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Physiology II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone’s role in biochemical reactions?

A

Alters rates by activating proteins

Forms a complex with a receptor and binds to DNA, altering transcrpition of genes

DOES NOT: contribute energy or is consumed by biochemical reaction.

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2
Q

How does protein binding affect a hormone?

A

Protein binding - no physiological affect, and cannot be filtered (therefore increasing circulating half-life)

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3
Q

What kind of signal is sent by the posterior pituitary?

Anterior pituitary?

A

Neurocrine (ADH and oxytocin)

Endocrine

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4
Q

Who produces the following hormones?

  1. Insulin
  2. Glucagon
  3. Somatostatin

Where does their degradation occur?

A

All are pancreatic hormones

  1. Beta cells
  2. Alpha cells
  3. Delta cells

Mostly in the liver before renal excretion (they are not protein bound)

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5
Q

What are the major stimuli for insulin release?

A

↑ plasma [glucose], [amino acids], [K+]

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6
Q

In summary, what is insulin’s effect?

A

Potent anabolic and anti-catabolic hormone.

  • Promotes glucose uptake, utilization, and anabolism (inhibits gluconeogenesis)
  • Promotes protein anabolism and inhibits proteolysis
  • Promotes fat synthesis and storage, inhibits lipolysis and ketogenesis
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7
Q

What is insulin’s action on carbohydrate metabolism at the liver?

A
  1. Increase activity of glucokinase (adds phosphate to glucose)
  2. Increase activity of PFK, PK, and PDH (enzymes involved in using glucose for energy)
  3. Increase activity of glycogen synthase
  4. Decrease activity of phosphorylase (rate-limiting enzyme of glycogenolysis)
  5. Decrease the activity of gluconeogenic enzymes
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8
Q

TRUE/FALSE.

Insulin promotes glycolysis and glycogenolysis.

A

FALSE.

It promotes glycolysis and promotes glycogenesis.

Inihibits glycogenolysis

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9
Q

Why does insulin not affect the concentration of glucose ports in the liver?

A

The liver already has a lot of ports because it is involved in glucose transport all the time.

Absorptive state: take it in, burn it and store it.

Fasting state: breakdown the stored glycogen and release it into the blood stream.

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10
Q

What is insulin’s effect on muscle during carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  1. Increase glucose ports
  2. Increase PFK, PK, PDH
  3. Increase activity of glycogen synthase
  4. Decrease phosphorylase activity
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11
Q

What is insulin’s effect on adipose tissue during carbohydrate metabolism?

A
  1. Increase glucose ports
  2. Increase the activity of PFK and conversion to glycerol-P
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12
Q

What is insulin’s effect on lipid metabolism at the liver?

A
  1. Increase activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase
  2. Increase activity of fatty acid synthase
  3. Increase carnitine acyltransferase (prevents entry of fatty acid into the mitochondrion)
  4. Increase secretion of VLDL
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13
Q

What is insulin’s effect on lipid metabolism at the muscle?

A

Decrease activity of lipoprotein lipase

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14
Q

What is insulin’s effect on lipid metabolism at adipose tissue?

A

Increase activity of lipoprotein lipase

decrease activity of hormone-sensitive lipase (other hormones affect this such as epinephrine)

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15
Q

What is insulin’s effect on protein metabolism?

A
  1. At all tissues, it promotes increased amino acid entry, transcription and increased translation
  2. At all tissues, it inhibits proteolysis
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16
Q

What are some other effects of insulin?

A

Increase K+, PO42-, Ca++, Mg++ uptake by cells

17
Q

TRUE/FALSE.

Glucagon does not stimulate proteolysis.

A

TRUE.

18
Q

In summary, what is glucagon’s major action?

A

Potent catabolic and anti-anabolic hormone

  • stimulates hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis - inhibits glycolysis and glycogen synthesis
  • promotes lipolysis and inhibits triacylglycerol synthesis at adipose tissue and promotes hpeatic Beta oxidation and ketogenesis
19
Q

Briefly describe the hypothalamic-adenohypophyseal-adrenocortical axis.

A

Hypothalamus secretes CRH

Acts Adenohypophysis, which secretes ACTH

ACTH travels to adrenal cortex, which releases cortisol

Cortisol has inhibitory effects on the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

20
Q

What hormones ensure that the liver always has high amounts of glycogen?

A

Cortisol and insulin

21
Q

What should you never forget about cortisol?

A

It is potently gluconeogenic

it also promotes glycogenesis

22
Q

What is cortisol’s preferred gluconeogenic substrate?

A

Amino acids! It is potently proteolytic.

Major target is skeletal muscle

It promotes the conversion of protein to carbohydrate

23
Q

TRUE/FALSE.

A stress to the system that increases cortisol is hypovolemia.

A

FALSE.

Hypervolemia. The body has too much fluid - cortisol promotes urination.

24
Q

Describe cushing’s disease and what is seen with it.

A

Specifically refers to hyperadrenocorticism –> excess cortisol production

  1. Pendulous abdomen
  2. Muscle weakness/exercise intolerance
  3. PU/PD
  4. enlarged liver
  5. Hypothyroidism
  6. Hyperlipidemia
25
Q

What is addison’s disease? What are some symptoms?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism (autoimmune disease).

  1. Fatigue/lethargy
  2. Hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia
  3. Hypovolemia, hypotension
  4. loss of appetite
  5. PU/PD

Physiology II (8 decks)

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