Test 3: Basically the Final Flashcards
Psychoanalytic theories traits:
- discontinuous or continuous?
- Individual differences or the same?
- Nature/nurture?
Discontinuous (stage theories)
Individual: early experiences –> later development
N/N- biology interacts with experience
Freud: Erogenous Zones
areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development
Freud: Psychic Energy
Biologically based, instinctual drives that energize behavior, thoughts and feelings
Erickson’s Psychosocial Development
Development driven by crisis related to age. Crisis is resolved for healthy development (people can be stuck)
Freud place emphasis on early ____ ____
emotional relationships:
- subjective experience
- unconscious mental activity
- foundation for attachment theory
Erickson emphasis on quest for identity in adolescence lead to…
Foundation for research on adolescence
Problems with psychoanalytic theories: Freud and Erickson
Too vague, not operationally defined. Some can’t be observed.
Explain behavior after the fact (post-hoc), hard/impossible to test or replicate
Learning Theorists Emphasize the role of ___ ___ in shaping behavior.
External factor
Learning theorist central development issues
Continuous
Individual difference because children learn differently
____ approaches have been based in learning principles
Therapeutic approaches
Contemporary theorists think that children play
a role in their own development
Social learning theory
Emphasizes observation and imitation rather than reinforcement, as primary mechanisms of development
Social learning theory (Albert Bandura)
Believed that most human learning is inherently social in nature and is based on observation of the behavior of other people
Vicarious reinforcement
Observing someone else receive a reward or punishment
Reciprocal determinism
Bandura’s concept that child-environment influences operation in both directions
Perceived self-efficacy
individual’s beliefs about how effectively he or she can control her or his behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal.
4 important factors of social learning
Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation(ARRM)
More likely to model individuals who are
High Status/prestige Mastery/models Similar to subject Ability to affect subject's future High competence, alleged experts, celebrities
Although Learning theories have inspired research and lead to practical applications like systematic desensitization, one drawback of their work is….
Lack of attention to biological influences
Major social cognition theorists
Selman, dodge, dweck
Social COGNITION theorist believe
Children are active processors of social info.
Children have ability to think and reason about their own and other people’s thoughts, feelings, motives and behaviors
Self-Socialization
Children play a very active role in their own socialization through activity preferences, friendship choices, etc.
Dodge emphasized role of ____ processes in social behavior
cognitive
Why do some children have hostile attribution bias?
physical abuse, see ambiguous actions as hostile
6 steps in decision making
- Encode Cues
- Interpret Cues
- Clarify goals
- Review possible action
- Decided on an action
- Act on decision
What accounts for cultural differences in children’s aggressive behavior worldwide?
Cultural differences in tendency to attribute hostile intent
Central Development Issues: Bioecological model is criticized for
lack of biological factors
Bioecological model
Considers the child’s environment as composed of series of nested structures that impact development
Child Maltreatment
intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well being of anyone under the age of 18
__-___% of NOLA youth have experience multiple traumas. What are the most common?
55-84%; community violence and loss of a loved one
__% report 3+ Traumas
__% report multiple traumas
55%
84%
Trauma in the brain
Temporal Lobes are inactive/under active
Trauma in schools
What’s wrong with students –> What do they need, what happened
Emotions are a combination of __ and __ responses to thoughts or experiences
physiological and cognitive
5 components of emotions
Neural responses Appraisals Physiological factors Expressions Action
Discrete Emotions theory
Emotions innate early in life, packaged with distinctive bodily/facial reactions
Functional Perspective (emotions)
Emotions manage relationships between self and environment, help achieve goal
Vary based on social environment
Self-conscious emotion
related to our sense of self and consciousness of other’s reactions to us
Discontinuous growth: requires understanding of self as separate by…
1.5-3 years
Self-conscious emotions have a strong ___ influence and examples include…
Cultural influence
Guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride
Social referencing
12 months
Using caregiver’s or other adult’s facial expression or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations
Labeling emotions develops from __ years to adolescence, and supports the development of ____
2 years
Social Competence
Children’s understanding of the difference between real and fake emotions improves considerably from ages…
3-5 years
Display rules
Social group’s norms about when where and how much one should show emotions, and when and where one should mask their emotions. Growing understanding from preK to elementary school.
Emotional Regulation develops gradually over childhood as a set of conscious and unconscious process and is use to ______.
Involves ____ parts of brain.
monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions.
PFC and Limbic Systems
Executive functions support self-regulation
Deliberate control of thought, emotion, action. Goal oriented behavior.
Cognitive control
planning evaluation
behavioral control
action/executive function
Marshmallow.
Less effective ages vs. most effective ages
<5 years
~8-13 years
Co-regulation
Caregivers provide needed external comfort or distraction to help child reduce her or his distress
Self-comforting behaviors
Repetitive actions that regulate arousal by providing a mildly positive physical sensation
Self-distraction
Looking away from upsetting stimulus in order to regulate arousal
Cognitive strategies
Use of problem-solving, changing thoughts or to adjust to emotionally difficult situations
Temperament is present from ___ and influence by
infancy
Genes and environment
Temperament
CONSTITUTIONALLY BASED individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity and self-regulation that demonstrates consistency across situations as well as relative stability over time
Temperament due to the work of
Thomas and Chess
Easy __%
Slow to Warm__%
Difficult__%
Un-categorized__%
E 40%
StWU 15%
D 10%
UC 35%
3 other measures of temperament
- Heart Rate (Vagal tone)- how effectively vagus nerve modulates heart rate in accordance with breathing
- Left Frontal Lobe- EEG, approach behavior, + affect, sociability
- Cortisol Reactivity- cortisol in given situation
Behavioral inhibition
Temperamentally based style of responding characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with novel or stressful situations
Goodness of Fit
Degree to which an individual’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment
Differential Susceptibility
The same temperament characteristic that puts some children at high risk for negative outcomes when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive
Socialization
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future role in their particular culture
Affects children directly and indirectly. Affects children’s emotional development and social competence
Low parental support
Low social competence.
High parent support
Good regulation of emotions
