Test 3: Active and Passive Immunization Flashcards
When was the first documented use of ‘live attenuated’ viral vaccine?
1796-protected against small pox
Goal of immunizing an individual vs. a population?
Individual=prevention; population=eradication of disease
What type of immunization involves administration of an immunogen?
Active immunization
What do you administer for passive immunization?
Preformed Igs or primed cells
Where do the Igs for passive immunization come from?
animals or people who have recovered from this disease or have been immunized
What are examples of immune protection involving (exo)toxin neutralization?
Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
What types of microbes are targeted for opsonization?
Bacteria with antiphagocytic capsules
Which vaccine uses the anti-adhesion mechanism?
Sabin polio vaccine
Why does primary active immunization have to occur prior to infection?
Because the production of Igs is often slower than the total incubation period of the disease (time from infection to 1st clinical sign/symptom)
Why do you get a ‘booster’ immunization?
To provide a rapid secondary production of Igs (tetanus booster after getting cut)
How do you administer a vaccine for pathogens that reach deep tissue/organs/blood stream/CNS and what Ig do you want to produce?
Administer Intra-muscularly with adjuvant, want IgG production
How do you administer a vaccine for pathogens that are on the mucosal surface (influenza, gonorrhea, cariogenic bac) and what Ig should be formed?
Administer via inhalation or ingestion, want IgA
What immune response do you to produce for facultative intracellular parasites (viruses, TB, fungi, protozoa)?
Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells
T/F Not all vaccines have adverse reactions associated with them
False, they ALL do.
What type of vaccine is made from viruses/bacteria that are capable of infecting and replicating but have decreased pathogenicities?
Live-attenuated Vaccines (Polio, Bacillus Calmette Guerin for TB)
What are the advantages for live-attenuated vaccines?
- high seroconversion (a lot of people will make the Igs)
- Long-lasting immunity
- more likely to induce cytotoxic/cell-mediated immunity
- Herd effect (vaccine strain can be excreted/secreted by those immunized)
What are disadvantages for live-attenuated vaccines?
- pathogen could revert back to the virulent/pathogenic strain
- other viruses may be present in the vaccine
- not good for pregnant women or immunocompromised
- can cause complications associated with the infection
What vaccine uses viruses/bacteria that can no longer replicate in host due to heat/chemicals?
Inactivated/Killed Viral or Bacterial Vaccine
What are the disadvantages for inactivated vaccines?
- Lower seroconversion
- Needs boosters for maintenance
- No cytotoxic T cell response
- Whole cell vaccines (which we don’t use anymore) used to produce encephalitis-like symptoms
What are some examples of macromolecules used in purified macromolecule vaccines?
- Exotoxins that are converted to TOXOIDS
- polysaccharides with protein carriers (Hib)
- surface glycoproteins (influenza)
What are the 3 types of adjuvants?
- Immune potentiators
- Antigen delivery systems
- Integrated adjuvants (combo of both)
What are the 2 licensed adjuvants?
Alum and MF59
What is included in recombinant DNA vaccines?
-DNA fragments that encode for the immunologically relevant epitopes (actual virus is not introduced)
What was the first recombinant DNA vaccine?
Hep B
What is the disadvantage of recombinant DNA vaccines?
Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells are not induced
How is a live viral vector vaccine different than a recombinant DNA vaccine?
-The gene encoding for the antigens are introduced into a non-pathogenic live virus
What is the advantage of a live viral vector vaccine?
It will induce the full complement of immune responses (CD8 included)
How do DNA vaccines work?
-a plasmid containing cDNA for antigens is inoculated and taken up by somatic cells that are then seen as antigens
What are the advantages of DNA vaccines?
- cDNAs are easily manipulated
- other proteins (like cytokines) can be expressed
What type of antibody is typically present in serum given for passive immunization?
IgG
When is passive immunization useful?
- People that can’t form antibodies
- People that can develop a disease before active immunization can be stimulated
- when no vaccine exists
How can passive immunizations be prepared?
- standard IgG for intramuscular use (IMIG)
- standard IgG for intravenous use (IVIG)
- specific IgG for a particular antigen
Which type of passive immunization can be administered with larger doses and has a more rapid availability of Igs?
IVIG
T/F IVIG is more expensive than IMIG
True, 5x more expensive
