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test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

do radioactive materials deposited internally produce total body syndrome?

A

no

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2
Q

LD 50/30 and LD 50/60 stands for?

A

50% of a population in 30 days and 50% of a population in 60 days

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3
Q

between 10 and 100 gray, mean survival time is a function of dose

A

no. all animals irradiated with a total body dose in this range survive for approximately the same length of time

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4
Q

t/f high Do doses are radioresistent?

A

true

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5
Q

t/f low Do doses are radiosensitive

A

true

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6
Q

t/f ICRP and NCRP have jurisdiction to enforce recommendations

A

false. NO jurisdiction

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7
Q

hemopoietic syndrome dose

A

1-10 Gy

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8
Q

GI syndrome dose

A

10-100Gy

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9
Q

CNS syndrom dose

A

> 100Gy

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10
Q

what is the prodromal stage characterized by?

A

NVD syndrome

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11
Q

T/F during the latent stage are internal changes taking place

A

true

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12
Q

what is the LD 50/60 for humans

A

2.5-3Gy

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13
Q

what is pancytopenia

A

the depression of all blood cell counts

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14
Q

does the GI syndrome occur if only the GI Tract has been irradiated

A

no

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15
Q

what syndrome does the LD 100 for humans fall within

A

Gi Syndrome

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16
Q

does survival time vary with dose in the GI syndrome

A

no. death occurs at the same time regardless of dose

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17
Q

what organ is severely damaged by doses in 10-100 Gy range

A

small intestine

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18
Q

is the cause of death in the CNS syndrome fully known or understood

A

no. not fully known or understood

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19
Q

does the bone marrow and GI tract exhibit dramatic changes in the CNS syndrome

A

NO

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20
Q

what are the general effects of radiation on the embryo/fetus

A

late effects not visible at birth, lethality, congenital abnormalities

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21
Q

does radiation cause unique congenital abnormalities

A

yes

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22
Q

doses as low as ___ Gy cause a detectable increase in the number of microcephalic individuals, regardless of gestational age.

A

0.09 Gy

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23
Q

what is the most common sequelae of in utero exposure after the first trimester

A

microcephaly

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24
Q

which trimester is the embryo / fetus most radiosensitive in terms of both lethality and induction of congenital abnormalities

A

first trimester

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25
Q

definition of n

A

extrapolation number

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26
Q

definition of Dq

A

defines the width of the shoulder region

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27
Q

definition of Do

A

final exponential portion of the curve

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28
Q

t/f in the shoulder region of the survival curve for mammalian cells, equal increases in dose cause a corresponding equal decrease in surviving fraction.

A

false. in the shoulder region, damage does not have to be accumulated before the cell dies

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29
Q

When a given dose of radiation is divided into 2 equal doses separated by various intervals of time, the surviving fraction of cells was ____________ if the same total dose were given as a single dose.

A

larger than. Elkind and Sutton-gilbert experiments in 1960

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30
Q

PLD

A

demonstrated after a single dose of radiation

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31
Q

SLD

A

demonstrated only after 2 doses

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32
Q

repair of SLD and PLD has been demonstrated for which of the following types of radiation

A

X-rays and yrays

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33
Q

linear vs. nonlinear

A

an observed response is directly proportional to dose, an observed response is not directly proportional to the dose

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34
Q

threshold vs nonthreshold

A

radiation level reached before which there would be no effects observed, any radiation dose produces an effect

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35
Q

Current radiation protection guidelines are established using the ___ dose-response relationship model.

A

linear non threshold

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36
Q

High dose effects observed in radiation therapy are demonstrated by the __ dose-response relationship model.

A

sigmoid

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37
Q

the cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in the intestine fall into which of the following cell population categories

A

stem cell population

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38
Q

adult nervous tissue and muscle fall into which cell population category?

A

static population

39
Q

vegetative intermitotic cells- degree of radiosensitivity

A

the most radiation sensitive group cells in the body

40
Q

multi potential connective tissue cells - degree of radiosensitivity

A

intermediate in sensitivity to radiation

41
Q

reverting postmitotic cells- degree of radiosensitivity

A

relatively radio resistant

42
Q

fixed post mitotic cells- degree of radiosensitivity

A

the most radiation resistant group of cells in the body

43
Q

which type of reverting post mitotic cells is differentiated and very radiosensitive

A

mature lymphocyte

44
Q

parenchymal compartment

A

cells characteristic of that tissue/organ

45
Q

stromal compartment

A

connective tissue and vasculature

46
Q

acutely responding tissues

A

manifest their injury within a few months after radiation is completed

47
Q

late responding tissues

A

do not express injury for at least three months or longer

48
Q

t/f neutrons reduce the shoulder and steepen the slope of the cell survival curve

A

true

49
Q

as RBE increases what happens to dose

A

decreases

50
Q

what does reducing the dose rate do to the survival curve

A

more shallow

51
Q

t/f high LET radiations do not show a dose-rate effect

A

true

52
Q

what happens to the survival curve of cells irradiated in oxygen

A

decreased Do dose, a smaller shoulder region, a steeper slop

53
Q

oxygen effect

A

radiosensitizer, the oxygen effect is more pronounced with low LET radiations

54
Q

common radiosensitizers

A

5-IUDR, 5-BUDR, misonidazole

55
Q

quality factor of xrays

A

1

56
Q

quality factor of high energy photons

A

10

57
Q

quality factor of electrons

A

1

58
Q

quality factor of thermal neutrons

A

5

59
Q

quality factor of gamma rays

A

1

60
Q

quality factor fast neutrons

A

20

61
Q

quality factor of alpha particles

A

20

62
Q

the origin of X-rays is the electron shells. what is the origin of gamma radiation

A

nucleus

63
Q

what do gas filled chambers measure

A

rate of ionization and level of ionization

64
Q

TLDs contain lithium fluoride or calcium fluoride crystals. when exposed to ionizing radiation, these crystals store radiant energy when heated. as they are heated the crystals release energy as ___ , which is then measured by a machine.

A

light

65
Q

t/f the ICRP and NCRP have no jurisdiction to enforce recommendations

A

true

66
Q

t/f neutrons are detected by ion chambers and G-M detectors

A

false

67
Q

what is the annual negligible individual dose

A

0.01 mSv/yr

68
Q

know the definition of regeneration and repair

A

replacement of damaged cells in the organ by the same cell type present before radiation, replacement of the depleted original cells

69
Q

what is the SED 50 for humans

A

600 rad (6Gy)

70
Q

when compared to mature non dividing cells, immature dividing cells are damaged after ___ doses of radiation

A

lower

71
Q

what is the appearance of radiation damage influenced by

A

the conditions to which the cell is exposed post-irradiation, pre-irradiation, the biologic stress on the cell

72
Q

what is the average lifetime of an erythrocyte in the circulating blood?

A

120 days

73
Q

regardless of the time after irradiation that an acute effect occurs, the cause is the same depletion of the ___ cells specific to the tissue

A

parenchymal

74
Q

chronic late effects may occur either___

A

as a consequence of irreversible and progressive early changes, due to depletion of critical nonparenchymal cells

75
Q

do primary or secondary effects appear sooner and progress more quickly

A

secondary chronic effects

76
Q

t/f chronic effects can occur years after radiation therapy is completed

A

true

77
Q

pathologically is it possible to distinguish between primary and secondary chronic changes

A

no

78
Q

what represents the ultimate secondary chronic effect

A

necrosis

79
Q

the cells in the circulating blood are resistant to radiation. what is the one exception to this?

A

lymphocytes

80
Q

when irradiated, what type of cells decrease first, second, third…

A

lymphocytes, neutrophils, platelets and RBCs

81
Q

what is the degree of radiosensitivity of the organs in the alimentary canal?

A

esophagus least radiosensitive, stomach intermediate, small intestine most radiosensitive

82
Q

how many Gy will cause temporary sterility in men? permanent sterility for men?

A

2.5 Gy, 5.5 Gy

83
Q

what is considered the most radio resistant system in adults

A

central nervous system

84
Q

in the brain, what type of matter is more radiosensitive

A

white matter

85
Q

radiation protectors vs. sensitizers

A

diminish the response, enhance the response

86
Q

low LET radiation produces ___ separated by long distances

A

sparse ionizations

87
Q

high LET radiation produces ___ separated by short distances

A

dense ionizations

88
Q

cells and tissues whose survival curves have ____ shoulders show large dose rate effects

A

larger

89
Q

A ____ is an ion chamber type survey meter

A

cutie pie

90
Q

if you forget your film badge you should?

A

use a pocket dosimeter

91
Q

in non agreement states both ___ and ___ are responsible for enforcing radiation protection regulations

A

NRC and the state

92
Q

catastrophic and irreversible acute changes heal by

A

repair

93
Q

how many Gy will cause temporary sterility in women? permanent sterility for women?

A

> 6.25 GY

94
Q

in LD 50/30 the 30 refers to what

A

30 days

Rad Bio (3 decks)

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