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DMIC 5001 > Test 3: Active and Passive Immunization > Flashcards

Test 3: Active and Passive Immunization Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first documented use of ‘live attenuated’ viral vaccine?

A

1796-protected against small pox

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2
Q

Goal of immunizing an individual vs. a population?

A

Individual=prevention; population=eradication of disease

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3
Q

What type of immunization involves administration of an immunogen?

A

Active immunization

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4
Q

What do you administer for passive immunization?

A

Preformed Igs or primed cells

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5
Q

Where do the Igs for passive immunization come from?

A

animals or people who have recovered from this disease or have been immunized

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6
Q

What are examples of immune protection involving (exo)toxin neutralization?

A

Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

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7
Q

What types of microbes are targeted for opsonization?

A

Bacteria with antiphagocytic capsules

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8
Q

Which vaccine uses the anti-adhesion mechanism?

A

Sabin polio vaccine

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9
Q

Why does primary active immunization have to occur prior to infection?

A

Because the production of Igs is often slower than the total incubation period of the disease (time from infection to 1st clinical sign/symptom)

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10
Q

Why do you get a ‘booster’ immunization?

A

To provide a rapid secondary production of Igs (tetanus booster after getting cut)

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11
Q

How do you administer a vaccine for pathogens that reach deep tissue/organs/blood stream/CNS and what Ig do you want to produce?

A

Administer Intra-muscularly with adjuvant, want IgG production

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12
Q

How do you administer a vaccine for pathogens that are on the mucosal surface (influenza, gonorrhea, cariogenic bac) and what Ig should be formed?

A

Administer via inhalation or ingestion, want IgA

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13
Q

What immune response do you to produce for facultative intracellular parasites (viruses, TB, fungi, protozoa)?

A

Cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells

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14
Q

T/F Not all vaccines have adverse reactions associated with them

A

False, they ALL do.

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15
Q

What type of vaccine is made from viruses/bacteria that are capable of infecting and replicating but have decreased pathogenicities?

A

Live-attenuated Vaccines (Polio, Bacillus Calmette Guerin for TB)

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16
Q

What are the advantages for live-attenuated vaccines?

A
  • high seroconversion (a lot of people will make the Igs)
  • Long-lasting immunity
  • more likely to induce cytotoxic/cell-mediated immunity
  • Herd effect (vaccine strain can be excreted/secreted by those immunized)
17
Q

What are disadvantages for live-attenuated vaccines?

A
  • pathogen could revert back to the virulent/pathogenic strain
  • other viruses may be present in the vaccine
  • not good for pregnant women or immunocompromised
  • can cause complications associated with the infection
18
Q

What vaccine uses viruses/bacteria that can no longer replicate in host due to heat/chemicals?

A

Inactivated/Killed Viral or Bacterial Vaccine

19
Q

What are the disadvantages for inactivated vaccines?

A
  • Lower seroconversion
  • Needs boosters for maintenance
  • No cytotoxic T cell response
  • Whole cell vaccines (which we don’t use anymore) used to produce encephalitis-like symptoms
20
Q

What are some examples of macromolecules used in purified macromolecule vaccines?

A
  • Exotoxins that are converted to TOXOIDS
  • polysaccharides with protein carriers (Hib)
  • surface glycoproteins (influenza)
21
Q

What are the 3 types of adjuvants?

A
  • Immune potentiators
  • Antigen delivery systems
  • Integrated adjuvants (combo of both)
22
Q

What are the 2 licensed adjuvants?

A

Alum and MF59

23
Q

What is included in recombinant DNA vaccines?

A

-DNA fragments that encode for the immunologically relevant epitopes (actual virus is not introduced)

24
Q

What was the first recombinant DNA vaccine?

A

Hep B

25
Q

What is the disadvantage of recombinant DNA vaccines?

A

Cytotoxic (CD8) T cells are not induced

26
Q

How is a live viral vector vaccine different than a recombinant DNA vaccine?

A

-The gene encoding for the antigens are introduced into a non-pathogenic live virus

27
Q

What is the advantage of a live viral vector vaccine?

A

It will induce the full complement of immune responses (CD8 included)

28
Q

How do DNA vaccines work?

A

-a plasmid containing cDNA for antigens is inoculated and taken up by somatic cells that are then seen as antigens

29
Q

What are the advantages of DNA vaccines?

A
  • cDNAs are easily manipulated

- other proteins (like cytokines) can be expressed

30
Q

What type of antibody is typically present in serum given for passive immunization?

A

IgG

31
Q

When is passive immunization useful?

A
  • People that can’t form antibodies
  • People that can develop a disease before active immunization can be stimulated
  • when no vaccine exists
32
Q

How can passive immunizations be prepared?

A
  • standard IgG for intramuscular use (IMIG)
  • standard IgG for intravenous use (IVIG)
  • specific IgG for a particular antigen
33
Q

Which type of passive immunization can be administered with larger doses and has a more rapid availability of Igs?

A

IVIG

34
Q

T/F IVIG is more expensive than IMIG

A

True, 5x more expensive

DMIC 5001 (15 decks)

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