Test 3 - Acid/Base Physiology Flashcards
What aspects of a protein do protons interact with and what are the consequences?
- Negative R groups
- Hydrogen bonds
Both of these contribute to the shape of a protein. Changes in proton concentration can alter these interactions and denature the proteins. E.g. enzymes (including those for protein synthesis, DNA replication, etc), transporters, Na/K ATPase, receptors
In the case of receptor and enzyme denaturation, what changes?
Receptors and enzymes are a specific shape in order to recognize their specific substrates. Denaturation would cause decreased enzymatic rates or decreased effectiveness of hormones/neurotransmitters.
How do changes in proton concentration change Na/K ATPase?
This changes Na/K ATPase activity. This has implications on:
- Nephron reabsorption/secretion
- Membrane Potential all over the body
TRUE/FALSE.
Animals produce more buffer according to its need and it simply accumulates in the body.
FALSE.
Cells do manufacture more buffer according to their needs. However, waste is excreted. Acid specifically is removed through the lungs and kidneys.
What are the defenses against changes in proton concentration?
- Intracellular buffers
- Transporters to send waste into the interstitium and subsequently plasma
- Ultimate Excretion Routes: Breathing and urinating
TRUE/FALSE.
Plasma is dead. Therefore, acid/base problems start at living cells.
TRUE.
Cells export their waste into plasma as a mode of waste removal.
Where are buffers present?
Intracellularly
Interstitium
Plasma (this ultimately takes waste to get excreted and we can start all over)
What are the major methods of proton removal? Which is the most efficient?
- Exhalation of CO2 (thousands of times more efficient than urination).
- Urination
What are the main roles of the kidney and lungs specifically in acid/base balance?
Kidney - Buffer manufacturing
Lungs - Acid removal through CO2 exhalation
Describe the changes in CO2 as it travels in the RBC to the lungs.
RBCs convert CO2 to H+ and HCO3-
Once it gets to the lungs, it is converted back to CO2 so that it can diffuse accross the alveloar membrane
TRUE/FALSE.
An animal can have more than one acid/base disorder at a time.
TRUE.
CO2 is a(n) ______ (acid/base) in aqueous solution.
ACID
What buffers are RBCs full of?
Hemoglobin
What will cause an animal to become more acidic, kidney or lung damage?
Lung Damage
What is the concentration of water?
55.55… moles/liter
This is treated as a constant
______ and _____ are the most abundant anions in plasma.
What does changes in their concentrations elicit?
Chloride (#1) and Bicarb (#2)
They are anions of a strong and weak acid, respectively. Changes in their concentrations has significant consequences on pH.
More Acidic or basic?
- Add more CO2
- Lose bicarb and gain Cl-
- Lose Cl- and gain bicarb
- Acidic
- Acidic
- Bicarb
Who adds HCO3 to plasma without adding H?
PCT cells
a-intercalated cells
How can you tell if an acid is stronger or weaker based on the Ka?
A stronger acid has a larger Ka
_____ is the most important buffer in extracellular fluid.
HCO3-
TRUE/FALSE.
If you know the pH of plasma, you know the pH of the fluid bathing the cells/interstitium.
TRUE.
What pH is optimal for cells?
7.4
What kind of acid would we want for buffers? Optimally, what state(s) should it exist in under normal conditions?
A weak acid would make the best buffer that exists at 50% associated and 50% dissociated states. This gives you the best chances for maintaining proton concentration.
What is the pK of a buffer?
The particular pH at which a buffer does its best buffering. This is when it exists at 50/50.




