decreased ability to fight off infections

CONSEQUENCE OF LOW PLATELETS

decreased clotting

pure red cell aplasia happens with ___________ failure

renal

2 CAUSES OF APLASTIC ANEMIA

1. ACQUIRED | 2. GENETIC

Clinical manifestations OF APLASTIC ANEMIA

* Anemia (Pallor, fatigued, lethargic), leukopenia (Infection, chills, fever), thrombocytopenia (risk for bleeding) * Pancytopenia: fever, bleeding

MOST COMMON TYPE OF ANEMIA

IRON DEFICIENT

3 CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENT ANEMIA

1. low dietary intake, 2. chronic blood loss, 3. increase in physiological requirements

POPULATION HIGH RISK OF DEVELOPING IRON DEFICIENT ANEMIA:

woman of child bearing years, children, infants <2 and poverty countries)

NUTRITIONAL SOURCES OF IRON

leafy greens, vegetables and liver

WHAT KIND OF ANEMIA RESULTS FROM lack of intrinsic factor results in vitamin B12 deficiency

PERNICIOUS

``` WHAT KIND OF ANEMIA RESULTS IN people with damaged lining to the stomach EX. * eating disorders * alcoholism * gastro problems ```

PERNICIOUS

CAUSE OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA: ______________ production and maturation of RBCS

Abnormal

RBCS IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA:

Macrocytic (large and fragile and breaks easily), normochromic (normal color)

TREATMENT OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

B12 INJECTIONS

condition caused by the destruction or hemolysis of RBC’s at a rate that exceeds production

Hemolytic Anemia

2 CAUSES OF Hemolytic Anemia

1. HEREDITY | 2. BLOOD TRANSFUSION

MANIFESTATIONS OF Hemolytic Anemia

* tacchycardia * hypotension * jaudice * chest pains * fever

2 FIRST STEPS TO treatment for bad reaction to blood transfusion:

1. stop blood transfusion | 2. flush with normal saline

WHICH White Blood Cell Disorders * high WBC count * > 10,000 mm3 * caused by presence of infection

Leukocytosis

WHICH White Blood Cell Disorders * low WBC count * < 4000 mm3 * caused by aplastic anemia

Leukopenia

WHICH White Blood Cell Disorders * absolute neutrophil count: ABNC * associated with a high risk of bacterial sepsis * < 1000 mm3

Neutropenia

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders | Platelet count < 100,000

Thrombocytopenia

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders * Causes: * can be secondary to drugs * spleen removal

Thrombocytopenia

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders * Clinical manifestations: * bruising * bleeding * petechiae: pinpoint bleeding

Thrombocytopenia

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders * Treatment * give them IV platelets

Thrombocytopenia

large patches of bleeding into the skin

purport

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders: DIC

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders | complication of any disease with massive inflammation

DIC

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders | mediators like free-radicals and histamine that trigger the clotting cascade

DIC

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders | simultaneous excessive blood clotting and bleeding due to activation of clotting cascade

DIC

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders | leads to vascular or microvascular fibrin deposition

DIC

WHICH Platelet and Clotting Disorders | organs start to shut down and they go into organ failure

DIC

WHICH PLATELET AND CLOTTING DISORDER Because clotting factors have been used, bleeding from the site of injury or any orifice, petechiae, ecchymosis, acrocyanosis (mottled skin), dyspnea, hemoptysis

DIC

WHICH BLOOD DISEASE? cancer of the blood

LEUKEMIA

WHICH BLOOD DISEASE? proliferation of abnormal WBCs

LEUKEMIA

WHICH BLOOD DISEASE? blood forming cells all come from stem cells

LEUKEMIA

developing stem cells are programmed into becoming either:

1. LYMPHOID STEM CELL | 2. MYELOID STEM CELL

3 LYMPHOID STEM CELLS:

B CELLS T CELLS NATURAL KILLER CELLS

4 MYELOID STEM CELLS

neutrophil monocyte rbc megakaryocyte

WHICH CATEGORY OF LEUKEMIA: * adult * onset: insidious * months to years * mature forms of cells * anemia: mild * thormbocytopenia: mild * WBC: increased

Chronic myeloid leukemia

WHICH CATEGORY OF LEUKEMIA: * all ages * onset: sudden * weeks to months * mature forms, blasts * anemia: mild to severe * thrombocytopenia: mild to severe * WBC: variable

Acute myeloid leukemia

WHICH CATEGORY OF LEUKEMIA: * affects adults primarily --> poor survival rate * onset: acute * responds fairly well to treatment * prognosis: worse than all * usually malignancy of granulocytes others may be affected * several gene abnormalities identified

Acute myelogenous (AML)

WHICH CATEGORY OF LEUKEMIA: * affects adults primarily (40-50 years) * onset: insidious * poor prognosis * responds poorly to chemotherapy * characterized by the presence of gene translocation (PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME)

Chornic Myelogenous (CML)

WHICH CATEGORY OF LEUKEMIA: * common in children * acute onset age 3-7 years old * responds well to therapy * good prognosis * associated with transformation of precursor BLASTS in the bone marrow * manifests with bone pain, indications, tendency to bleed

Acute Lymphocytic (ALL)

WHICH CATEGORY OF LEUKEMIA: * adults primarily * onset: insidious * asymptomatic * diagnosed by accident usually

Chronic Lymphocytic (CLL)

cancer of lymphoma tissue

Malignant Lymphomas

WHICH CANCER? starts in one lymphnode, spreads in continuous pattern to next lymph node

Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? diagnosed by an enlarged lymph node

Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? caught early = good survival rate

Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? contains Reed-Sternberg cells

Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? tired; night sweat

Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? more devastating

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? invades multiple lymphnodes rapidly all at once does not follow a pattern

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? rarely localized; spread rapidly

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? no Reed-Sternberg cells

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

WHICH CANCER? Originates in bone marrow

Multiple Myeloma

WHICH CANCER? Destroy bone tissue - cause chronic infection – abnormal B cells

Multiple Myeloma

WHICH CANCER? >40 yrs of age- metastasis easily, multiple

Multiple Myeloma

WHICH CANCER? hypercalcemia

Multiple Myeloma

WHICH CANCER? BENCE JONES PROTEIN

Multiple Myeloma

abnormal proteins that are produced as a result of this type of cancer, block kidney tubules leading to renal failure

BENCE JONES PROTEIN