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test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a likely side effect to non-pregnant women (non-gravid) after 450 mSv

A

increased genetic risk

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2
Q

why is protraction or fractionation dose better tolerated by tissue than a single dose

A

tissue repair occurs between subsequent exposures. allows normal tissue to repair between fractions

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3
Q

what are the two principle genetic cells of the body

A

spermatogonia oogonia

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4
Q

what is carcinogenesis

A

origin or production of malignant neoplasms

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5
Q

the relative amount of radiation that produces late effects is most often what

A

25 years

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6
Q

the principle symptoms associated with the manifest illness stage of the gastrointestinal syndrome are?

A

dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

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7
Q

acute effects regardless of time or expression of injury are caused by

A

depletion of parenchymal

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8
Q

chronic effects are

A

irreversible and progressive early stages, depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells

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9
Q

which of the following is true concerning the comparative risks of occupational radiation workers compared to the workers in non radiation industries

A

radiation therapists have risks which are about the same as most workers in other occupations

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10
Q

which of the following cells is most likely to show the greatest detrimental effects to exposure to radiation

A

spermatogonia, erythroblasts, epidermal stem cells, gi stem cells

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11
Q

the most radiosensitive of the major components of the bone are

A

osteoblasts

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12
Q

t/f 500 to 800 cGy per minute is considered a high dose rate-

A

true

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13
Q

total equivalent dose for the fetus

A

1 mSv

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14
Q

acute changes are characterized in an organ by

A

edema, inflammation, hemorrhage

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15
Q

the period of time after an acute exposure to radiation in which the effects of the exposure are seen is called

A

manifest

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16
Q

dose equivalent exposure non stochastic effect for the lens of the eye

A

15 rem, 0.15 Sv, 150mSv

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17
Q

the maximum permissible dose for occupational for occupational exposed workers

A

5 rem /yr

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18
Q

in the expression ld 50/30 what does the 50 represent

A

50% of population

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19
Q

t/f carcinogenesis is the single most important event in the late effects of radiation therapy

A

false

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20
Q

T/F tissue damage is usually a function of the stromal compartment of cells and tissue

A

false

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21
Q

T/F the GSD is the dose of radiation required per generation to double the spontaneous mutation rate

A

false, doubling dose

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22
Q

T/F NVD syndrome represents the prodromal stage

A

true

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23
Q

t/f the manifest illness stage of the TBS reflects all symptoms, not just the system damaged

A

False

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24
Q

T/F patients either improve or die in the prodromal stage of the total body syndrome

A

false

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25
Q

T/F 500 to 800 cGy per minute is considered a high dose rate-

A

true

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26
Q

the GSD is the dose of radiation required per generation to double the spontaneous mutation rate

A

false

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27
Q

T/F the GI syndrome is due to destructions of both the GI tract and bone marrow

A

true

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28
Q

T/F in the total body syndrome BMT has proven to increase survival

A

true

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29
Q

T/F repair of an organ treated with radiation always restores the organ to its original function

A

false

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30
Q

what is a roentgen

A

dose measured in air

31
Q

what is rem

A

dose in rads times quality factor

32
Q

how many rems in 1 Sv

A

100 rem

33
Q

1 Gy is ___ rads

A

100

34
Q

T/F chronic effects can occur years after radiation is complete

A

true

35
Q

occupational exposure to extremities

A

50 rem or 0.5 Sv

36
Q

the embryo fetus in rems

A

0.5

37
Q

what’s the annual occupational exposure limit in rems?

A

5 rem or 0.05 Sv

38
Q

general public exposure in mSv

A

0.1 rem/yr

39
Q

a patient receives a dose equivalent to 4 rads from a simulation for an abdomen setup. this patient works in radiography there dose equivalent is?

A

–

40
Q

state the absorbed dose of a patient who has received 600 rads of radiation

A

6 Gy

41
Q

T/F a film monitoring badge can be used for measurement of x-rays, betta, and gamma rays

A

true

42
Q

1 Sv = how many rem?

A

100

43
Q

OER is?

A

oxygen enhancement ratio

44
Q

T/F OER is equivalent to the dose radiation that produces a given biological effect with oxygen

A

true

45
Q

drugs that have the ability to increase the effect of radiation, when used in conduction with treatment are they radio sensitizers or radio protectors?

A

radio sensitizers

46
Q

how do the lungs and kidney heal, by repair or regeneration?

A

regeneration

47
Q

skin and bone marrow damage heal by what? repair or regeneration?

A

repair

48
Q

1 Sv = how many rem?

A

100 rem

49
Q

radiation hepatitis

A

the consequence of vascular changes

50
Q

radiation pneumotitis

A

primary early change in lung after XRT

51
Q

what is the life span of granulocytes

A

a few days

52
Q

how do the lungs and kidney heal, by repair or regeneration?

A

repair

53
Q

skin and bone marrow damage heal by what? repair or regeneration?

A

regeneration

54
Q

high growth fraction tissue have a ___ doubling time

A

shorter

55
Q

which cells below pose the biggest problem in clinical radiation therapy

A

non proliferating cells that are hypoxic but viable

56
Q

as the dose increases the probability of affects increases but no the severity of effect. is stochastic or non-stochastic

A

stochastic

57
Q

the rate of tumor growth is a balance of what factor or factors

A

the rate of cell loss

58
Q

what is the stromal compartment of the cell

A

normal blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, connective tissue, and nerve tissue

59
Q

the gradient of oxygen tension in a tumor is highest near the vessel or away from the vessels

A

next to vessels

60
Q

erythrocytes

A

120 day life span

61
Q

symptoms of fever and malaise associated with a reduction in the number leukocytes is one of the major characteristics of the:

A

hematologic syndrome

62
Q

the relative amount of radiation that produces late effects is most often

A

substantially less than the exposure needed to cause the early effect

63
Q

primary chronic effects can appear a ___ time after an acute response subsides

A

long

64
Q

acute effects occur ___ after treatment in both acutely responding and late responding normal tissue

A

shortly

65
Q

the period of major organogenesis normally occurs during the ___ of fetal development

A

second to eighth week

66
Q

which of the following cells is most likely to show the greatest detrimental effects to 25 R exposure to radiation

A

leukocytes

67
Q

total equivalent dose for the fetus

A

5 mSv

68
Q

patients either improve or die in the prodromal stage of the total body syndrome

A

false

69
Q

Ethyol (amifostine) is a radiation protector

A

true

70
Q

radiation sensitizers shift the cell survival curve to the left.

A

true

71
Q

failure to repair damage and the ultimate secondary effect of radiation

A

necrosis

72
Q

granulocytes

A

1 day or 24 hr lifespan

73
Q

intrinsic radiosensitivity of cells can vary widely

A

true

74
Q

these cells are the most radioresistant

A

cells in group 1 close to vessel

Rad Bio (3 decks)

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