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LINDSAY - PATHO 1 > TEST 1 > Flashcards

TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused by something within genetic makeup

A

Inherited

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2
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: condition existing at birth and often before birth, or that develops during the first month of life (neonatal disease), regardless of causation eg. fetal alcohol syndrome

A

CONGENITAL (hahaha… genital)

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3
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused by wear and tear eg. arthritis, osteoarthritis

A

degenerative

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4
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused by abnormal chemical reactions eg. diabetes

A

metabolic

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5
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused from malnutrition anorexia

A

Nutritional deficiency

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6
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused by a mental health disorder

A

Psychogenic

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7
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused by an infectious agent eg. MRSA

A

Infectious

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8
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused with malfunction of immunity

A

Immunologic

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9
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: exposure to physical agents cause injury, eg. burn from fire

A

Physical agent

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10
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: neo means new, plastic means growth = cancer

A

Neoplastic

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11
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: caused by medical treatment, eg. side effects of medication

A

Iatrogenic

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12
Q

ETIOLOGY DEFINITION: unknown cause, eg. some forms of epilepsy

A

Idiopathic

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13
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: quick onset, quick completion (either cure or death)

A

acute

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14
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: longterm, unknown cure

A

CHRONIC

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15
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION:

interval between exposure of a tissue to an injurious agent and the first appearance of signs and symptoms

A

LATENT PERIOD

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16
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: the interval between the receipt of infection and the onset of the consequent illness or the first symptoms of the illness; sometimes also referred to as the latent period

A

INCUBATION PERIOD

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17
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: the time during which a disease process has begun but is not yet clinically manifest

A

Prodromal period (prodrome)

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18
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: when the disease is at it’s highest

A

Stage of manifest illness

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19
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: 1. Gradual return to health and strength after illness; 2. The period needed for returning to health after illness

A

Convalescence

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20
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: A pathological condition resulting from a disease. eg. scar

A

Sequela

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21
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: A secondary disease, an accident, or a negative reaction occurring during the course of an illness and usually aggravating the illness.

A

complication

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22
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: Not manifesting characteristic clinical symptoms.

A

subclinical

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23
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: To increase the severity, violence, or bitterness of; aggravate

A

Exacerbation

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24
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: The period during which the symptoms of a disease abate or subside

A

Remission

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25
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS DEFINITION: having severe symptoms and a short course

A

acute phase

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26
Q

DEFINITION: a disease that is native to a local region

A

endemic disease

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27
Q

DEFINITION: disease is disseminated to many individuals at the same time

A

epidemic

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28
Q

DEFINITION: epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps spreading worldwide

A

pandemic

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29
Q

cell caps that shorten when chromosome divides

A

TELOMERES

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30
Q

every time ________________ shorten, it results in less capacity for cell to regain normal function

A

telomeres

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31
Q

in order to survive, a cell must _____________

A

adapt

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32
Q

adaptation is ____________

A

chronic

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33
Q

cells that have adapted maintain _____________ function

A

normal

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34
Q

CELL ADAPTATION DEFINITION: cells become smaller

Eg. Cells in the muscles shrink from disuse

A

ATROPHY

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35
Q

CELL ADAPTATION DEFINITION: cells get bigger
Eg. Muscle cells from exercise
Eg. Hypertension causing enlarged heart

A

HYPERTROPHY

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36
Q

CELL ADAPTATION DEFINITION: More cells in a confined area; usually occurs as a result of chronic friction
Eg. Frequent bladder infections,
Eg. Calluses on feet from poor fitting shoes

A

HYPERPLASIA

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37
Q

CELL ADAPTATION DEFINITION:
Varying sized cells in an orderly growth pattern;

One type of cell is being replaced by another less functional cell

Capable of regeneration into normal cells

Eg. Healthy lung cells will be replaced by less functional cells in smoker’s lungs

A

Metaplasia:

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38
Q

CELL ADAPTATION DEFINITION:
Nuclei are varying shapes and size

Cells do not follow normal pattern of growth

Considered pre-cancerous

A

Dysplasia

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39
Q

when assault on cell is too severe, cell becomes ________________

A

injured

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40
Q

_____________ cells cannot maintain normal function

A

injured

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41
Q

___________ injury with a ___________ cell - cell may recover

A

mild

healthy

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42
Q

_____________ injury with an _____________ cell - cell may die

A

severe

unhealthy

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43
Q

CELL INJURY DEFINITION: after mild cell injury, cell may go back to normal function

A

reversibility

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44
Q

CELL INJURY DEFINITION: if cell injury is more severe, cell may die and will not return to normal function; cannot maintain homeostasis

A

irreversibility

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45
Q

DEFINITION: when cell is injured, sodium pump fails and causes sodium to come inside the swell causing cell to swell (Normally, ATP keeps sodium outside of cell & potassium inside the cell)

A

Hydropic Swelling

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46
Q

water accumulation from ____________ ___________ within cell causes damage to mitochondria

A

Hydropic Swelling

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47
Q

DEFINITION: ATP pump malfunction may cause faulty lysosomes resulting in foreign substance build up in cell

A

Intracellular Accumulation

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48
Q

in ___________ ______________, faulty metabolism with mitochondria damage causes substances to accumulate within the cell

A

Intracellular Accumulation

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49
Q

EXAMPLE OF INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION

A

Fatty liver is caused by chronic alcoholism causing lysosome failure to digest fat

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50
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY?

Cells are physically destroyed

A

Physical and mechanical injury:

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51
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY?

Extremes of temperature

A

Physical and mechanical injury:

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52
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY?

Electrical injuries

A

Physical and mechanical injury:

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53
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY? Bumps, bruises, scrapes, abrasions, contusions

A

Physical and mechanical injury:

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54
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY? destruction that can destroy a cell or alter the metabolism of cell

A

chemical

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55
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY? eg. lead poisoning in children can lead to neurological damage

A

chemical

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56
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY? most common form of cell injury

A

ISCHEMIC

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57
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY? caused by lack of blood and oxygen

A

ISCHEMIC

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58
Q

WHAT KIND OF CELL INJURY? if oxygen is not restored soon cells will die because of cell vulnerability

A

ISCHEMIC

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59
Q

IN ISCHEMIC CELL INJURY, once oxygen restoration is accomplished, _________ _____________ may occur

A

reprofusion injury

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60
Q

IN ISCHEMIC CELL INJURY, overflow of calcium disrupts mitochondria, results in __________ ____________ formation and ______________

A

free radical

inflammation

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61
Q

free radicals are __________ __________ molecules

A

unstable oxygen

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62
Q

DEFINITION: irreversible natural cell death; necessary to make room for new cells

A

APOPTOSIS

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63
Q

DEFINITION: irreversible premature cell death due to accidental injury

A

NECROSIS

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64
Q

WHAT KIND OF NECROSIS?
Tissue made by denatured protein
Gone through ischemia

A

Coagulative Necrosis

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65
Q

WHAT KIND OF NECROSIS?
Occurs in areas where there is very little connective tissue, caused by ischemia, bacteria, toxins

  • Eg. Brain, absesses, cysts
A

Liquefactive Necrosis

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66
Q

WHAT KIND OF NECROSIS? Injured tissue secretes lipase which breaks down normal tissue

A

Fat Necrosis

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67
Q

WHAT KIND OF NECROSIS?
Combination of liquifactive and coagualitive
Cheese-like
Typically found in lung tissue

  • Eg. TB
A

Caseous

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68
Q

DEFINITION: Clinical term for necrosis

A

GANGRENE

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69
Q

WHAT KIND OF GANGRENE: form of coagulative necrosis, usually on an area with a lack of circulation, skin becomes dry and shrivelled, eg. on a foot

A

DRY

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70
Q

WHAT KIND OF GANGRENE: commonly found on internal organs, eg. strangled hernia

A

WET

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71
Q

WHAT KIND OF GANGRENE: necrotic tissue has bubbles on it

A

GAS

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72
Q

Post-surgical patients will have elevated ________ __________ __________

A

white blood cells

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73
Q

ROLE OF BLOOD COMPONENTS? carry oxygen

A

RBCS

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74
Q

ROLE OF BLOOD COMPONENTS? blood clotting

A

PLATELETS

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75
Q

ROLE OF BLOOD COMPONENTS? protect from infection, play a huge role in inflammation (5000-10,000/mm3)

A

WBCS

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76
Q
  • WBCs “first responders”

- Made in bone marrow

A

NEUTROPHILS

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77
Q

these are quickly released during acute inflammatory response

A

NEUTROPHILS

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78
Q

Stay in bloodstream for 6 hours

A

NEUTROPHILS

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79
Q

__________ cells are immature neutrophils

A

Band

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80
Q

2nd line

Antibodies

A

LYMPHOCYTES

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81
Q

Circulate in the blood
Migrate into tissue and turn into macrophages
Have the ability to engulf large bacteria

A

MONOCYTES

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82
Q

Mischief makers in asthma (shed their granules that release chemicals causing allergic reactions)

A

EOSINOPHILS

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83
Q

Contain granules that release chemicals causing inflammation

Will be increased in a major trauma

A

BASOPHILS

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84
Q

WHICH STAGE OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

Inflammatory mediators are released, blood vessels dilate, pores in blood vessels open up, fluid leaks into tissue

A

1

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85
Q

WHICH STAGE OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

WBCs leave blood vessels and enter into the tissue; diapedesis

A

2

86
Q

WHICH STAGE OF INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

WBCs destroy invading pathogens through phagocytosis

A

3

87
Q

DEFINITION: WBCs start sticking to the sides of blood vessels

A

MARGINATION

88
Q

DEFINITION: WBCs sliping out of the blood vessels after margination, and migrate to the site of injury

A

CHEMOTAXIS

89
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation: LOCAL INFLAMMATION (6)

A
  • Erythema
    • Heat
    • Edema
    • Pain
    • Loss of function
    • Exudate: drainage of dead WBCs
90
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Inflammation: SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION (4)

A
  • Pyrexia (fever: interleukin 1 acts on hypothalamus to increase body temperature to fight infection
    • Fatigue
    • Anorexia
    • Leukocytosis: increased WBC count
91
Q

DEFINITION: process by which bacteria divide

A

BINARY FISSION

92
Q

WHICH MICRO-ORGANISM?

  • will cause infection by colonizing
  • if the conditions are not right they will destruct
  • living or non-living media
A

BACTERIA

93
Q

WHICH BACTERIA? round, berry-shaped spheres

A

COCCI

94
Q

WHICH BACTERIA? rod-shaped, long and narrow

A

BACILLI

95
Q

WHICH BACTERIA? spiral-form

A

SPIROCHETE

96
Q

DEFINITION: protective coat that is critical to bacteria survival

A

ENDOSPORE

97
Q

DEFINITION: test used to identify bacteria

A

GRAM STAIN

98
Q

WHICH MICRO-ORGANISM?

  • mycoses
  • eurkaryotic
  • well-developed
A

FUNGI

99
Q

DEFINITION: disease caused by fungi

A

Mycoses

100
Q

WHICH MICRO-ORGANISM?

  • well-developed
  • eukaryotic
  • 2 life cycles:
  • microorganism that lives in water, plants, soil
  • eg. bever fever
A

PROTOZOA

101
Q

2 LIFE CYCLES OF PROTOZOA

A
  1. trophozoite

2. trophozoite turns into a cyst when conditions are too extreme (too hot, or ingested)

102
Q

WHICH MICRO-ORGANISM?

  • parasites
  • eukaryotic
  • mouth that allows them to latch onto things
  • eg. flatworms, roundworms, tapeworms
A

HELMINTHS

103
Q

WHICH MICRO-ORGANISM?

  • smallest of all the infectious agents
  • not living
  • cannot reproduce on their own
  • multiplies by cell invasion
  • cannot grow in non-living material
  • may have a long lifespan
A

VIRUSES

104
Q

5 STAGES OF HEALING

A
  1. INFLMMATION
  2. GRANULATION
  3. WOUND CONTRACTION
  4. REGENERATION
  5. REPAIR
105
Q

WHICH STAGE OF HEALING?
purpose: cleans up old debris so that tissue cells ready can repair

lasts 0-3 days

A

INFLAMMATION

106
Q

WHICH STAGE OF HEALING?

  • lasts 0-10 days
  • increase cell proliferation on both sides of the wound
  • increase in collagen (to form a bridge between two tissues)
  • new basement membrane will form underneath healing ridge
  • angiogenesis
A

GRANULATION

107
Q

DEFINITION: new blood vessels to supply new tissue

A

ANGIOGENESIS

108
Q

WHICH STAGE OF HEALING?

  • lasts 3-30 days
  • wound starts to shrink and mould
  • tissue starts to become aligned properly
A

WOUND CONTRACTION

109
Q

wounds healing by ___________ intention: sutures or staples

A

first

110
Q

wounds healing by __________ intention: leaving the wound open to heal from the bottom up, allows infection out

A

second

111
Q

wounds healing by ___________ intention: wound left open until swelling subsides, after which wounds will be resutured

A

tertiary

112
Q

WHICH STAGE OF HEALING?

  • new tissue replaces the old
  • looks and acts like new
  • some tissues have the ability to regenerate nicely
  • eg. skin
A

REGENNERATION

113
Q

WHICH STAGE OF HEALING?

  • tissue will repair but won’t look or act like it did before
  • eg. scar tissue
A

REPAIR

114
Q

DEFINITION: when incision splits open

A

DEHISCENCE

115
Q

DEFINITION: when incision splits apart and organs protrude

A

EVISCERATION

116
Q

4 processes of nociception:

A
  1. TRANSDUCTION
  2. TRANSMISSION
  3. PERCEPTION
  4. MODULATION
117
Q

2 sets of fibers in transmission

A
  1. fast fibers (a fibers)

2. slow fibers (c fibers)

118
Q

DEFINITION: alleviates pain by inhibiting substance P and promotes endorphins and enkephalins

A

MODULATION

119
Q

DEFINITION: the amount of pain a person can tolerate before the person becomes aware of the pain, the point at which a person becomes aware of the pain

A

PAIN THRESHOLD

120
Q

DEFINITION: the amount of pain a person can bear before they seek relief

A

PAIN TOLERANCE

121
Q

DEFINITION: when person first becomes aware of the pain

A

PAIN PERCEPTION

122
Q

EFFECTS OF PAIN: RESPIRATORY

A
  • actelectasis

- pneumonia

123
Q

EFFECTS OF PAIN: MUSCULOSKELETAL

A
  • dvt

- high blood pressure

124
Q

EFFECTS OF PAIN: ENDOCRINE

A
  • stress

- cortisol

125
Q

EFFECTS OF PAIN: IMMUNITY

A
  • cortisol decreases immunity
126
Q

Difference between acute/nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain:

A
  • acute is meant to be protective

* neuropathic pain has abnormal processing

127
Q

TYPE OF PAIN:

  • Tissues deprived of oxygen
  • Lactic acid (biproduct of anaerobic) sets off neurotransmitters
A

ISCHEMIC

128
Q

TYPE OF PAIN: Associated with chronic pain

A

NEUROPATHIC

129
Q 
TYPE OF PAIN: 
Characteristics
      * May not have high vitals
      * fatigue
      * Hyperalgesia
      * Allodynia
A

NEUROPATHIC

130
Q

DEFINITION: increased sensitivity to pain

A

HYPERALGESIA

131
Q

DEFINITION: pain is caused by something that doesn’t normally cause pain

A

ALLODYNIA

132
Q

chronic pain is a _____________

A

stressor

133
Q

DEFINITION: secreted by adrenal medula; also called epinephrine

A

ADRENALINE

134
Q

ADRENALINE OR CORTISOL:

  • Increases heartrate and blood pressure,
  • dialate pupils,
  • contract skeletal muscle,
  • vasodilation to release blood for muscles
  • vasoconstriction around core and heart
A

ADRENALINE

135
Q

ADRENALINE OR CORTISOL:

  • helps epinephrine
  • breaks down protein
  • decreases muscle mass
  • hyperglycemia
  • decreased protein synthesis
  • Decreases inflammatory response
  • Redistribution of fat
  • Decreased blood flow to gastric mucosa
A

CORTISOL

136
Q

DEFINITION: Takes amino acids and burns them for energy and converts them into glucose (new glucose)

A

Gluconeogenesis

137
Q

____ L total body water

A

42

138
Q

___________ ___________ at greatest risk of dehydration because of a greater ratio of skin surface and kidneys cannot conserve water

A

premature infants

139
Q

Two broad fluid compartments

A
  1. Intracellular (25 L)

2. Extracellular (17 L)

140
Q

DEFINITION: movement of water through cell membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure

A

FILTRATION

141
Q

DEFINITION: moves water from blood vessels into interstitial space

A

HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

142
Q

DEFINITION: movement of water from an area of lesser concentration to one of more concentration

A

OSMOSIS

143
Q

DEFINITION: pressure that moves water from interstitial space into blood vessels

A

COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE

144
Q

DEFINITION: protein in blood that affects the movement of water

A

ALBUMIN

145
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure should __________ hydrostatic pressure

A

EQUAL

146
Q

DEFINITION: measure of degree of concentration; number of particles per kilogram of solvent.

A

OSMOLALITY

147
Q

DEFINITION: measures the amount of substance in our blood

A

SERUM OSMALALITY

148
Q

SERUM OSMOLALITY IS _______-_______!!!

A

285-295

149
Q

Signs of dehydration (12)

A
  1. Sudden weight loss
  2. Lightheadedness, dizziness, or syncope
  3. Sunken fontanel (infants)
  4. Rapid, thready pulse
  5. Low urine output (oliguria)
  6. Decreased skin turgor
  7. Absence of sweat and tears (infants)
  8. Hard stools
  9. Soft, sunken eyeballs
  10. Thirst
  11. Confusion, lethargy
  12. Hypovolemic shock
150
Q

Signs of hypovolemia (8)

A
  1. Acites (fluid buildup in the abdomen)
  2. Crackles on auscultation
  3. Edema (swelling) - particularly hands, feet, and ankles
  4. Difficulty breathing while lying down
  5. High blood pressure
  6. Irritated cough
  7. Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
  8. Strong, rapid pulse
151
Q

__________ output is the best indicator of fluid status

A

Urine

152
Q

DEFINITION: when somebody has a collection of fluid in a place where it normally wouldn’t be

A

THIRD SPACING

153
Q

DEFINITION: Excess water is accumulating in peritoneal space

A

THIRD SPACING

154
Q

DEFINITION: A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from a disease process, causing atelectassis

A

PLEURAL EFFUSION

155
Q

DEFINITION: Fluid that has the same particle concentration (osmolality) as normal body fluid, will not change size of cells.

A

ISOTONIC

156
Q

DEFINITION: Fluid that has a higher particle concentration (osmolality) than normal body fluid; causes a net flow of water across cell membranes out of cells, causes water to come out of blood and the cells to shrink

A

HYPERTONIC

157
Q

DEFINITION: Fluid that has a lower particle concentration (osmolality) than normal body fluid; causes a net flow of water across cell membranes into cells., causes water to become more watery and the cells to swell

A

HYPOTONIC

158
Q

DEFINITION:

too much sodium in the blood, caused by dehydration and eating too much salt

A

HYPERNATREMIA

159
Q

DEFINITION: too little salt in the blood

A

HYPONATREMIA

160
Q

clinical manifestations OF HYPERNATREMIA

A

thirst, lethargy, confusion, seizures, death

161
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HYPONATREMIA

A

Muscle cramps, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, headache, lethargy, seizures, coma

162
Q

Sodium (Na+) _______–________ mmol/L

A

136 - 145

163
Q

Potassium (K+) ______-_______ mmol/L

A

3.5 - 5.0

164
Q

WHICH LYMPHOCYTES?

  • also known as immunoglobulins
  • immunoglobulins fit like lock and key mechanism
A

B

165
Q

B Lymphocytes are also known as ____________ ____________

A

humoral immunity

166
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

antibody that responds in blood transfusions

A

M

167
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

accounts for most antibodies

A

G

168
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?
respond to bacteria and viruses
disease/virus-specific

A

G

169
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

antibodies that mother passes on to infant

A

G

170
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

  • antibodies found in body secretions
  • saliva and tears
  • born with them
A

A

171
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

- normally present in blood in small amounts

A

E

172
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

- elevated when allergic reaction present

A

E

173
Q

WHICH IMMUNOGLOBULIN?

unsure of role

A

D

174
Q

_____ Lymphocytes are also known as cell-mediated immunity

A

T

175
Q

WHICH LYMPHOCYTE? going to mature into either helper cells or cytotoxic cells

A

T

176
Q

mature cytotoxic t cells is going to kill an invader ____________

A

directly

177
Q

mature helper t cells helps build ____________

A

antibodies

178
Q

the HIV attacks t-helper cells because of ______

A

CD4

179
Q

2 Different Types of Immunity

A
  1. natural

2. artificial

180
Q

WHICH KIND OF IMMUNITY?

immunity that we get from being exposed

A

NATURAL

181
Q

WHICH KIND OF IMMUNITY? something was deliberately injected into us

A

ARTIFICIAL

182
Q

WHICH KIND OF IMMUNITY? active: antibodies made based on exposure (eg. to chicken pox) resulting in immunity

A

NATURAL

183
Q

WHICH KIND OF IMMUNITY? passive: antibodies that infant receives from mother, resulting in immunity for first 3 months of life

A

NATURAL

184
Q

WHICH KIND OF IMMUNITY? active: getting vaccinated

A

ARTIFICIAL

185
Q

WHICH KIND OF IMMUNITY?
passive: person has not been previously immunized, has become exposed, and is now receiving immunoglobulins via injections (ImG)

A

ARTIFICIAL

186
Q

WHICH VIRUS? part of the retrovirus family

A

HIV

187
Q

WHICH VIRUS? destroy T helper cells which means no antibodies are produced

A

HIV

188
Q

3 ENZYMES INVOLVED IN HIV

A
  • protease
    * integrase
    * reverse transcriptase
189
Q

6 STEPS TO THE HIV PROCESS OF CAUSING DAMAGE

A
  1. uses glycoproteins to latch onto cell
  2. fuses to cell
  3. injects RNA into the cell
  4. reverse transcriptase takes RNA and turns it into DNA
  5. integrase takes DNA and puts it with DNA in the nucleus
  6. protease takes DNA and rebuilds it into RNA (rebuilds another RNA virus)
190
Q

HIV 3 Modes of Transmission

A
  • sexual contact
    • blood or blood products
    • mother to child transmission
191
Q

NAME THE STAGE OF HIV/AIDS Progression

  • t helper cells are main targets (CD4 Molecules)
  • rapid replication following exposure
A

INITIAL INFECTION

192
Q

NAME THE STAGE OF HIV/AIDS Progression
- antibodies don’t develop until 3 weeks to 6 months

  • might have general flu-like symptoms (lethargy, sore joints) as body trying to fight off infection
A

Seroconversion

193
Q

NAME THE STAGE OF HIV/AIDS Progression

  • symptoms disappear
  • virus is still active and producing
  • cytotoxic T cells are still working and trying to kill off virus
A

CLINICAL LATENCY

194
Q

NAME THE STAGE OF HIV/AIDS Progression

  • over time cytotoxic T cells are going to diminish
  • trying to destroy immune system at same time
  • lasts about 10 years
A

CLINICAL LATENCY

195
Q

NAME THE STAGE OF HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION

  • CD count < 200
  • recurrent pneumonia
  • opportunistic infections
A

AIDS

196
Q

NAME THE STAGE OF HIV/AIDS PROGRESSION

  • kaposis sarcomma, thrush
  • wasting syndrome
  • associated neurological disease
A

AIDS

197
Q

2 Tests for HIV infection

A
  1. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test

2. Western Blot test

198
Q

WHICH HIV TEST?

  • looking for antibodies
  • possible false negatives if taken before antibodies are produced
  • because of 3 weeks “window period”
A

ELISA

199
Q

WHICH HIV TEST?

  • tested on HIV positive person
  • helps to measure the progression
A

WESTERN BLOT TEST

200
Q

DEFINITION: immune system is behaving inappropriately

A

Hypersensitivity

201
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?

  • allergic reaction, asthma
  • histamines cause inflammation in the lungs resulting in:
    * SOB
* bronchoconstriction
* wheezing
* increase in mucus production
A

1

202
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?

  • also known as cytotoxic
  • tissue specific
  • antibodies (IgG & IgM) attack antigens on the surface of specific cells

eg. Graves disease, hemolytic anemia (incompatible blood transfusion)

A

2

203
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?

  • not tissue specific
  • damage ALL blood vessels in any and all tissue
  • destroys multiple tissues and organs at the same time
    • eg. lupus
A

3

204
Q

WHICH TYPE OF HYPERSENSITIVITY?

  • t cells are culprits
  • tissue specific
A

4

205
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) effects 6 key areas

A 
kidneys
heart
brain
lung
skin
joints
206
Q

SYSTEMIC VS. DISCOID LUPUS?

  • joints: arthritis in the joints
  • lungs: resp. failure
A

SYSTEMIC

207
Q

SYSTEMIC VS. DISCOID LUPUS?

skin: butterfly-shaped facial rash

A

DISCOID

208
Q

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF LUPUS

A
  • acute or insidious
  • arthralgia, fever, fatigue, joint deformities
  • malar rash, lattice like venular skin changes,
  • alopecia
  • raynaud’s phenomenon
  • glomerulonephritis renal failure
  • myocarditis CHF
  • pleuritis, pleural effusion
209
Q

PEOPLE WHO MOST COMMONLY GET LUPUS?

A

female 15-40 years, child-bearing age

210
Q

LUPUS TESTS?

A

positive ANA test is usually present with positive anti-DNA (antibody to native DNA) and anti-Sm (antibody to Smith nuclear antigen)

LINDSAY - PATHO 1 (4 decks)

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