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Physiology II > Test 1 - Water Balance > Flashcards

Test 1 - Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of environment do all biochemical reactions take place?

A

Whether anabolic or catabolic, they take place in an aqueous environment.

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2
Q

What solvent are all molecular and ionic solutes dissolved?

A

Water

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3
Q

What happens if a biomolecule is insoluble in water (e.g. triacylglycerol)?

A

An organism has at its disposal enzymes which render it into water-soluble breakdown products.

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4
Q

Water is used as both a solvent and a ____.

A

Reactant. Such as in the hydrolysis of ingested polysaccharides, proteins and triacylglycerol.

It is also generated as a product of many reactions (e.g. formation of peptide bonds in proteins and esterification of glycerol with fatty acids in the synthesis of acylglycerols)

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5
Q

The proper distribution of what molecule is critical to normal functioning?

A

Water.

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6
Q

What happens during changes in volume of water in a cell?

A

If the volume of water inside cells increases, the concentration of solutes decreases accordingly, as do the rates of reactions that utilize these solutes as reactants and/or cofactors. Excess intracellular water leads to cytolysis due to stress on the cell membrane. As intracellular water decreases and intracellular solute concentration increases, the solute can be lost to the extracellular environment, resulting in cell shrinkage (plasmolysis). This results from excessive loss of water, chemical reactions that require water can no longer be sustained.

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7
Q

What are some system issues caused by excessive or inadequate volumes of water in the extracellular space?

A

Systemic blood pressure is a result of vascular resistance, Cardiac output and blood volume. Changes in water volume cause changes in MABP, which can lead to vascular rupture in a hypertensive animal to shock in the hypotensive one. Both cause delivery of oxygen/nutrients to and removal of waste from tissues to be compromised. Can lead to death if not corrected.

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8
Q

______ is dependent on the volume of extracellular water.

A

Blood volume

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9
Q

What monitors blood pressure, cardiac output and vascular resistance?

A

They are under neural and endocrine control

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10
Q

What is the distribution of body water?

A

60% of body weight is water

  • 40% is intracellular water
  • 20% is extracellular water
  • 4% is plasma
  • 16% is other (interstitial fluid, lymph, epithelial and glandular secretions, aqueous, endolymph, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, CSF, renal filtrate)
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11
Q

What are the ways in which various compartments differ from one another in volume, composition and concentration of solutes?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport

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12
Q

Concentration (C) = ?

A

Mass/volume Therefore, Volume = Mass/C

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13
Q

Volume/Time = Flow = ?

A

Mass/(Time*C)

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14
Q

Mole = ?

A

6.02 x 10^23

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15
Q

Molar = ?

A

Moles of a substance/liter of solution

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16
Q

Molal = ?

A

Moles of substance/Liter of H2O

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17
Q

Electrolytes

A

Charged substances in solution

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18
Q

Equivalent = ?

A

Mole of charge =
[(mole of substance X)(valence of substance X)]
Atomic or molecular weight of substance X

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19
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of one or more substances (solute) dispersed in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent) = solute + solvent

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20
Q

What happens with increases of concentration of solute?

A

This causes greater frequency of collisions involving the solute. This accounts for the diffusion of a substance from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration (where there are fewer collisions)

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21
Q

Colligative Properties

A

Cause a depression in the freezing point and elevation in boiling point of water.

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22
Q

Osmolytes

A

Solutes that cause changes in colligative properties.

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Addition of solute does not increase the concentration of solvent but increases the mollecular collisions between water and the solute. If the membrane does not allow passage of the solute across the membrane, more water-water collisions on the side with less solute will cause movement to the other side of the membrane.

Osmosis is the net movement of water from a solution with a lesser concentration of impermeant solute to a solution with a greater concentration of impermeant solute.

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24
Q

What happens to concentrations on either side of the membrane with solutes that can diffuse across the membrane?

A

They achieve equal concentrations and do not cause osmosis.

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25
Q

Osmotically Active Solution

A

Solution that causes osmosis.

26
Q

An osmolyte that cannot cross a membrane which allows the passage of H2O exerts ________.

A

Osmotic Pressure

27
Q

Tonicity

A

Effective osmotic pressure, i.e., whether the movement of water will cause a cell to change in size (volume).

28
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution which causes a cell to neither shrink nor swell.

29
Q

Hypotonic

A

A solution which causes a cell to swell. A cell may swell to the point where stress on the plasma membrane causes it to rupture (Cytolysis)

30
Q

Cytolysis

A

Rupture of a cell caused by stress on the plasma membrane. Associated with hypotonic solution.

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution which causes a cell to shrink (Plasmolysis).

32
Q

Plasmolysis/Crenation

A

Cell shrinkage.

Crenation refers to RBCs

33
Q

What is the most important extracellular osmolyte?

A

Na+

34
Q

What are ways that solutes may move from one fluid compartment to another?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
  3. Active transport
  4. Endocytosis (e.g. LDL)
  5. Exocytosis (e.g. neurotransmitter)
  6. Pressure filtration at the glomerulus (e.g. glucose)
  7. Solvent drag
35
Q

Solvent Drag

A

Wherein solutes dissolved in water are transported as the water moves paracellularly (i.e. through tight junctions between cells, (e.g., Na+, Cl-, K+). For the most part, organic solutes cannot move from one fluid compartment to another via solvent drag.

36
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A

Water. Organisms do not waste it, and since there is no water storage organ, organisms recycle it regularly and frequently.

37
Q

Plasma and interstitial fluid are very similar except in regards to ______ concentration.

A

Protein

38
Q

In regards to concentrations of electrolytes, ________ is more prominent in extracellular and interstitial fluid, while _______ is more prominent intracellularly.

A

Na+

K+

39
Q

What are the four Starling Pressures?

A
  1. Capillary Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)
  2. Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP)
  3. Plasma Colloid Oncotic Pressure (PCOP): the osmotic pressure attributable to plasma proteins
  4. Interstitial Fluid Colloid Oncotic Pressure (IFCOP): The osmotic pressure attributable to interstitial fluid proteins
40
Q

Which Starling Pressure decreases dramatically as one proceeds from the arteriolar to the venular ends of a capillary?

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

41
Q

Which Starling pressures do not change or change minimally from the arteriolar end to the venule?

A

Interstitial Fluid Colloid Oncotic Pressure (IFCOP)

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP)

42
Q

Summation of the Starling Forces shows that there is net _______ at the arteriolar end, and net ______ at the venular end of a capillary.

Which capillaries are a notable exception?

A

Filtration; Reabsorption

Renal Glomerular Capillaries

43
Q

Which Starling force causes a “suction” into the interstitium and why?

A

Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP) is negative (less than atmospheric), which may account for the suction force. This may be related to lymphatic drainage.

44
Q

The volume of filtered fluid is ( <, >, = ) the volume of fluid that is reabsorbed.

A

Greater than. The remaining fluid is taken up by the lymphatics and taken back into the circulatory system.

90% of the filtered fluid that is reabsorbed

10% is removed by lymphatics

45
Q

Edema

A

Collection of abnormally high amounts of interstitial fluid.

46
Q

What are the types of edema?

A
  1. Generalized
  2. Localized
    1. Pleural Effusion
    2. Asites (peritoneal Effusion)
    3. Pericardial Effusion
47
Q

What are the causes of Edema?

A
  1. Increased Capillary Hydrostaitc Pressure (CHP)
    1. Decreased radius of veins
    2. Increased fluid in the venous system
  2. Decreased Plasma Colloid Oncotic Pressure (PCOP)
    1. Starvation (decreased protein synthesis of plasma protein)
    2. Kidney Disease (filtration of protein with subsequent loss in urine)
    3. Liver Disease (decreased synthesis of plasma protein)
  3. Increased Interstial Fluid Colloid Oncotic Pressure (IFCOP)
    1. Inflammation (increased permeability of endothelium, allowing leakage of plasma protein)
    2. Tissue Damage (loss of intracellular protein to interstitium)
    3. Inadequate or obstructed lymph flow (e.g. neoplasia)
48
Q

Normal Hydration

A

Normal fluid volume and distribution, and plasma osmolarity of 286-290 mOsm

49
Q

Dehydration

A

Less than normal fluid volume.

50
Q

Insensible vs. Sensible Water Loss

A

Insensible water loss means that it is difficult to measure such as through exhaled air, through the skin or in the feces.

Sensible Water loss is lost in urine, a volume that is easily measured.

51
Q

Hypertonic Dehydration

A

Plasma in the animal is hypertonic, because water loss exceeds loss of osmolytes, relative to their normal concentrations in plasma. Causes

  1. Respiration (water, but not osmolyte)
  2. Sweat (humans)
  3. Inappropriate production of hypotonic urine

Result: increased osmolarity of ECF leads to increased osmolarity of ICF, until new hyperosmotic equilibrium is achieved; hypovolemia.

52
Q

Isotonic Dehydration

A

Plasma in the animal is isotonic because isotonic fluid is lost. Common causes:

  1. Hemorrhage
  2. Sweat (horses)

Result: decreased volume in ECF; Hypovolemia

53
Q

Hypotonic Dehydration

A

Plasma in the animal is hypotonic because loss of osmolyte exceeds loss of water, relative to their normal concentrations in plasma. Common Causes:

  1. Diarrhea or kidney disease, but often accompanied by water loss
  2. Sweat (horses)

Result: decreased osmolarity of ECF leads to decreased osmolarity of intracellular fluid, until new hypoosmotic equilibrium is achieved. Hypovolemia.

Hypotonic dehydration may be caused by loss of isotonic fluid, followed by hypotonic replacement.

54
Q

Overhydration

A

Greater than normal fluid volume. As venous pressure increases, the likelihood of edema increases.

55
Q

Hypotonic Overhydration

A

plasma in the animal is hypotonic because gain of water exceeds gain of osmolyte, relative to concentrations in plasma. Causes (not common):

  1. Psychogenic (i.e. psychogenic polydipsia: animal consumes too much water)
  2. Excess reabsorption of water by kidney tubules (e.g. as a result of excessive secretion of ADH or an ADH-like substance)
  3. Drowning

result: decreased osmolarity of ECF leads to decreased osmolarity of ICF until new hyposmotic equilibrium is achieved. Hypovolemia

56
Q

Isotonic Overhydration

A

Plasma in the animal is isotonic because isotonic fluid is gained. Causes:

  1. Iatrogenic (practitioner administers too much isotonic fluid)
  2. Excessive Reabsorption of Na+ by kidney tubules. Excess secretion of the hormone aldosterone is a well-documented cause.

Result: increase in ECF volume but no change in osmolarity . Hypervolemia.

57
Q

What is the most common form of dehydration?

A

Hypertonic Dehydration

58
Q

What is one important reason for the body to want water?

A

Because it makes up blood volume. It is what all the nutrients and waste are dissolved in so that it can travel from one part of the body to the other.

59
Q

What are mechanisms of compensation when there are changes in MABP?

A

Changes in contractility, HR and radius of blood vessels.

Vasoconstriction does not happen to the heart and brain.

60
Q

What happens during dehydration?

A

There is a drop in blood volume and therefore, MABP. Compensation increases contractility, HR and vasocontriction occurs. NOT TO THE HEART OR BRAIN. These are organs that you want to work harder, therefore, vasoconstriction to these organs does not make sense. Vasconstriction also does not occur at the kidney.

Physiology II (8 decks)

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