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Child Psych > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The 9 big questions: How does change occur?

A

Mechanism that drive development.

Ex: effortful attention (voluntary control of one’s emotions/actions)

Mechanisms include genetic components, environmental influences, and physiological development

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2
Q

Discontinuous

A

Like the caterpillar

Jean Piaget (cognitive)
Sigmund Freud (sexual) 
Erik Erikson (psychosocial)
Abraham Maslow (hierarchy)
Laurence Kohlberg (moral)
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3
Q

Continuous

A

Like the tree. Theories include dynamic systems, core knowledge, and ecological systems theories.

Esther Thelen
Noam Chomsky
Urie Bronfenbrenner

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4
Q

Epigenetics

A

Relatively new field which studies stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by environment.

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5
Q

Genome includes DNA and what else?

A

Proteins that regulate gene expression

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6
Q

Methylation

A

biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

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7
Q

Sociocultural context

A

Time period, attitudes in community (racism/sexism), socioeconomic status, values/customs, religion, laws, family, etc.

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8
Q

The active child

A

Children shape their own environment. They choose environment, friends, activities which influence them back

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9
Q

Individual Differences

A

Genetics, treatment by parents/others, different choices and actions

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10
Q

Research on Children’s welfare looks at

A

Education Innovations

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11
Q

Correlational Design

A

Studies intended to indicate how 2 variables are related to each other

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12
Q

Direction of Causation Problem

A

Correlation between 2 variables does not indicate which if either variable is the cause of the other

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13
Q

3rd variable problem

A

correlation may be influence by 3rd variable

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14
Q

Experimental characteristics

A

Random selection/assignment

Experimental control

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15
Q

Cross Sectional Design

A

Children of different ages are compared on given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time

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16
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Same children studied twice or more over a substantial length of time. Useful for revealing stability and change over time

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17
Q

Cohort Effects

A

generation in which individual is born, unique historical and cultural experiences.

3 factors: Age, cohort, time of testing

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18
Q

What is implicitly confounded in LO studies

A

Time of Testing

Age

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19
Q

Which is implicitly confounded in CS studies

A

Cohort

Age

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20
Q

Interviews/Questionnaires:

Structured Interviews

A

Useful when goal is to collect self reports on same topics from everyone being studied

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21
Q

Interviews/Questionnaires:

Clinical interviews

A

useful for obtaining in depth info about individual child

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22
Q

Interviews/Questionnaires:

Questionnaires

A

information gathered simultaneously through uniform set of questions presented to participants

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23
Q

Observations:

Structured Observation

A

presents identical situations to each child and records child’s behavior

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24
Q

Observations:

Naturalistic observation

A

examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by researcher. Particularly useful for understanding everyday social interactions

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25
Q

Reliability

A

degree to which independent measures of a given behavior are CONSISTENT

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26
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

amount of agreement in observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

27
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

degree of similarity of a child’s performance on 2+ occasions

28
Q

Validity

A

degree to which a test measures what it says it measures

29
Q

Internal Validity

A

can changes in DV be attributed to manipulations of IV

30
Q

External Validity

A

Can the results to generalize beyond the particulars of the research

31
Q

Genetic Material

A

Involves transmission of genetic material from parent to offspring.

32
Q

Chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic info

33
Q

Gene

A

sections of chromosomes, basic unit of heredity in al living things

34
Q

DNA

A

molecules that carry all biochemical instruction involved in forming an organism and its functions

35
Q

Genetic diversity and individuality

A

mutations, crossing over, sex chromosomes

36
Q

Regulator Genes

A

switching on and off of genes

37
Q

Alleles

A

different forms of genes

38
Q

Endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes including brain and nervous systems that do not involve overt behavior

39
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

traits governed by more than one gene, applies to most traits and behaviors of interest to behavioral scientists

40
Q

Norm of reaction

A

all phenotypes that can result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which it can survive and develop

41
Q

Name recessive gene

A

PKU
Sickle cell
Tay-Sachs
Cystic fibrosis

42
Q

Sex linked inheritance

A

fragile-X

hemophilia

43
Q

Chromosomal

A

down syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

44
Q

What can lead to complex disorders?

A

Different endophenotypes

45
Q

PKU

A

• Phenylketonuria (PKU): A disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosomes 12 that prevents metabolism of amino acid phenylalanine.
• Causes build-up of phenylpyruvic acid, poison to developing nervous system
• Incidence in US: 1/10,000 to 1/15,000 births
Can vary dramatically by culture/country: 1/2,600 in Turkey

46
Q

Recessive X-linked traits

A

colorblindness and hemophilia

47
Q

Examples of environment and genes includes

A

Meaney and Colleague’s studies on maternal licking in rat pups

48
Q

Epigenetics influence

A

complex diseases such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and cancer

49
Q

Behavior genetics

A

the science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results form a combination of ___ and ___.

50
Q

Heritable vs. multifactorial

A

heredity vs. heredity and environment

51
Q

Heritability

A

Statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

Apply only to populations, not to individuals
Apply to a particular group living at a particular time.
Are specific to the way it is measured.

52
Q

Heritability estimate rarely exceed

A

50%

53
Q

Placenta

A

support organ of fetus made of lood vessels, allows material exchange mother and fetus. Defensive barrier, semipermeable

54
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

tube w/blood vessels connecting fetus and placenta

55
Q

Amniotic Sac

A

Transparent, fluid filled membrane that surround and protects fetus

56
Q

Premature Birth

A

Less than 37 weeks

57
Q

Conception

A

2 weeks, germinal (zygote)

Rapid cell division, zygote implants unterine wall

58
Q

3rd-8th week

A

Embryonic. After implantation, major development occurs in all organs/systems of body

59
Q

9th-brith

A

fetal (fetus) continued development, rapid growth of body. Increase behavior experience learning

60
Q

Cephalocaudal

A

Areas near the head develop before areas that are farther away

61
Q

Proximodistal

A

areas closer to the trunk and head develop first

62
Q

Fetal Experience

A

Sight- minimal, but facial preference
Smell- amniotic fluid takes on odor form what mom eats
Taste- can detect flavors in amniotic fluid
Hearing- responds to various sounds from at least 6 months (Decasper & Spence, 1986)
Touch- contact with parts of the body; grasping umbilical cord, rubbing face, sucking thumb

63
Q

Hazards to development: Diseases

A
  • Rubella: deafness, blindness, ID
  • STIs: Damage to CNS
  • Influenza: may lead to schizophrenia
  • Zika virus: Microcephaly
64
Q

Childbirth

A
  • Birth of baby after 38 weeks of conception
  • Uterine muscles contract initiating birth
  • Baby normal head-down position
  • Reduces overall size of fetus’s large head
  • Plates of skull overlap during birth
  • Stimulates hormone production
  • Forces amniotic fluid out of lungs

Child Psych (5 decks)

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