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test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

do radioactive materials deposited internally produce total body syndrome?

A

no

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2
Q

LD 50/30 and LD 50/60 stands for?

A

50% of a population in 30 days and 50% of a population in 60 days

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3
Q

between 10 and 100 gray, mean survival time is a function of dose

A

no. all animals irradiated with a total body dose in this range survive for approximately the same length of time

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4
Q

t/f high Do doses are radioresistent?

A

true

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5
Q

t/f low Do doses are radiosensitive

A

true

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6
Q

t/f ICRP and NCRP have jurisdiction to enforce recommendations

A

false. NO jurisdiction

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7
Q

hemopoietic syndrome dose

A

1-10 Gy

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8
Q

GI syndrome dose

A

10-100Gy

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9
Q

CNS syndrom dose

A

> 100Gy

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10
Q

what is the prodromal stage characterized by?

A

NVD syndrome

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11
Q

T/F during the latent stage are internal changes taking place

A

true

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12
Q

what is the LD 50/60 for humans

A

2.5-3Gy

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13
Q

what is pancytopenia

A

the depression of all blood cell counts

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14
Q

does the GI syndrome occur if only the GI Tract has been irradiated

A

no

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15
Q

what syndrome does the LD 100 for humans fall within

A

Gi Syndrome

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16
Q

does survival time vary with dose in the GI syndrome

A

no. death occurs at the same time regardless of dose

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17
Q

what organ is severely damaged by doses in 10-100 Gy range

A

small intestine

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18
Q

is the cause of death in the CNS syndrome fully known or understood

A

no. not fully known or understood

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19
Q

does the bone marrow and GI tract exhibit dramatic changes in the CNS syndrome

A

NO

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20
Q

what are the general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus

A

late effects not visible at birth, lethality, congenital abnormalities

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21
Q

does radiation cause unique congenital abnormalities

A

yes

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22
Q

doses as low as ___ Gy cause a detectable increase in the number of microcephalic individuals, regardless of gestational age.

A

0.09 Gy

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23
Q

what is the most common sequelae of in utero exposure after the first trimester

A

microcephaly

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24
Q

which trimester is the embryo / fetus most radiosensitive in terms of both lethality and induction of congenital abnormalities

A

first trimester

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25
definition of n
extrapolation number
26
definition of Dq
defines the width of the shoulder region
27
definition of Do
final exponential portion of the curve
28
t/f in the shoulder region of the survival curve for mammalian cells, equal increases in dose cause a corresponding equal decrease in surviving fraction.
false. in the shoulder region, damage does not have to be accumulated before the cell dies
29
When a given dose of radiation is divided into 2 equal doses separated by various intervals of time, the surviving fraction of cells was ____________ if the same total dose were given as a single dose.
larger than. Elkind and Sutton-gilbert experiments in 1960
30
PLD
demonstrated after a single dose of radiation
31
SLD
demonstrated only after 2 doses
32
repair of SLD and PLD has been demonstrated for which of the following types of radiation
X-rays and yrays
33
linear vs. nonlinear
an observed response is directly proportional to dose, an observed response is not directly proportional to the dose
34
threshold vs nonthreshold
radiation level reached before which there would be no effects observed, any radiation dose produces an effect
35
Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the ___ dose-response relationship model.
linear non threshold
36
High dose effects observed in radiation therapy are demonstrated by the __ dose-response relationship model.
sigmoid
37
the cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the intestine fall into which of the following cell population categories
stem cell population
38
adult nervous tissue and muscle fall into which cell population category?
static population
39
vegetative intermitotic cells- degree of radiosensitivity
the most radiation sensitive group cells in the body
40
multi potential connective tissue cells - degree of radiosensitivity
intermediate in sensitivity to radiation
41
reverting postmitotic cells- degree of radiosensitivity
relatively radio resistant
42
fixed post mitotic cells- degree of radiosensitivity
the most radiation resistant group of cells in the body
43
which type of reverting post mitotic cells is differentiated and very radiosensitive
mature lymphocyte
44
parenchymal compartment
cells characteristic of that tissue/organ
45
stromal compartment
connective tissue and vasculature
46
acutely responding tissues
manifest their injury within a few months after radiation is completed
47
late responding tissues
do not express injury for at least three months or longer
48
t/f neutrons reduce the shoulder and steepen the slope of the cell survival curve
true
49
as RBE increases what happens to dose
decreases
50
what does reducing the dose rate do to the survival curve
more shallow
51
t/f high LET radiations do not show a dose-rate effect
true
52
what happens to the survival curve of cells irradiated in oxygen
decreased Do dose, a smaller shoulder region, a steeper slop
53
oxygen effect
radiosensitizer, the oxygen effect is more pronounced with low LET radiations
54
common radiosensitizers
5-IUDR, 5-BUDR, misonidazole
55
quality factor of xrays
1
56
quality factor of high energy photons
10
57
quality factor of electrons
1
58
quality factor of thermal neutrons
5
59
quality factor of gamma rays
1
60
quality factor fast neutrons
20
61
quality factor of alpha particles
20
62
the origin of X-rays is the electron shells. what is the origin of gamma radiation
nucleus
63
what do gas filled chambers measure
rate of ionization and level of ionization
64
TLDs contain lithium fluoride or calcium fluoride crystals. when exposed to ionizing radiation, these crystals store radiant energy when heated. as they are heated the crystals release energy as ___ , which is then measured by a machine.
light
65
t/f the ICRP and NCRP have no jurisdiction to enforce recommendations
true
66
t/f neutrons are detected by ion chambers and G-M detectors
false
67
what is the annual negligible individual dose
0.01 mSv/yr
68
know the definition of regeneration and repair
replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type present before radiation, replacement of the depleted original cells
69
what is the SED 50 for humans
600 rad (6Gy)
70
when compared to mature non dividing cells, immature dividing cells are damaged after ___ doses of radiation
lower
71
what is the appearance of radiation damage influenced by
the conditions to which the cell is exposed post-irradiation, pre-irradiation, the biologic stress on the cell
72
what is the average lifetime of an erythrocyte in the circulating blood?
120 days
73
regardless of the time after irradiation that an acute effect occurs, the cause is the same depletion of the ___ cells specific to the tissue
parenchymal
74
chronic late effects may occur either___
as a consequence of irreversible and progressive early changes, due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells
75
do primary or secondary effects appear sooner and progress more quickly
secondary chronic effects
76
t/f chronic effects can occur years after radiation therapy is completed
true
77
pathologically is it possible to distinguish between primary and secondary chronic changes
no
78
what represents the ultimate secondary chronic effect
necrosis
79
the cells in the circulating blood are resistant to radiation. what is the one exception to this?
lymphocytes
80
when irradiated, what type of cells decrease first, second, third...
lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets and RBCs
81
what is the degree of radiosensitivity of the organs in the alimentary canal?
esophagus least radiosensitive, stomach intermediate, small intestine most radiosensitive
82
how many Gy will cause temporary sterility in men? permanent sterility for men?
2.5 Gy, 5.5 Gy
83
what is considered the most radio resistant system in adults
central nervous system
84
in the brain, what type of matter is more radiosensitive
white matter
85
radiation protectors vs. sensitizers
diminish the response, enhance the response
86
low LET radiation produces ___ separated by long distances
sparse ionizations
87
high LET radiation produces ___ separated by short distances
dense ionizations
88
cells and tissues whose survival curves have ____ shoulders show large dose rate effects
larger
89
A ____ is an ion chamber type survey meter
cutie pie
90
if you forget your film badge you should?
use a pocket dosimeter
91
in non agreement states both ___ and ___ are responsible for enforcing radiation protection regulations
NRC and the state
92
catastrophic and irreversible acute changes heal by
repair
93
how many Gy will cause temporary sterility in women? permanent sterility for women?
>6.25 GY
94
in LD 50/30 the 30 refers to what
30 days

Rad Bio (3 decks)

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