TEST 2 Flashcards
DEFINITION: quick, electrical impulse goes down neuron to target cell.
NERVOUS REGULATION
3 STEPS OF ENDOCRINE REGULATION
- Endocrine cell releases hormone
- Hormone enters Blood Stream
- Hormone is carried off to target cell
TRUE OR FALSE? ENDOCRINE REGULATION HAS A FASTER REACTION TIME THAN NERVOUS REGULATION
FALSE
Like a lock and key hormones must fit on the _____________ or the hormone isn’t able to ________ on the receptor.
receptors
act
TRUE OR FALSE? Not all hormones fit on all cells.
TRUE
Endocrine glands stop secreting hormones by a process called:
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
EXPLAIN NEGATIVE FEEDBACK RELATED TO EXCESS GLUCOSE INGESTION
Pancreas begins to secrete insulin – causes cells to absorb glucose.
When blood sugar level drop down to normal the pancreas stops secreting insulin.
WHICH ENDOCRINE GLAND?
* Gland secretes:
ANTERIOR
* TSH: Thyroid * Growth Hormone: Bones * ACTH: Adrenal Glands * Prolactin: Milk reduction * Follicle Stimulating Hormone * Lutenizing Hormone: Sex Characteristics
POSTERIOR
* ADH (antidiuretic hormone): Kidneys * Oxytocin: Contracts the uterus
PITUITARY GLAND
HORMONE TSH ACTS ON WHAT?
THYROID
GROWTH HORMONE ACTS ON WHAT?
BONES
HORMONE PROLACTIN ACTIONS ON WHAT?
BREASTS (MILK REDUCTION)
LUTENIZING HORMONE IS RELATED TO
SEX CHARACTERISTICS
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE ACTS ON WHAT?
KIDNEYS
HORMONE OXYTOCIN ACTS ON WHAT?
UTERUS (CONTRACTIONS)
WHICH ENDOCRINE GLAND?
- Releases thyroid Hormone
- T3 Tri-iodothyramin
- T4 thyroxine
- Calcitonin
THYROID
T3 (TRI-IODOTHYRAMIN) AND T4 (THYROXINE) ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR:
CELL METABOLISM
Thyroid hormone increases _________ ________ and is essential for normal __________ and ____________.
metabolic rate
GROWTH
DEVELOPMENT
______________: Thyroid hormone that moves Calcium from the blood to bone
Calcitonin
WHICH THYROID GLAND?
secretes a hormone that works opposite to calcitonin, the two balance each other out
PARATHYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID HORMONE
WHICH THYROID GLAND?
secretes cortisol and aldosterone
ADRENAL GLAND
WHICH THYROID GLAND?
secretes insulin and glucagon
PANCREAS
WHICH HORMONE IS THE BODY’S RESPONSE TO STRESS?
CORTISOL
WHICH HORMONE acts on kidneys, tells kidneys to reabsorb sodium which makes it reabsorb water
ALDOSTERONE
PANCREAS
____________ cells secretes insulin which lowers glucose.
BETA
PANCREAS
_____________ cells secrete glucagon – which increases blood sugar. Glucose is in bloodstream, glycogen is stored in the liver. Allows for a ready supply of glucose when we need it
ALPHA
WHICH HORMONE? Liver breaks glycogen down into glucose which helps maintain blood sugar levels. **important to remember when dealing with diabetes
glucagon
WHICH ENDOCRINE DISORDER? Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone
Giantism
WHICH ENDOCRINE DISORDER? Distorting Facial Feature
Acrmegaly
WHICH ENDOCRINE DISORDER? Normal intelligence and normal cognitive function
Hypopituitary Dwarfism
WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion? Causes water to reabsorb (Too much antidiuretic hormone)
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH):
WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion? Not enough diuretic hormone
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion?
SYMPTOMS: o low urine output o increase in urine osmolality o increase BP o edema o decreased blood osmolality o hyponatremia
SIADH
3 SYMPTOMS OF HYPONATREMIA:
- confusion
- weakness
- seizures
CAUSE OF SIADH:
Some tumors (particularly lung cancer) have ability to make ADH inappropriately.
condition OPPOSITE OF SIADH
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
4 CAUSES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS
o head injury
o problem with pituitary gland
o nephrogenic cause
o neurogenic cause
WHICH Disorder of Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion?
SYMPTOMS:
o Dehydration
o increase osmolality of blood
o Thirst (doesn’t have to do with glucose, but with ADH).
o Excreting large amount of urine lowering the urines osmolality.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Treatment FOR DIABETES INSIPIDUS:
ADH injections (vasopressin).
SIMILARITY BETWEEN DIABETES INSIPIDUS AND DIABETES MELLITUS:
Large amounts of urine output
Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis) - Too much ________ ____________
THYROID HORMONE
DISEASE RELATED TO HYPERTHYROIDISM
GRAVE’S
COMPLICATION OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
THYROID STORM
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE CONDITION
- Exophthalmus (Bulging Eyes)
- Weight Loss (Due to sped up metabolism)
- Increased Heart Rate & Cardiac Output
- Goiter
- Increased Appetite
- Dyspneic
- Sweating (Diaphoretic)
- Anxious, Anxiety, Insomnia
- As it worsens it may lead to Heart Failure
- Heat intolerance
HYPERTHYROIDISM
TREATMENT FOR HYPERTHYROIDISM:
SURGICAL REMOVAL
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE CONDITION
- Weight Gain
- Depression
- Bradycardia
- Cold Intolerance
- Decrease in Appetite
- Slower Metabolism
HYPOTHYROIDISM
TREATMENT FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM
THYROID HORMONE REPLACEMENT
increased T3&T4 levels CAN CAUSE a __________ TO develope
goiter
_________ __________ (accelerated hyperthyroidism) is a form of lifethreatening thyrotoxicosis that occurs when excessive amounts of thyroid hormones are acutely released into the circulation
Thyroid storm
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE DISORDER
• Fever
• Tachycardia
• Palpitations – may eventually lead to heart failure
THYROID STORM
__________ _____________ – inflammation of thyroid gland. As a result destroys thyroid tissue. May develop goiter as a result.
Hashimoto thyroiditis
congenital hypothyroidism
Cretinism
3 hormones secreted by the adrenal gland?
Mineralcorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids
ADRENAL GLAND
________________ – aldosterone (causes fluid retention)
Mineralcorticoids
ADRENAL GLAND
________________ – cortisol (stress hormone)
Glucocorticoids
ADRENAL GLAND
_________________ – androgens (sex hormones)
Gonadocorticoids
____________ ___________: Too much cortisol secreted from adrenal cortex
cushings syndrome
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHAT HORMONE DISFUNCTION
- Weight Gain from fluid retention
- Trunkal Obesity
- Long thin arms due to protein wasting
- Abnormal Deposits of fat
- Hyperglycemia
- gynecomastia (man boobs)
cushing’s disease
WHICH HORMONE DISFUNCTION? Insufficent cortisol. Problems are with the adrenal glands. It is autoimmune. Antibodies attack the adrenal glands.
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
WHICH ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY? Life threatening when they become Hypovolemic. Replace with cortisol and aldosterone.
ADDISONIAN CRISIS
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF WHICH HORMONE DISORDER
- Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
- Decrease blood sugar
- May become hypotensive
- May lead to sever osteoporosis
- Abnormal skin pigmentation
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY
WHICH DISEASE?
- metabolic disease
- diagnosed on blood sugar levels
- fasting blood sugar levels 4-6 mmol/L
DIABETES MELLITUS
__________ cells: secretes glucagon (acts on the liver)
ALPHA
__________ cells: secretes insulin (works on all cells)
BETA
test for longterm glucose levels
A1C
hemoglobin that glucose binds to the best
HEMOGLOBIN A1C
A1C RESULTS
- good control:
- fair control:
- poor:
- good control: 2.5-5.9%
- fair control: 6-8%
- poor >8%
Acute Complications of Diabetes
- aka insulin reaction insulin shock
- activates CNS
- causes increase in cortisol, which increases blood sugar (hyperglycaemia), which requires insulin
Hypoglycemia
Acute Complications of Diabetes
- (aka diabetic coma)
- Type 1 Diabetes marked hyperglycemia and elevation of ketones
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Acute Complications of Diabetes
* Rebound hyperglycemia, especially in children
Somogyi Effect
Acute Complications of Diabetes
- Person during the night will have a higher blood sugar when waking up
- hormone is secreted and this prevents glucose from entering the cell;
- primarily in type 2 Diabetes
- goes into electrolyte imbalances, when checking ketones they will be mildly elevated
Dawn Phenomenon
Acute Complications of Diabetes
1. when glucose binds to collagen it produces advanced glucosylated end products. (AGE)
- Interferes with platelets- forms clots and promotes aggregation
- Provides a medium for bacterial growth (At risk for infection)
- inhibits myoinosital: promotes nerve conduction –> neuropathy
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Acute Complications of Diabetes
- hyperglycemia
- dehydration
- electrolyte imbalances
- ketones are normal
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome
Normal fasting range is ______-_______ mmol/L
4-6
DEFINITION: An increase in cell or tissue size and function.
Hypertrophy
DEFINITION: a reduction in size and function of a cell or tissue; wasting
ATROPHY
DEFINITION: a lack of differentiated features in a tumor cell as evidenced by variations in cell size and shape and presence of abnormal nuclei.
ANAPLASIA
DEFINITION: abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or tissue, which increases its volume; more of them; even growth pattern
HYPERPLASIA
DEFINITION: abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cellsdisorderly; nuclei not of equal size; considered pre-cancerous
DYSPLASIA
DEFINITION: new growth; the term implies an abnormality of cellular growth and may be used interchangeably with the term tumor
NEOPLASIA
DEFINITION: incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue
HYPOPLASIA
DEFINITION: the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form abnormal for that tissue; abnormal; nuclei are still normal; capacity to return to normal dependent on the environment; eg. smokers; lungs
METAPLASIA
DEFINITION: abnormal swelling; abnormal growth
TUMOR
DEFINITION: not cancerous
BENIGN
DEFINITION: cancerous
MALIGNANT
DEFINITION: abnormal types of pattern
CANCER
DEFINITION: study of cancer
ONCOLOGY
DEFINITION: without shape
ANAPLASTIC
CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER:
- Hallmark of cancer; during cell division chromosome duplicate, get lost, become unstable;
- Genes will mutate causing them to become unstable
GENETIC INSTABILITY
CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER:
- Normal cell need growth factors in order to divide;
- Cancer cells do not need growth factors
Growth factor independence
CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER:
- Don’t have; lose their normal function; WBC will not fight infection/no good
- Do not contribute to the function of cell
LOSS OF DIFFERENTIATION
CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER:
- Cells are programmed to die (apoptosis)
- Cancer cell evade apoptosis
- Unlimited replication
Immortal
CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER:
- They will produce hormones that they usually do not produce
- Enzymes that promote clotting
Production of enzymes, hormones
CHARACTERISTIC OF CANCER:
Surrounding tissue; capacity to spread
Invasion and metastasis
DEFINITION: benign tumor of bone
OSTEOMA
DEFINITION: benign tumor of fat
LIPOMA
DEFINITION: benign tumor of skeletal muscle
Rhabdomyoma
DEFINITION: benign tumor of smooth muscle; also known as fibroids
Leiomyoma
DEFINITION: benign tumor of blood vessel
Hemangioma
