Test 2: More Stuff

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

Processing basic information from the world through the sense organs

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

Organizing and interpreting sensory information about objects, events, and the world around us

Question 3

Look at perception: How do you do it?

Answer 3

1. preferential looking paradigm (show infants 2 patterns/objects), measure preference
2. Habituation (decline in response to object)
3. Eye tracking

Question 4

Visual acuity

Answer 4

sharpness of visual discrimination

Question 5

Contrast Sensitivity

Answer 5

Ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in visual pattern

Question 6

Cones

Answer 6

Light-sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea (The central region of retina)

Involved in seeing detail and color

Differ from adults’ in size, shape, and spacing

Newborns’ cones only have 2% of light striking the fovea, resulting months, infants visual acuity approaches that of adults

Question 7

Color Perception

Answer 7

Appears at 2 months

Infants prefer unique hues over hue combinations

Question 8

Face perception

Answer 8

From birth infants like tp-heavy stimuli, attractive faces.

Question 9

Face Scanning 
1 month 
2 month 
3 month
4 month
8 month

Answer 9

1 month- out contour of face and head, with a few fixations of the eyes. Do not exhaustively scan a visual stimulus.

2 month-fixated primarily on the internal features of the face, especially eye and mouth.

3 months- visual scanning of a stimulus is becoming exhaustive. Scan both internal and external

4 months- focus on eyes

8 months- focus on mouth (when babbling occurs)

Question 10

Narrowing: Face generalists

Answer 10

Birth to 3-6 months

Question 11

Narrowing: Face Specialists

Answer 11

Frequent faces

Around 9 months

Question 12

Narrowing: Other Race Effect

Answer 12

The Easier discrimination of races within the perceiver’s won racial group.
Not present at 3 month
Present at 9 months

Question 13

Object Segregation

Answer 13

Identification of separate objects in a visual array

Experience with specific objects helps infants understand their physical properties

Use COMMON MOVEMENT property by 2 month

Question 14

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 14

The Perception of objects as being of constant size, shape, color, and in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object.

Children have size constancy (open the door, shape doesn’t change)
Experience is not necessary for it.

Question 15

Depth Perception: Optical Expansion

Answer 15

When visual image of an object increases in size as the object comes toward us, occluding more and more in the background
Present as young as 1 month, evidence by blinking

Question 16

Depth Perception: Binocular Disparity

Answer 16

Difference between retinal image of an object in each eye

Result in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

Question 17

Depth Perception: Stereopsis

Answer 17

Process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity

Emerges around 4 months

Question 18

Auditory Localization:

Answer 18

Perception of location in space of a sound source. improves as infant grows, uses differences in sound arriving at each ear.

Question 19

_________ is the most advance of the newborn senses.

Answer 19

Hearing

Question 20

Music Perception

Answer 20

Infants prefer infant-directed singing over adult directed singing and speech, like the sing-song high pitched tone.

Question 21

Taste and Smell

Answer 21

Develops prenatally
Prefer sweets and smell of breast milk

Newborns know mom’s smell

Question 22

Touch

Answer 22

infants learn about environment through touch
Oral exploration dominates infants
4 months- infants rub, finger, probe, and bang objects

Actions become specific to the properties of the objects

Question 23

Intermodal Perception

Answer 23

The combining of info by 2+ sensory system.

4 months- connect between sights and sounds
5-7 months- connect between emotional expression in faces and voices

Question 24

Gross motor skills

Answer 24

physical abilities involving large body movements

Question 25

Fine motor skills

Answer 25

physical abilities involving small body movements

Question 26

Proximodistal pattern

Answer 26

development from middle of organism to periphery

Question 27

Cephalocaudal Patten

Answer 27

development begins with head and moves out

Question 28

Reflexes

Answer 28

innate fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

Question 29

Permanent Reflexes

Answer 29

maintain throughout life.

eye blink, pupillary dilation, swallowing, breathing

Question 30

Neonatal (primitive) reflexes

Answer 30

Disappear with time
Ex: sucking, rooting.

Persisting/abnormal reappearance of primitive reflex causes brain damage and neurological problems

Question 31

Reaching (3-4 reaching)

Answer 31

Pre-reaching around 3-4 months. Clumsy swiping movements by young infants toward the eneral vicinity of objects. Often fail to grab object.

Question 32

More stable reaching

Answer 32

about 7 months when able to sit independently

Reaching trajectory is smooth and straight to target

Question 33

Social component of reaching

Answer 33

8 month olds

More likely to reach towards an object when adult is present then when adult absent.

Perceive adult as being able to help accomplish goal

Question 34

Self Locomotion

Answer 34

Ability to moving oneself around environment, no longer dependent on where adult puts them

8 months- crawling
12- walking

Question 35

Learning form experiences in locomotion

Answer 35

With each new motor skills, infants learn from experience what they can/cannot do.

An infant with a newly developed motor skills has difficultly understanding their limits

An infant who has mastered a motor skills has learned their limits

Question 36

Social referencing

Answer 36

child’s use of another person’s emotional response to uncertain situation to decide how to behave.

Question 37

Visual Cliff

Answer 37

Infants 6-14 and nonhuman animals will cross shallow size but not deep drop of side

12 months olds would cross a 30 cm drop off if their mothers silently pose static happy or interested facial expression.

Responses change based on locomotion state

Question 38

Scale Errors

Answer 38

Attempt by toddlers to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the child and the object.

Failure to integrate perception and action. 2-2.5 year olds, emotions can occasionally override self perception.