Test 2: More Stuff Flashcards
Sensation
Processing basic information from the world through the sense organs
Perception
Organizing and interpreting sensory information about objects, events, and the world around us
Look at perception: How do you do it?
- preferential looking paradigm (show infants 2 patterns/objects), measure preference
- Habituation (decline in response to object)
- Eye tracking
Visual acuity
sharpness of visual discrimination
Contrast Sensitivity
Ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in visual pattern
Cones
Light-sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea (The central region of retina)
Involved in seeing detail and color
Differ from adults’ in size, shape, and spacing
Newborns’ cones only have 2% of light striking the fovea, resulting months, infants visual acuity approaches that of adults
Color Perception
Appears at 2 months
Infants prefer unique hues over hue combinations
Face perception
From birth infants like tp-heavy stimuli, attractive faces.
Face Scanning 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 8 month
1 month- out contour of face and head, with a few fixations of the eyes. Do not exhaustively scan a visual stimulus.
2 month-fixated primarily on the internal features of the face, especially eye and mouth.
3 months- visual scanning of a stimulus is becoming exhaustive. Scan both internal and external
4 months- focus on eyes
8 months- focus on mouth (when babbling occurs)
Narrowing: Face generalists
Birth to 3-6 months
Narrowing: Face Specialists
Frequent faces
Around 9 months
Narrowing: Other Race Effect
The Easier discrimination of races within the perceiver’s won racial group.
Not present at 3 month
Present at 9 months
Object Segregation
Identification of separate objects in a visual array
Experience with specific objects helps infants understand their physical properties
Use COMMON MOVEMENT property by 2 month
Perceptual Constancy
The Perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, and in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object.
Children have size constancy (open the door, shape doesn’t change)
Experience is not necessary for it.
Depth Perception: Optical Expansion
When visual image of an object increases in size as the object comes toward us, occluding more and more in the background
Present as young as 1 month, evidence by blinking
Depth Perception: Binocular Disparity
Difference between retinal image of an object in each eye
Result in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain
Depth Perception: Stereopsis
Process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity
Emerges around 4 months
Auditory Localization:
Perception of location in space of a sound source. improves as infant grows, uses differences in sound arriving at each ear.
_________ is the most advance of the newborn senses.
Hearing
Music Perception
Infants prefer infant-directed singing over adult directed singing and speech, like the sing-song high pitched tone.
Taste and Smell
Develops prenatally
Prefer sweets and smell of breast milk
Newborns know mom’s smell
Touch
infants learn about environment through touch
Oral exploration dominates infants
4 months- infants rub, finger, probe, and bang objects
Actions become specific to the properties of the objects
Intermodal Perception
The combining of info by 2+ sensory system.
4 months- connect between sights and sounds
5-7 months- connect between emotional expression in faces and voices
Gross motor skills
physical abilities involving large body movements
Fine motor skills
physical abilities involving small body movements
Proximodistal pattern
development from middle of organism to periphery
Cephalocaudal Patten
development begins with head and moves out
Reflexes
innate fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation
Permanent Reflexes
maintain throughout life.
eye blink, pupillary dilation, swallowing, breathing
Neonatal (primitive) reflexes
Disappear with time
Ex: sucking, rooting.
Persisting/abnormal reappearance of primitive reflex causes brain damage and neurological problems
Reaching (3-4 reaching)
Pre-reaching around 3-4 months. Clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the eneral vicinity of objects. Often fail to grab object.
More stable reaching
about 7 months when able to sit independently
Reaching trajectory is smooth and straight to target
Social component of reaching
8 month olds
More likely to reach towards an object when adult is present then when adult absent.
Perceive adult as being able to help accomplish goal
Self Locomotion
Ability to moving oneself around environment, no longer dependent on where adult puts them
8 months- crawling
12- walking
Learning form experiences in locomotion
With each new motor skills, infants learn from experience what they can/cannot do.
An infant with a newly developed motor skills has difficultly understanding their limits
An infant who has mastered a motor skills has learned their limits
Social referencing
child’s use of another person’s emotional response to uncertain situation to decide how to behave.
Visual Cliff
Infants 6-14 and nonhuman animals will cross shallow size but not deep drop of side
12 months olds would cross a 30 cm drop off if their mothers silently pose static happy or interested facial expression.
Responses change based on locomotion state
Scale Errors
Attempt by toddlers to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the child and the object.
Failure to integrate perception and action. 2-2.5 year olds, emotions can occasionally override self perception.
