Test 3 Flashcards
- The spinal dura mater attaches to all the following structures Except:
A. Foramen magnum
*True- The Spinal Dura begins at the foramen Magnum. Spinal Dura at foramen magnum is tightly attached to the inner rim of the foramen.
- The spinal dura mater attaches to all the following structures Except:
B. Ligamentum flavum.
False- From C2 down, Spinal Dura is separated from all the constituents of vertebral canal (Spinal Canal), among them Ligamentum flavum, by the Epidural fat and internal venous plexus.
- The spinal dura mater attaches to all the following structures Except:
C. Axis
*True- The axis is another bony attachment for the Spinal Dura
- The spinal dura mater attaches to all the following structures Except:
D. Coccyx
*True- The Coccyx is the other bony attachment of the Spinal Dura that occurs through the Filum Terminale Interna & the Filum Terminale Externa (Coccygeal Ligament)
- The spinal dura mater attaches to all the following structures Except:
E. Posterior atlantooccipital membrane
*True- Spinal Dura is firmly attached to the Posterior atlantooccipital membrane. This will protect the Spinal Cord from the buckling of the Dura during extension at atlantooccipital joint
- All the following statements describe the Cervical Plexus Except:
A. Its roots are from C1 – C4
True- Cervical Plexus is made by the Ventral Primary Rami of C1- C4 that make the Roots of the plexus
- All the following statements describe the Cervical Plexus Except:
B. Its cutaneous terminals conduct sensation from the occiput to the shoulder.
True- The four major cutaneous branches of Cervical Plexus: Lesser Occipital, Great Auricular, Transverse Cervical & Supraclavicular nerves, they all together conduct sensations between the occiput and the shoulder
- All the following statements describe the Cervical Plexus Except:
C. It innervates the anterior neck muscles
True- Anterior neck muscles located at C1-C4 level such as Longus Colli, Longus Capitis and rectus Capitis Anterior they all innervated by branches off of the roots of the plexus
- All the following statements describe the Cervical Plexus Except:
D. Greater occipital nerve is one of its terminals.
False- Greater Occipital nerve is the C2 dorsal ramus and it does not belong to the Cervical Plexus
- All the following statements describe the Cervical Plexus Except:
E. C1 makes the upper root of its Ansa Cervicalis
True- The Ansa Cervicalis of Cervical Plexus is made of the upper root (C1) and the lower root (C2-C3)
- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at:
A. L4 – S3 cord level
False- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at L1-S3 cord level
- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at:
B. T11 – L1 vertebral level
True- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the
spinal cord is located at T11-L1 vertebral level
- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at:
C. C. L2 – L5 cord level
False- As stated above, the Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at L1-S3 cord level
- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at:
D. L1 – S3 vertebral level
False- As stated above, the Lumbosacral
enlargement of the spinal cord is located at T11-L1 vertebral level
- The Lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord is located at:
E. T12 – L4 cord level
False- As stated above, the Lumbosacral
enlargement of the spinal cord is located at L1-S3 cord level
- The lowest disc level that most likely can affect the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus is?
L1
False- L1 disc when protruded can affect L2 through Co (the only one Coccygeal spinal nerve). Since Lumbar Plexus is basically made of L1-L4 roots; therefore, L2, L3 & L4 roots of Lumbar plexus are most likely to be affected by L1 disc.
- The lowest disc level that most likely can affect the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus is?
L2
False- L2 disc when protruded can affect L3-Co. Since Lumbar
Plexus is basically made of L1-L4 roots; therefore, L3 & L4 roots of Lumbar plexus are most likely to be affected by L2 disc
- The lowest disc level that most likely can affect the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus is?
L3
True- L3 disc when protruded can affect L4-Co. Since Lumbar
Plexus is basically made of L1-L4 roots, therefore, L4 root which is the lowest root of Lumbar plexus most likely to be affected by L3 disc
- The lowest disc level that most likely can affect the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus is?
L4
False- L4 disc when protruded can affect L5-Co. Since Lumbar
Plexus is basically made of L1-L4 roots; therefore, L4 disc protrusion will not have any affect on the roots of Lumbar plexus
- The lowest disc level that most likely can affect the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus is?
L5
False- L5 disc when protruded can affect S1-Co. Since Lumbar
Plexus is basically made of L1-L4 roots; therefore, L5 disc protrusion will not have any affect on the roots of Lumbar plexus
Please note: The roots of Lumbar Plexus as they emerge out of the vertebral canal through the IVFs, pass above the corresponding IV discs. Therefore, if any of the lumbar discs undergoes degeneration and is protruded, the root of Lumbar Plexus associated with that level would be safe.
for Question 4
- In which Rexed laminae are the somatic lower motor neurons located?
A. Laminae VI and VII
False- The neurons in both laminae VI & VII are
among the Interneurons (neurons located in between the input and output neurons)
- In which Rexed laminae are the somatic lower motor neurons located?
B. Lamina VIII only
False- The neurons in this lamina are also act as Interneurons
- In which Rexed laminae are the somatic lower motor neurons located?
C. Laminae VII and X
False- The neurons in these two laminae are also act as Interneurons
- In which Rexed laminae are the somatic lower motor neurons located?
D. Lamina VII only
False- As mentioned above, the neurons in lamina VII Are mostly among the Interneurons. You may realize that at the most lateral tips of lamina VII, which is called Lateral Intermediate Horn, at T1-L2/L3 cord level the Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons are located. At S2-S4 cord level the Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons are located
- In which Rexed laminae are the somatic lower motor neurons located?
E. Lamina IX only
True- The larger neurons of lamina IX are the lower motor neurons that project out through the ventral rootlets – ventral roots – spinal nerves – dorsal and ventral rami toward the skeletal muscles of the body
- Where are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons for the radiating muscles of the iris located?
A. Ciliary ganglion
False- The Ciliary Ganglion contains the
Postganglionic Parasympathetic neurons for both the Ciliary muscles of the lens, and the Circular muscles of the iris
- Where are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons for the radiating muscles of the iris located?
B. Pterygopalatine ganglion
False- The Pterygopalatine Ganglion contains
the postganglionic Parasympathetic neurons for the Lacrimal gland as well as Nasal and palatine glands
- Where are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons for the radiating muscles of the iris located?
C. Otic ganglion
False- Otic Ganglion contains the postganglionic Parasympathetic neurons for the Parotid gland
- Where are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons for the radiating muscles of the iris located?
D. Superior cervical ganglion
True- Superior Cervical Ganglion
contains the Postganglionic Sympathetic neurons for the Radiating
muscles of the iris and more.
- Where are the postganglionic sympathetic neurons for the radiating muscles of the iris located?
E. Stellate ganglion
False- The Stellate Ganglion contains The
Postganglionic Sympathetic neurons. The Sympathetic Postganglionic fibers besides innervating the Heart, they also travel along with C7, C8, and T1 spinal nerves to innervate the blood vessels along with Erector Pile muscles of corresponding regions
- The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Lacrimal nerve are located in:
A. Pterygopalatine ganglion in pterygopalatine fossa
True- As stated above, the Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of Lacrimal nerve are located in Pterygopalatine Ganglion in the Pterygopalatine fossa
- The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Lacrimal nerve are located in:
B. Inferior salivatory nucleus in the medulla
False- The Inferior Salivatory Nucleus is where the Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons of cranial nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) are located. These neurons synapse with the Postganglionic neurons in Otic ganglion
- The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Lacrimal nerve are located in:
C. Dorsal motor nucleus in the medulla
False- The Dorsal Motor Nucleus is the location for the Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons of cranial nerve X (Vagus Nerve). The fibers of these neurons travels with the Vagus to reach the postganglionic neurons located at their target areas which are the lungs, stomach, small intestines, and two segments of the large intestines
- The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Lacrimal nerve are located in:
D. Superior salivatory nucleus in the pons
False- The Superior Salivatory Nucleus of the Pons is the location for the reganglionic Parasympathetic neurons of cranial nerve VII (Facial Nerve). The fibers of these neurons travel through different nerves to reach the Postganglionic Parasympathetic neurons in Pterygopalatine and Submandibular Ganglions
- The postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Lacrimal nerve are located in:
E. Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the midbrain
False- The Edinger-Westphal Nucleus is the location of the Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons of cranial nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve). The fibers of these neurons synapse with Postganglionic neurons in Ciliary Ganglion
- Sweat glands and hair follicles are innervated by the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
True
False- The Sweat Glands and Hair Follicles are innervated by the Postganglionic Sympathetic (Not Parasympathetic) fibers
- Sweat glands and hair follicles are innervated by the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
False
It is false, because as stated above, it is the Sympathetic division of the Autonomic nervous System innervates the Hair Follicles and Sweat Glands
- At any given moment, there is about 125 ml of cerebrospinal fluid located in:
A. Lateral ventricles and subdural space
False- The above mentioned amount of Cerebrospinal fluid is not limited to the Lateral ventricles, and is not found in subdural space
- At any given moment, there is about 125 ml of cerebrospinal fluid located in:
B. All ventricles and subarachnoid space
True- The 125ml of Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all four ventricles and the Subarachnoid space
- At any given moment, there is about 125 ml of cerebrospinal fluid located in:
C. All ventricles and epidural space
False- The above mentioned amount of Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all four ventricles, but not found in Epidural space
- At any given moment, there is about 125 ml of cerebrospinal fluid located in:
D. 3rd and 4th ventricles and extradural space
False- The above mentioned amount of Cerebrospinal fluid is not limited to the 3rd and 4th ventricles, and is not found in Extradural space
- All of the following are characteristics of Oculomotor nerve lesion except
A. Dilation of the pupil
True- In Oculomotor nerve lesion, the
Parasympathetic fibers that innervate the constrictor muscles of the iris would also be affected. Therefore, the radiating muscles of the iris would not be opposed by the constrictor muscles any more, and result in Dilation of the pupil
- All of the following are characteristics of Oculomotor nerve lesion except
B. Ptosis
True- In Oculomotor nerve lesion, the Levator Palpebrae Superioris muscle, which is also innervated by this nerve, would be paralyzed and no longer can lift the upper eyelid up, therefore, the eyelid would be dropped (Ptosis)
- All of the following are characteristics of Oculomotor nerve lesion except
C. Miosis
False- Miosis which is the Constriction of the Pupil is not a consequence of Oculomotor nerve lesion, but rather is a result of Sympathetic nerve lesion. As you know that the Radiating muscles of the iris are innervated by the Postganglionic nerve fibers from the Superior Cervical Ganglion. In Miosis, the Constrictor muscles of the iris which are innervated by the Parasympathetic portion of the Oculomotor nerve, are unopposed by the paralyzed Radiating muscles of the iris. Therefore, the Pupil will be reduced in diameter (Miosis)
- All of the following are characteristics of Oculomotor nerve lesion except
D. Lateral deviation of the eye
True- In Oculomotor nerve lesion, a total of
Five muscles of the eye would be paralyzed. Four of the external eye muscles can move the eye superiorly, inferiorly and medially toward the nose but not laterally. Since the only muscle that can move the eye laterally is innervated by cranial nerve VI, therefore, when the Oculomotor nerve is not there, the Lateral Rectus muscle of the eye would not be opposed by the Medial Rectus and that would result in lateral deviation of the eye
- All of the following are characteristics of Oculomotor nerve lesion except
E. Paralysis of ciliary muscles
True- In Oculomotor nerve lesion, the
Parasympathetic fibers which innervate the ciliary muscles of the Lens would also be affected. Therefore, the Lens would not be able to accommodate for near object vision
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when rotating the head to the left with the body in its anatomical position?
A. +ӨY
True- This symbol indicates the rotation of the head toward the left
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when rotating the head to the left with the body in its anatomical position?
B. –ӨX
False- This symbol indicates hyperextension of the Spine backward
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when rotating the head to the left with the body in its anatomical position?
C. +ӨZ
False- This indicates bending the Spine to the right
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when rotating the head to the left with the body in its anatomical position?
D. –ӨY
False- This symbol indicates the rotation of the head toward the right
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when rotating the head to the left with the body in its anatomical position?
E. +ӨX
False- This symbol indicates flexing the Spine foreword
Note: In order to find the correct transitional movement all you need is to look toward the positive direction of each of the 3 axes (in this case which is the Y-axis). Then if the movement is clockwise is +ӨY or counterclockwise is -ӨY. Therefore, when rotating the head toward the left, it considered as clockwise rotation along the Y-axis and that is +ӨY
question 11
- All of the following autonomic ganglia are located either on both sides of the vertebral column or just in front of it Except:
A. Otic ganglion
The Otic Ganglion is among those autonomic ganglia which are not located on either side of the vertebral column or in front of it. This Parasympathetic ganglion is located in the infratemporal fossa on the medial side of Mandibular division of the Trigeminal nerve
- All of the following autonomic ganglia are located either on both sides of the vertebral column or just in front of it Except:
B. Superior cervical ganglion
True- Superior Cervical Ganglia (2) are the
highest Sympathetic ganglia which are located on both sides of the upper cervical vertebrae
- All of the following autonomic ganglia are located either on both sides of the vertebral column or just in front of it Except:
C. Celiac ganglion
True- Celiac Ganglia are located around the Celiac Artery/Trunk (a major branch off of the abdominal aorta) located in front of the vertebral column
- All of the following autonomic ganglia are located either on both sides of the vertebral column or just in front of it Except:
D. Superior mesenteric ganglion
True- Superior Mesenteric Ganglia are
located around the Superior Mesenteric Artery (another major branch off of the abdominal aorta), located in front of the vertebral column
- All of the following autonomic ganglia are located either on both sides of the vertebral column or just in front of it Except:
E. Stellate ganglion
True- The Stellate Ganglia (one on each side of the Vertebral column, located at the base of the Neck) are made of the inferior Sympathetic Cervical ganglia that merge with the first Thoracic Sympathetic ganglia
- Vertebral arteries and their union in front of the Pons, the Basilar artery, along with their branches supply all the following neuronal structures Except
A. Spinal cord
A. True- As the Vertebral arteries pass through the posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane and enter the dural sac, they give origin to three spinal arteries to supply the spinal cord
- Vertebral arteries and their union in front of the Pons, the Basilar artery, along with their branches supply all the following neuronal structures Except
B. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
True- Branches of the Basilar artery supply
the Midbrain and the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is located in the upper half of this part of the brain stem
- Vertebral arteries and their union in front of the Pons, the Basilar artery, along with their branches supply all the following neuronal structures Except
C. Submandibular ganglion
False- Submandibular Ganglion is located
in the floor of the mouth. Therefore, it is out of the reach of Vertebral arteries and its branches
- Vertebral arteries and their union in front of the Pons, the Basilar artery, along with their branches supply all the following neuronal structures Except
D. Facial nucleus
True- Branches of the Basilar artery also supply the Pons and the Facial nucleus is located in the lower half of this part of the brainstem
- Vertebral arteries and their union in front of the Pons, the Basilar artery, along with their branches supply all the following neuronal structures Except
E. Visual cortex
True- Basilar artery which is made of the union of the two Vertebral arteries at the base of the pons, terminates into its two Posterior Cerebral Arteries. These two arteries are the main suppliers of the Visual Cortex besides other areas of the brain
- The anterior divisions of ———- and posterior divisions of ——— together form the largest nerve, “Sciatic”, in the body
A. L1 - L4 and L1 – S2
False- There are No such Anterior or Posterior
Divisions that make any known nerve in the body
- The anterior divisions of ———- and posterior divisions of ——— together form the largest nerve, “Sciatic”, in the body
B. L1 - S4 and L2 – S2
False- There are No such Anterior or Posterior
Divisions that make any known nerve in the body
- The anterior divisions of ———- and posterior divisions of ——— together form the largest nerve, “Sciatic”, in the body
C. L4 - S2 and L4 – S3
False- There are No such Anterior or posterior Divisions that make any known nerve in the body. However, as you see in answer E, L4 – S3 Anterior divisions along with L4 – S2 Posterior divisions together they make the largest known nerve in the body
- The anterior divisions of ———- and posterior divisions of ——— together form the largest nerve, “Sciatic”, in the body
D. L5 - S4 and L4 – S3
False- There are No such Anterior or Posterior
Divisions that make any known nerve in the body
- The anterior divisions of ———- and posterior divisions of ——— together form the largest nerve, “Sciatic”, in the body
E. L4 - S3 and L4 – S2
It is the L4 –S3 Anterior divisions (Tibial Nerve) along with L4 – S2 Posterior divisions (Common Peroneal/Fibular Nerve) that making the Sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body and is located in the posterior thigh compartment
- The Spinothalamic tract:
A. Is a fasciculus that communicates between adjacent spinal segments
False- The Fasciculus that communicates between adjacent spinal segments is called Propriospinal Tract/Fasciculus
- The Spinothalamic tract:
B. Is a fasciculus that conducts propreioception from muscles and joints
False- The Fasciculi that conduct proprioception from muscles and joints are several in number, and at each location have different names. For example, Fasciculus Gracilis, Fasciculus Cuneatus, Anterior & Posterior Spinocerebellar Tracts/Fasciculi, Medial lemniscus and more all conduct either conscious or unconscious proprioception from muscles and joints
- The Spinothalamic tract:
C. Is a fasciculus that is located all around the gray matter
False- This is the Fasciculus that discussed in A. The Fasciculus that communicates between adjacent spinal segments, the Propriospinal Tract/Fasciculus is the one located all around the gray matter of the Spinal Cord
- The Spinothalamic tract:
D. Is a fasciculus that conducts pain among other sensations from the Skin
True- The Spinothalamic Tract which is part of the Anterolateral System of the White Mater is the Fasciculus that conducts Pain, Temperature and touch to the Thalamus
- The following neuronal structures are derivatives of neural tube Except:
A. Alar plate
True- This primordium of dorsal horn of the spinal cord is a derivative of the neural tube
- The following neuronal structures are derivatives of neural tube Except:
B. Sympathetic chain ganglia
False- Sympathetic Chain Ganglia are derivatives of the Neural Crest Cells
- The following neuronal structures are derivatives of neural tube Except:
C. Ventral rootlets
True- Ventral Rootlets are the axons of the Lower Motor Neurons located in lamina IX in ventral horn of the Spinal Gray Matter
- The following neuronal structures are derivatives of neural tube Except:
D. Dorsal rootlets
False- Dorsal rootlets are the axons of the Dorsal Root Ganglia that are derivatives of the Neural Crest Cells
- The cutaneous branches of ………. nerve conducts sensation from the medial 1/3 aspect of the hand
A. Axillary
False- Axillary nerve has a cutaneous branch called Superior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve. This nerve as indicated from its name, conducts sensation from the upper lateral aspect of the arm
- The cutaneous branches of ………. nerve conducts sensation from the medial 1/3 aspect of the hand
B. Radial
False- radial Nerve has three known cutaneous nerves. 1st is the Inferior Lateral Brachial Cutaneous Nerve, that conduct sensation from the lower aspect of the Arm. 2nd is the Posterior Antebrachial cutaneous Nerve that conducts sensation from the dorsal aspect of the forearm. 3rd is the Superficial Radial Nerve, that conducts sensation from the dorsal 2/3 of the Hand and the Digits
- The cutaneous branches of ………. nerve conducts sensation from the medial 1/3 aspect of the hand
C. Ulnar
True- It is the Ulnar Nerve that through its two branches conducts the sensation from the medial 1/3 aspect of the Hand (both sides) and the Digits
- The cutaneous branches of ………. nerve conducts sensation from the medial 1/3 aspect of the hand
D. Median
False- Median Nerve through its several cutaneous branches conducts sensation from the lateral 2/3 aspect of the palmar side of the Hand and the Digits
- The cutaneous branches of ………. nerve conducts sensation from the medial 1/3 aspect of the hand
E. Musculocutaneous
False- Musculocutaneous Nerve has its terminal as the Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve that conducts sensation from the lateral half of the forearm
- Which of the following structures is Not attached to the intervertebral discs?
A. Posterior longitudinal ligament
True- The Posterior longitudinal Ligament does tightly attached to the posterior aspect of the IV discs and to the bodies of the vertebrae
- Which of the following structures is Not attached to the intervertebral discs?
B. Tectorial membrane
False- Since the Tectorial membrane extends between the body of the Axis and the occiput, and there is No IV disc neither between the Atlas and the Axis nor between the Atlas and the Occiput, therefore, Tectorial membrane is not attached to any of the IV discs
- Which of the following structures is Not attached to the intervertebral discs?
C. Anterior longitudinal ligament
True- The Anterior longitudinal Ligament does tightly attached to the anterior aspect of the IV discs and to the bodies of the vertebrae
- Which of the following structures is Not attached to the intervertebral discs?
D. Psoas major muscle
True- Psoas major muscle has one of its point of origin from the IV discs of L1 – L5
- Which of the following structures is Not attached to the intervertebral discs?
E. Radiate ligaments
True- The intermediate (horizontal) part of this ligament that covers the Costocorporeal joint does attach to the IV discs
- The ————ligament extends between the occipital condyles and the dens of the axis
A. Apical ligament
False- The Apical Ligament extends between the apex of the Dens to the anterior aspect of Foramen Magnum
- The ————ligament extends between the occipital condyles and the dens of the axis
B. Cruciate ligament
False- This cross-shaped ligament is made of a horizontal part that extends between the inner aspects of the Lateral Masses of the Atlas (Transverse Ligament). And a vertical part that extends between the body of the Axis and the anterior aspect of the Foramen Magnum (Inferior and Superior Longitudinal Bands)
- The ————ligament extends between the occipital condyles and the dens of the axis
C. Accessory tectorial ligament
False- This ligament extends between the body of the Axis and the inner aspect of the Lateral Masses of the Atlas
- The ————ligament extends between the occipital condyles and the dens of the axis
D. Tectorial membrane
False- Tectorial membrane as mentioned above, extends between the body of the Axis and the anterior aspect of the Occiput
- The ————ligament extends between the occipital condyles and the dens of the axis
E. Alar ligament
True- It is these two strong ligaments that extend between the sides of the Dens and medial aspect of the Occipital Condyles
- One of the criteria in naming the IV discs is referring the IV disc to the vertebra above
True
True- There are two criteria for naming the IV discs: One is referring the IV disc to the vertebra above e.g., T2 IV disc. The second criteria is referring the IV disc to both vertebrae, the one above and the one below e.g., T2 - T3 IV disc which is the same as T2 IV disc above
- One of the criteria in naming the IV discs is referring the IV disc to the vertebra above
False
It is true as mentioned above that one of the criteria in naming the IV disc is referring the IV disc to the Vertebra above
- Which of the following spinal cord level is involved in processing the sensation from the mid-dorsal aspect of the foot?
A. S2
False- If you look at the Dermatomal Chart, you will see that S2 Dermatome (the area of Skin that sensed by the S2 segment of the Spinal Cord) extends as a narrow strip from the medial aspect of the Gluteal region to the dorsolateral aspect of the Foot
- Which of the following spinal cord level is involved in processing the sensation from the mid-dorsal aspect of the foot?
B. S1
False- S1 Dermatome is just lateral to the S2 Dermatome and has the
same distribution as S2
- Which of the following spinal cord level is involved in processing the sensation from the mid-dorsal aspect of the foot?
C. L5
True- It is L5 Dermatome that conduct the sensation from the Middorsal aspect of the Foot
- Which of the following spinal cord level is involved in processing the sensation from the mid-dorsal aspect of the foot?
D. L4
False- L4 Dermatome is at the anteromedial aspect of the Leg from the Knee down to the medial 1/3 aspect of the Foot
- Which of the following spinal cord level is involved in processing the sensation from the mid-dorsal aspect of the foot?
E. L3.
False- L3 Dermatome is a narrow strip extends from the dorsolateral aspect of the Gluteal region to the inferomedial aspect of the Thigh
- Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true
A. The boundaries of the suboccipital triangle are formed by the obliquus capitis inferior, obliquus capitis superior and the rectus capitis posterior major muscles
True- The above three muscles of the suboccipital region are making the boundaries of the suboccipital triangle
- Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true
B. The vertebral artery emerges from the transverse foramen of the atlas, and winds medially, deep within the suboccipital triangle
True- This statement with regard to the vertebral artery position in the suboccipital region is also true
- Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true
C. The Greater Occipital nerve emerges inferior to the obliquus capitis inferior, then reaches the scalp after coursing through and innervating the semispinalis capitis and trapezius muscles
False- The above paragraph concerning the course and target innervation of Greater Occipital Nerve (C2 dorsal ramus) is entirely true Except at the end of the statement. Although the Greater Occipital Nerve passes through the Trapezius to reach the scalp for cutaneous innervation however, it does not innervate this muscle. And because of this point, answer C is the Not true one
- Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true
D. Of the four suboccipital muscles, the rectus capitis posterior minor inserts most medially on the skull
True-It is true that the rectus capitis posterior minor is not only the smallest muscle of the region, but also is the most medially located muscle
- Which of the following statements about the suboccipital region is Not true
E. The obliquus capitis inferior muscle arises from the spinous process of C2
and inserts on the transverse process of the atlas
True- As stated above the Obliquus Capitis Inferior muscle takes origin from the spinous process of the Axis and inserts on the TP of the Atlas. As you should know, this muscle makes the inferior border of the suboccipital triangle (Chiropractically the most critical region of concern).
- The anulus fibrosus component of the IV disc:
A. Is highly elastic and more cartilaginous than fibrous
False- The Annulus Fibrosis besides the Cartilage is highly made of collagen fibers rather than elastic fibers
- The anulus fibrosus component of the IV disc:
B. Its fibers are tightly attached to the epiphyseal rings of the vertebrae
True- The peripheral aspect of the Annulus Fibrosis is tightly attached to the Epiphyseal rings and periosteum of the vertebral bodies via Sharpey’s fibers
- The anulus fibrosus component of the IV disc:
C. Is a remnant of the notochord
False- The Annulus Fibrosis part of the IV disc takes origin from the Sclerotome
- The anulus fibrosus component of the IV disc:
D. Is 70 – 90% water
False- This amount of Water is a characteristic of the healthy Nucleus Pulposus. The Annulus Fibrosis however, contains 60-70% Water
- In subdural hemorrhage, the clinician should expect more RBC’s in the CSF
True
False- Since the CSF is located in the Subarachnoid space besides
the ventricles, therefore, in Subdural hemorrhage, the CSF is not going to
have RBC’s in it. In other ward, in this case, the CSF is normal
- In subdural hemorrhage, the clinician should expect more RBC’s in the CSF
False
It is false. As stated above, the CSF in this case is normal.
- Which of the following terminal branches innervates the muscles of the hand that used for writing?
A. Radial nerve
False- Radial Nerve does not innervate any muscle of the hand that used in grabbing an object like a pencil. Radial Nerve however, innervates muscles of the forearm that are used to release the grabbed objects by the digits
- Which of the following terminal branches innervates the muscles of the hand that used for writing?
B. Ulnar nerve
False- Although Ulnar Nerve innervates the majority of (14 of total 19) muscles of the hand, however, its role in holding a pencil between the thumb and the index & middle fingers is very minimal
- Which of the following terminal branches innervates the muscles of the hand that used for writing?
C. Median nerve
True- It is the Median Nerve that innervates the majority of the muscles involved in grabbing the pencil in writing. You may have seen these muscles along with their nerves and more in Gross lab.
- Which of the following terminal branches innervates the muscles of the hand that used for writing?
D. Musculocutaneous nerve
False- Since the Musculocutaneous Nerve does not reach the hand at all, therefore, it has no role in writing. It does however, innervates the three muscles of the anterior compartment of the Arm that are used in flexing the arm at Shoulder joint and flexing & Supinating the Forearm at the Elbow joint
- Nerves that have their origin from …………… spinal segments innervate the majority of shoulder girdle muscles
A. C4 & C6
False- Since the majority of the Shoulder Girdle muscles are derived from C5 & C6 Somites, therefore, as you can expect that C5 & C6 should innervate these muscles. Although the nerves of adjacent spinal segments considerably overlap with each other, and the common variation for the Brachial plexus to have some of C4 fibers added to C5, only one or two of the Shoulder Girdle muscle may also receive innervation from C4
- Nerves that have their origin from …………… spinal segments innervate the majority of shoulder girdle muscles
B. C5 & C7
False- Although C7 is one of the main contributor of the brachial Plexus, however, Since the majority of the Shoulder Girdle muscles are derived from C5 & C6 Somites, therefore, as you can expect that C5 & C6 should innervate these muscles
- Nerves that have their origin from …………… spinal segments innervate the majority of shoulder girdle muscles
C. C3 & C4
False- Both of these spinal cord segments belong to the Cervical Plexus. Shoulder Girdle muscles are innervated by Brachial plexus components
- Nerves that have their origin from …………… spinal segments innervate the majority of shoulder girdle muscles
D. C7 & C8
False- Each of these segments has a little contribution in their innervation of the Shoulder Girdle muscles
- Nerves that have their origin from …………… spinal segments innervate the majority of shoulder girdle muscles
E. C5 & C6
True- Almost all Shoulder Girdle muscles receive their innervation from these two spinal cord segments and at this point you should know why?
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm
A. Spinal meninges
True- In general Spinal Meninges (Dura, Arachnoid, and Pia mater) are all derivatives of the Mesoderm. However, the Pia and Arachnoid part of the Meninges have some contribution from the Neural Crest Cells in their constituents
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm
B. All muscles of the back
True- All muscles of the back are also derivative of the Mesodermal layer of the Embryo. I wonder if you remember that Paraxial mesoderm becomes the Somites, and the Somites break into 3 parts: Sclerotome, Myotome and the Dermatome. The Myotome breaks into Epaxial and Hypaxial parts. The Epaxial gives origin to the deep Back muscles, and the Hypaxial gives origin to the other two groups, the Intermediate and the Superficial muscles of the Back
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm
C. The atlas and the axis
True- The Atlas and the Axis also are derivatives of the mesoderm. It is the Sclerotomal part of the Somite that gives origin to all vertebrae including the Atlas and the Axis
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm
D. Spinal nerves
False- As you already know that the Spinal nerves are made of the union of the Ventral & Dorsal Roots. The Ventral Roots
- The ———– muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami
A. Transversospinalis
False- This group of deep back muscle is a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the local Dorsal Primary Rami
- The ———– muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami
B. Interspinalis
False- This group of deep back muscle is also a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the local Dorsal Primary Rami
- The ———– muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami
C. Spinotransversalis
False- This group of deep back muscle is also a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the local Dorsal Primary Rami
- The ———– muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami
D. Superficial back
True- This group of Superficial Back muscle is a derivative of the Hypaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the Ventral Primary Rami
- The ———– muscle group is innervated by Ventral Primary Rami
E. Sacrospinalis
False- This group of deep back muscle is also a derivative of the Epaxial part of the Myotome. Therefore, is innervated by the local Dorsal Primary Rami
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia?
A. Rostral part of neural tube and neural crest cells
False- The rostral part of neural tube will develop into the Brain (not the Spinal Cord). However, Neural Crest Cells will give origin to the Autonomic Ganglia beside other things
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia?
B. Caudal part of neural tube and Sclerotomal cells
False- Although it is true that the caudal part of the neural tube will become the Spinal Cord, however, Sclerotomal Cells will give origin to the Vertebrae and IV discs
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia?
C. Rostral part neural tube and Myotomal cells
False- *The rostral part of neural tube will develop into the Brain (not the Spinal Cord), and Myotomal Cells will give origin to the Muscles of the Spine and beyond
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia?
D. Central part neural tube and dermatomal cells
False- Although it is true that the central part of the neural tube will become part of the Spinal Cord, however, Dermatomal Cells will give origin to the Dermis of the Skin
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia?
E. Caudal part of neural tube and neural crest cells
True- It is roughly the caudal ¾ of the neural tube that will become the Spinal Cord. And the Neural Crest Cells will give origin to the Autonomic Ganglia as well as Somatic Ganglia and other structures
- Which of the following motion unit has an unconvertebral joint?
A. S2-S3
False- There is no such uncovertebral joint associated with sacral segments
- Which of the following motion unit has an unconvertebral joint?
B. C1-C2
False- Although the uncovertebral joints are unique to the bodies of cervical spine, however, since the atlas lacks a body, therefore, this joint is not existing between C1-C2
- Which of the following motion unit has an unconvertebral joint?
C. C6-C7
True- The Uncovertebral joints (joints of Louchka) are formed between the uncinate processes of lower vertebra and the uncinate fossa of the upper vertebra. They are located on both sides of Cervical Vertebral bodies of C2 down to C7
- Which of the following motion unit has an unconvertebral joint?
D. T2-T3
False- There is no such uncovertebral joint associated with thoracic vertebrae. However, in most cases, T1 makes an Uncovertebral joint with C7
- Which of the following motion unit has an unconvertebral joint?
E. L2-L3
False- There is no such uncovertebral joint associated with lumbar vertebrae
- The interventricular opening between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain is known as:
A. Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius
True- The 3rd and 4th Ventricles are connected through a tunnel that extends between the caudal end of the 3rd ventricle to the rostral aspect of the 4th ventricle. The Aqueduct of Sylvius is also known as the Cerebral Aqueduct
- The interventricular opening between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain is known as:
B. Aperture/foramen of Luschka
False- The Aperture or Foramen of
Luschka are two foramens located midway on each side of the 4th ventricle. These two foramen along with foramen of Magendie conduct CSF from the 4th ventricle to the Subarachnoid spaces and Cisternae around the Brain and Spinal Cord
- The interventricular opening between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain is known as:
C. Foramen of Monroe
False- The two Foramen of Monroe are located between each Lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle
- The interventricular opening between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain is known as:
D. Foramen of Magendie
False- This single foramen is located at the
caudal end of the 4th ventricle, at the mid line underneath the Cerebellum. Along with above two foramen of Luschka, conducts CSF from the 4th ventricle to the Subarachnoid spaces and Cisternae around the Brain and Spinal Cord
- The most common site of spinal cord termination is at:
A. L1 disc as the filum terminale externa
False- Although the common site
of Spinal Cord termination is at L1 disc, however, Not as the filum terminale Externa, but rather as the Conus Medullaris or the beginning of the filum terminale Interna
- The most common site of spinal cord termination is at:
B. L1 disc as the conus medullaris
True- The Spinal Cord usually tapers down and terminates as the Conus Medullaris at L1 disc
- The most common site of spinal cord termination is at:
C. L2 disc as the cauda equina
False- Spinal Cord termination at L2 disc is
not common. However, the Cauda Equina begins at the Conus Medullaris
- The most common site of spinal cord termination is at:
D. S2 as the coccygeal ligament
False- The Spinal Cord of a 6 months old
Fetus usually terminates at S2 level. The Coccygeal ligament however, extends between S2 segment to the Coccyx
- The most common site of spinal cord termination is at:
L2 disc as the conus medullaris
False- Spinal Cord termination at L2 disc is not common. However, the Spinal Cord terminates as the Conus Medullaris
- It is very well known that the Heart is regulated by the Autonomic Nervous System. The preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that regulate the cardiac muscles are respectively located in:
A. Lateral horn of mid thoracic level and midbrain
False- Neither the Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons of mid thoracic level of the Spinal Cord nor the Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons of the midbrain ever reaching the Heart
- It is very well known that the Heart is regulated by the Autonomic Nervous System. The preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that regulate the cardiac muscles are respectively located in:
B. Lateral horn of upper thoracic and medulla oblongata
True- All the Preganglionic Sympathetic neurons that influence the Postganglionic Sympathetic neurons of the heart are located in the upper 4-5 Thoracic level of the Spinal Cord. The Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons that influence the Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Heart are located in the Medulla Oblongata
- It is very well known that the Heart is regulated by the Autonomic Nervous System. The preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that regulate the cardiac muscles are respectively located in:
C. Sympathetic chain ganglion and superior cervical ganglia
False- Both of these locations, the Sympathetic Chain and the Superior Cervical Ganglion are where the Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons are located
- It is very well known that the Heart is regulated by the Autonomic Nervous System. The preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that regulate the cardiac muscles are respectively located in:
D. Sympathetic chain ganglion and medulla oblongata
False- As stated
above, the Sympathetic Chain is where the Postganglionic Sympathetic neurons are located. However, the Preganglionic Parasympathetic neurons that influence the Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the Heart are located in the Medulla Oblongata. In order to have an answer correct, all of the given information in an answer have to be correct, as we see it in answer B
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary):
A. Supplies the spinal cord along with vital neuronal elements of the CNS
True- Vertebral artery not only supplies the spinal cord but also along with its forming of the Basilar artery and all of their branches, supply the vital neuronal elements of CNS. The vital neuronal elements are located in the Brain Stem; these are the nuclei that control the Heart and the Lungs; as well as the nuclei for 10 of the 12 cranial nerves. The terminal branches of the Basilar artery, which in turn is made by the two vertebral arteries also mainly, supply visual cortex
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary):
B. In the suboccipital region is located between dorsal arch of atlas and lamina of the axis
False- In the suboccipital region, Vertebral artery Is located between the occiput and dorsal arch of the atlas
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary):
C. Along with sympathetic nerve fibers travels through all the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra except C6
False- Vertebral artery travels through all transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae except C7.
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary):
D. In the suboccipital region, winds behind the Atlanto-occipital joint then pass through the posterior Atlanto-axial membrane into the cranial cavity
False- Although vertebral artery in the suboccipital region winds behind the Atlanto-occipital joint, however it would then pass through the Atlanto-occipital membrane to get into the cranial cavity but Not through the Atlanto-axial membrane
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period:
A. Neural tube and neural crest, neural groove and folds, neural plate, neuroectoderm
False- The sequence of events in this answer is wrong
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period:
B. Neuroectoderm, neural tube and crest, neural groove and folds, neural plate
False- The sequence of events in this answer is also wrong
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period:
C. Neural groove and folds, neural plate, neuroectoderm, neural tube and neural crest
False- The sequence of events in this answer is also wrong
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period:
D. Neuroectoderm, neural plate, neural groove and folds, neural tube and neural crest
True- This is the right sequence of changes in the Neuroectoderm toward the formation of the neural tube and neural crest cells
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period:
E. Neuroectoderm, neural groove, neural plate, neural folds, neural tube and neural crest
False- The sequence of events in this answer is wrong too
- The terminal branches of Lumbar plexus are mainly innervating the skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments of the Leg
True
False- Some of the terminal nerves of Lumbar Plexus innervate the muscles of the Anterior & medial thigh compartments. And some others are cutaneous for the skin of the Thigh (lateral to medial aspect of it), and the skin of the anteromedial aspect of the Leg as well as the dorsomedial aspect of the Foot
- The terminal branches of Lumbar plexus are mainly innervating the skin and muscles of the anterior and lateral compartments of the Leg
False
This is the right selection for the above question which is False, because the right answer is as mentioned above in A
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is characterized by neuronal elements being incorporated in the wall of the dorsally protruded cyst-like sac?
A. Spina bifida with meningocele
False- In this case although there is a dorsally protruded cyst-like sac (meningocele), however, neuronal elements are not incorporated in the wall of the sac
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is characterized by neuronal elements being incorporated in the wall of the dorsally protruded cyst-like sac?
B. Spina bifida with myeloschisis
False- In this case of Vertebral and CNS congenital abnormality, the neural tube for some reasons fails to fuse and remains open to the environment (myeloschisis) at the defected vertebral site
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is characterized by neuronal elements being incorporated in the wall of the dorsally protruded cyst-like sac?
C. Spina bifida occulta
False- In this type of abnormality, only the posterior aspect of the neural arch fails to fuse (Occulta), with usually no neurologic symptoms
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is characterized by neuronal elements being incorporated in the wall of the dorsally protruded cyst-like sac?
D. Spina bifida with meningomyelocele
True- In this type of spina bifida (meningomyelocele) you would find a dorsally protruded sac with elements of the spinal cord are incorporated in it
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is characterized by neuronal elements being incorporated in the wall of the dorsally protruded cyst-like sac?
E. Spina bifida aper’ta
False- The term aper’ta is AKA for cystica
- The Sagittal plane is made of which of the following two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system?
A. X, Z
False- These two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system indicate the horizontal plane
- The Sagittal plane is made of which of the following two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system?
B. -Y, X
False- These two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system (without the negative sign, and being put in order of X, Y) indicate the Frontal plane
- The Sagittal plane is made of which of the following two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system?
C. X, Y
False- These two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system indicate the Frontal plane
- The Sagittal plane is made of which of the following two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system?
D. +Z, X
False- These two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system (without the positive sign and being put in order of X, Z) indicate the Horizontal plane
- The Sagittal plane is made of which of the following two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system?
E. Y, Z
True- These two axes of the Cartesian coordinate system indicate the Sagittal plane
- All of the following nerves contain a mix of both somatic and autonomic nerve fiber components Except
A. Great auricular nerve
True- As you should know, that all Somatic
nerves of the body (muscular, cutaneous or mixed) contain either Sympathetic Postganglionic fibers (the majority of the nerves), or Pre/postganglionic Parasympathetic fibers (some cranial nerves) that travel with them to reach their targets. Therefore, Great auricular nerve is among the somatic cutaneous nerves that also contains some of the Postganglionic Sympathetic fibers in its branches
- All of the following nerves contain a mix of both somatic and autonomic nerve fiber components Except
B. Greater splanchnic nerve
False- As you should know that all
Splanchnic nerves of the viscera are pure Autonomic nerves. They are either Preganglionic Sympathetic nerves such as the Greater, lesser & least thoracic Splanchnic nerves, lumbar Splanchnic, and sacral Splanchnic, or the Preganglionic Parasympathetic nerves such as the pelvic Splanchnic nerves
- All of the following nerves contain a mix of both somatic and autonomic nerve fiber components Except
C. Subcostal nerve
True- Subcostal nerve is among the somatic mixed nerve that also contains Sympathetic postganglionic fibers in its branches.
- All of the following nerves contain a mix of both somatic and autonomic nerve fiber components Except
D. Genitofemoral nerve
True- Genitofemoral nerve is also among the somatic mixed nerve that also contains Sympathetic postganglionic fibers in its branches
- All of the following nerves contain a mix of both somatic and autonomic nerve fiber components Except
E. Tibial nerve
True- Tibial nerve is also among the somatic mixed nerve that also contains Sympathetic postganglionic fibers in its branches
- The cord level are involved with ankle jerk reflex
A. S2 - S3
False- These two spinal segments are not involved with the Ankle jerk reflex or any other known reflexes
- The cord level are involved with ankle jerk reflex
B. L4 - S1
False- The L4, L5, S1 segments are also not involved in any known reflexes
- The cord level are involved with ankle jerk reflex
C. S1 - S2
True- These two spinal segments are involved in the well known Ankle Jerk Reflex. As you will learn that Achillis/Calcaneal Tendon of the Triceps Sura is innervated by S1-S2 spinal segments. Therefore, tapping on that tendon you are testing the S1-S2 levels of the spinal cord
- The cord level are involved with ankle jerk reflex
D. L2 – L4
False- The L2, L3, L4 segments are involved in the Knee Jerk Reflex. As you will learn that Patellar tendon or ligament both are associated with the Quadriceps muscle and innervated by the L2, L3, & L4 spinal segments
