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test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cytoplasm

A

protoplasm outside the nucleus, the site of all metabolic functions in the cell.

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2
Q

ribosomes

A

protoplasmic organelle containing ribonucleic acid; necessary for protein synthesis

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3
Q

nucleus

A

center; a portion of protoplasm containing the genetic material, separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane

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4
Q

nucleolus

A

mass of stainable material in the cell nucleus that houses nuclear RNA

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5
Q

nucleic acids

A

major class of organic compounds in the cell composed of a sugar or derivative of a sugar, phosphoric acid, and a base, RNA and DNA

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6
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm during telophase of mitosis and meiosis

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7
Q

haploid

A

having half the diploid number of chromosomes found in somatic cells

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8
Q

diploid

A

possessing 2 sets of chromosomes in reference to somatic cells, which have 2 times the number of chromosome present in the egg or sperm

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9
Q

what original ionization occurs directly on target molecules, we refer to this as?

A

direct effects

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10
Q

when original ionization occurs with water and transfers ionization to target molecules, we refer to this as

A

indirect

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11
Q

who exposed human uterine cervix cells to varying doses of radiation and experimentally determined reproductive failure by counting the number of colonies formed by these irradiated cells

A

puck and marcus

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12
Q

an increased production of free radicals when ionizing radiation is delivered in the presence of oxygen is named

A

oxygen effect

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13
Q

the conventional unit used to define a unit of radiation exposure or quantity a measure of the ionization of air that is created by x and gamma radiation below 3 MeV

A

roentgen

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14
Q

the SI unit used to define a unit of radiation exposure or quantity, a measure of the ionization of air that is created by x and gamma radiation below 3 MeV

A

Couloumb per kg

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15
Q

the conventional unit of dose equivalent or occupational exposure; represents the amount of radiation received by personnel

A

Rem

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16
Q

the SI unit of dose equivalent or occupational exposure; represents the amount of radiation received by personnel

A

Sievert

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17
Q

the conventional unit that describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose

A

rad

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18
Q

the SI unit that describes the energy that is absorbed in matter from any type of ionizing radiation, and is considered the unit of absorbed dose

A

Gray

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19
Q

the conventional unit of radioactivity

A

Curie

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20
Q

the SI unit of radioactivity

A

Becquerel

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21
Q

how many chromosomes do we have

A

46 total

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22
Q

match the DNA pairings adenine, guanine

A

Thymine, Cytosine

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23
Q

RNA is a ___ nucleotide

A

single stranded

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24
Q

what are the 3 varieties of RNA

A

m-RNA, t-RNA, r-RNA

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25
the normal number of chromosomes for humans is termed the ___ number
diploid
26
the diploid number is __
2n
27
during which phase of the cell cycle does radiation therapy work best?
Metaphase
28
during which phase of the cell cycle does chemotherapy work best
S
29
at the beginning of meiosis, a germ cell contains twice the amount of genetic material
true
30
cells that are considered highly radiosensitive include
lymphocytes, spermatogonia, erythroblasts, and intestinal crypt cells
31
cells that have an intermediate radiosensitivity include
endothelial cells, osteoblasts, spermatids, and fibroblasts
32
cells that have low radiosensitivity include
muscle cells, nerve cells, and chondrocytes
33
what is considered to be the most radioresistant cell cycle phase
S
34
what is the most radiosensitive part of the cel
DNA
35
cell death before entering mitosis is known as
interphase death
36
radiation interaction with cells has to do with chance and probability. the radiation may or may not interact; if it does interact, there may or may not be cell damage
true
37
the interaction of radiation within the cell is not random
false
38
can one determine whether visible changes to cells, tissues, and organs are caused by radiation, versus by other sources
no
39
a measure of the rate at which energy is deposited as a charged particle travels through matter is referred to as
LET
40
the higher the LET of radiation, the lower the chance for a biologic interaction
false
41
low LET to high LET
cobalt, diagnostic X-rays, protons, neutrons
42
dose in rads from 250 keV xray
RBE
43
factors that influence RBE include
radiation dose rate, physiologic condition, cell or tissue type, radiation type, and biologic result being examined. ALL ANSWERS
44
comparing LET and RBE as LET increases RBE decreases
false
45
the response of biologic tissue to radiation is greater when irradiated in the oxygenated, or aerobic state than when irradiated in anoxic or hypoxic conditions
this is known as oxygen effect
46
who was responsible for stating stem or immature cells are more radioactive than mature cells, younger tissues and organs are more radiosensitive that older tissues and organs, the higher the metabolic cell activity, the more radiosensitive it is, the greater the proliferation and growth rate for tissues, the greater the responsibility
bergonie and tribondeay
47
Who did experiments on mammals and demonstrated that there are two factors that affect the manifestation of radiation damage to the cell as follows: 1. The amount of biologic stress the cell receives. 2. Pre- and post-irradiation conditions to which the cell is exposed.
ancel and vitemberger
48
phase 1 of mitosis
prophase
49
phase 2 of mitosis
metaphase
50
phase 3 of mitosis
anaphase
51
phase 4
telophase
52
the dose of radiation that produces a given biologic response under anoxic conditions divided by the dose of radiation that produces the same biologic response under aerobic conditions is the definition
OER
53
T/F since the response of biologic tissue to radiation is greater when irradiated in an oxygenated state, all radiation therapy patients should be connected to oxygen via a nasal cannula or mask during the treatment
false
54
most radiation actions with humans are
indirect
55
the irradiation of ___ is the principal cause of effects from radiation
water
56
what is uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in its outermost valence shell, which makes it chemically unstable and highly reactive?
free radical
57
approximately two-third of all radiation damage following the radiolysis of water is caused from
OH and H2o2
58
the macromolecules are irradiated___, they are much more radiosensitive
in vivo
59
this occurs when the thread or backbone of the long-chain molecule is broken
main-chain scission
60
certain macromolecules have spur like extensions off the main chain, while others develop these spurs after being irradiated. after being irradiated. after being irradiated, these spurs can act as if they had sticky material on their ends. this stickiness causes the macromolecule to connect to another macromolecule, or to another section of the same molecule. this is...
cross linking
61
irradiating macromolecules may result in disturbance of single chemical bones, which create molecular lesions, or ___
point lesions
62
what causes slight molecular changes, which in turn causes the cell to function incorrectly?
point lesions
63
irradiating macromolecules may result in either death of the cell or late effects
true
64
what is considered the most radiosensitive macromolecule
DNA
65
DNA can be injured without producing visible chromosomal aberrations. even though this damage is reversible, it can lead to death of the cell and ultimately destroy tissues or organs
true
66
a mutation that occurs as a result of a change to a single DNA base pair, created by one nucleotide being exchanged for another
point mutations
67
chromosome hits represent critical ___ damage
dna
68
a chromosomal effect that causes a loss of genetic material is referred to as
deletion
69
T/F It is theorized that human chromosomes have more than a single target. Thus, it is feasible for a single chromosome to receive more than one hit. These multi-hit aberrations are not unusual.
true
70
what is a chromosome that has two centers or two centromeres
dicentric
71
Altering of a chromosome either by a portion of it transferring to another chromosome or to another section of the same chromosome is referred to as __________ (what?)
reciprocal translocations
72
the number of chromosomes in germ cells is referred to as the ___ number
haploid
73
the normal diploid or 2n number in humans is
46
74
the primary function of ___ is to provide the basic building blocks of cells and tissues
proteins
75
the primary function of ___ is to provide energy necessary to al basic cellular functions
carbohydrates
76
which organic components in the cell direct cellular information and transmit genetic information between cells and generation? hint: they also play a role in protein synthesis
nucleic acids
77
which organic compounds in the cell have various functions, including storing energy and providing protection
lipids
78
insulin, albumin, hemoglobin, and enzymes are examples of which of the following organic components in the cell
proteins
79
starch, glycogen, lactose, and sucrose are examples of which of the following organic components in the cell
carbohydrates
80
what percentage of the cell protoplasm is composed of water
70-85%
81
the site of all metabolic activity in the cell is the __
cytoplasm
82
this organelle in the cell which contains enzymes and carbohydrates is considered one of the initial theories of radiation cell kill...
lysosome
83
how much time does it take to complete the G1 phase of the cell cycle
8-10 hours
84
how much time does it take to complete the G2 phase of the cell cycle
4-6 hours
85
how much time does it take to complete the S phase of the cell cycle
6-8 hours
86
muscle cramps can result from the loss of
calcium salts
87
how many different type of amino acids are there?
22
88
what is protoplasm outside the nucleus called
cytoplasm
89
radiation interaction in a cell is
non selective
90
the time between injury and the expression of that injury by a cell or tissue is referred to as
latent period
91
what is more likely after high LET radiation
direct action of radiation on a cell
92
LET is a function of the __ and __ of the radiation
mass and charge
93
highly ionizing particles produce many ionizations in ___ distances
short
94
low LET radiations produce sparse interactions, and ionizations are a ___ distance from each other
long
95
not all target damage is equal
true
96
does a single strand break have long term consequences to the cell
no
97
double strand breaks are difficult for the cell to repair and show a correlation with cell killing
true
98
the types of DNA molecule damage include
main chain scission, one side, both sides, and cross linking. rung breakage, causing bases to separate, a changing or loss of base
99
nonthreshold
assumes that any radiation dose produces an effect
100
according to the target theory
DNA is considered the critical target
101
of the following stages of mitosis, which is considered the most radiosensitive
metaphase
102
if a DNA base sequence is altered, which of the following would occur?
a gene mutation
103
for protein synthesis to occur, messenger RNA carries information to which of the following
DNA
104
transfer RNA carries which of the following in order to synthesize protein
amino acids
105
which term is used in describing cell damage from radiation that is not sufficient to kill the cell
sublethal damage
106
why is free radical formation considered such a threat to humans
free radicals have been observed to produce toxic effects
107
according to target theory, which of the following is thought to be the principle target of cell damage
DNA
108
which of the following types of irradiation damage most likely causes abnormalities in base sequences and thus cell mutation
base damage
109
where is the majority of a cells genetic information found
nucleus

Rad Bio (3 decks)

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