Test 1 Flashcards
All the following can be the function of the Spine Except: A. Supports the body weight
True
All the following can be the function of the Spine Except: B. Provides a flexible axis for the body and a pivot for the head
True
All the following can be the function of the Spine Except:C. Protects the brain and cranial nerves
*False- Vertebral column protects the Spinal Cord, Dorsal Root Ganglia, and Spinal nerves. The Cranium however, protects the brain and cranial nerves
All the following can be the function of the Spine Except:D. Plays an important role in posture and movements
True
All the following can be the function of the Spine Except: Supports the head
True
The kyphotic curves in thoracic and sacral spines are primary curves because they develop in postnatal life:
B. False. *The reason that make the above statement False is that the Kyphotic curvatures develop during prenatal life and not postnatal
The kyphotic curves in thoracic and sacral spines are primary curves because they develop in postnatal life: True or false
Fasle The reason that make the above statement false is that the kyphotic curvatures develop during prenatal life and not post.
1The posterior border of a cervical intervertebral foramina is made of: A.Inferior pedicle notch of the vertebra above
*False- This makes the superior border of the corresponding IVF
- The posterior border of a cervical intervertebral foramina is made of: B. Uncinate process of lower vertebra and associated fossa
False- The uncinate processes making the Uncovertebral joints between the bodies of C2-C7 laterally on both sides
- The posterior border of a cervical intervertebral foramina is made of: C. Superior pedicle notch of the vertebra below
*False- This makes the inferior border of the corresponding IVF
- The posterior border of a cervical intervertebral foramina is made of:D. The Z joint capsules and associated articular pillar
True- The posterior border of all IVFs (cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions) is made of the Z joint capsules along with local articular processes. In the cervical region, the articular processes together forming the articular pillar
- The facets of the inferior articular processes of a typical Lumbar vertebra are oriented to: A. Anteromedially
False- This is the direction of the inferior articular facets of the typical thoracic vertebrae
- The facets of the inferior articular processes of a typical Lumbar vertebra are oriented to: B. Anterosuperiorly
*False- None of the articular facets of any of the vertebrae are having such direction
- The facets of the inferior articular processes of a typical Lumbar vertebra are oriented to: C. Anterolaterally
*True- The inferior articular facets of all lumbar vertebrae are directed Anterolaterally in order to face the dorsomedially oriented superior articular facets of the vertebrae below including the superior articular facets of the first sacral segment.
- The facets of the inferior articular processes of a typical Lumbar vertebra are oriented to: D. Anteroinferiorly
*False- This is the direction of the inferior articular facets of the typical cervical vertebrae
- The facets of the inferior articular processes of a typical Lumbar vertebra are oriented to: E. Anteriorly only
False- None of the articular facets of any of the vertebrae are having such direction
- Name the condition in which the dens fails to fuse with the body of C2: A. Ossiculum terminale
False- This is not the term for the above condition
- Name the condition in which the dens fails to fuse with the body of C2:B. Os disconnectum
False- Neither this one is for the above condition
- Name the condition in which the dens fails to fuse with the body of C2: C. Odontoid disconnectum
False- Nor this one is for the above condition
- Name the condition in which the dens fails to fuse with the body of C2: D. Os Odontoideum
True- This is the right term for the above condition in which the dens fails to fuse with the body of the axis
- Identify the anterior border of the intervertebral foramina in the thoracic spine: A. Inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above.
False- The inferior vertebral notches making the superior border of the IVFs
- Identify the anterior border of the intervertebral foramina in the thoracic spine: B. The Z joints and associated articular processes of the corresponding vertebrae.
False- The Z joint/joint capsule along with associated articular processes are making the posterior borders of the IVFs.
- Identify the anterior border of the intervertebral foramina in the thoracic spine: C. Posteroinferior portion of the vertebral body above, posterosuperior portion of the vertebral body below, posterior aspect of the corresponding IV disc.
True- Parts of the bodies of a functional spinal unit (two adjacent vertebrae) along with the corresponding IV disc are all together making the anterior border of an thoracic or lumbar IVF
- Identify the anterior border of the intervertebral foramina in the thoracic spine:Superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below.
False- The superior vertebral notch makes the inferior border of a thoracic or lumbar IVF
- All of the following thoracic vertebra articulate with two ribs Except: A. T8
True- T8 vertebra does articulate with two ribs. The superior larger demifacet articulates with the same number rib (rib #8), and the inferior smaller demifacet of T8 vertebral body articulates with superior facet of the head of rib #9
- All of the following thoracic vertebra articulate with two ribs Except: B. T10
*This is the right answer for the above question because T10 along with T11 and T12 are having only one full articulating facet for articulation with their corresponding ribs. This feature is one of the reasons for the above vertebrae to be classified among the Atypical thoracic vertebrae.
- All of the following thoracic vertebra articulate with two ribs Except: C. T1
*True- T1 vertebra does articulate with two ribs. The superior larger demifacet articulates with the same number rib (rib #1), and the inferior smaller demifacet of T1 vertebral body articulates with superior facet of the head of rib #2
- All of the following thoracic vertebra articulate with two ribs Except: D. T2
*True- T2 vertebra does articulate with two ribs. The superior larger demifacet articulates with the same number rib (rib #2), and the inferior smaller demifacet of T2 vertebral body articulates with superior facet of the head of rib #3
- All of the following thoracic vertebra articulate with two ribs Except: E. T5
*True- T5 vertebra does articulate with two ribs. The superior larger demifacet articulates with the same number rib (rib #5), and the inferior smaller demifacet of T5 vertebral body articulates with superior facet of the head of rib #6
- The zygophophyseal joints are innervated by: A. Recurrent meningeal nerves
*False- This recurrent nerve dose not innervate the Z joints however, it innervates the dura mater, and posterior aspects of the local vertebral bodies and IV discs
- The zygophophyseal joints are innervated by: B. Ventral primary rami
False- Ventral primary rami do not innervate the Z joints however, they do innervate all Hypaxial/Hypomere derivatives.
- The zygophophyseal joints are innervated by: C. Dorsal primary rami
*True- It is the medial branch of local dorsal primary rami that innervates the Z joints
- The zygophophyseal joints are innervated by: D. Gray ramus communicans
False- This nerve belong to the Postganglionic neurons of Sympathetic Nervous System that may carry some nerves towards the anterior and lateral aspects of Vertebral bodies and IV discs, but not for the Z joints
- The zygophophyseal joints are innervated by: E. White ramus communicans
False- This nerve belong to the Preganglionic neurons of Sympathetic Nervous System that may not innervate the Z joints or anything else except the postganglionic neurons located either on both sides of the spine or in front of it.
- The articular pillar:A. Is the bodies of cervical vertebrae stacked up on top of one another.
*False- The articular processes of the cervical vertebrae are known as the articular pillar and not the bodies of the vertebrae
- The articular pillar:B. Is making the anterior wall of vertebral canal
False- The articular pillar along with the Z joints is making the posterior border of the cervical IVFs. The posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies however, making the anterior wall of vertebral canal
- The articular pillar:C. Is the laminae of thoracic vertebrae stacked up on top of one another
False- The laminae do not stack up to form an articular pillar; rather all laminae are separated from each other by the ligamentum flavum
- The articular pillar: D. Is making the anterior boundaries of the IVFs
False- As stated above
and below, the articular pillar is making the posterior border of the IVFs
- The articular pillar: E. In cervical area, making the posterior boundaries of the IVFs
True-
The articular pillar along with local zygapophyseal joints is making the posterior border of the cervical IVFs
- What part of the sacrum is homologue with the laminae of movable vertebrae? A. Sacral groove
True- Sacral groove is made of the fusion of the Four sacral (S1-S4) laminae that located between the median and intermediate sacral crests
- What part of the sacrum is homologue with the laminae of movable vertebrae? B. Inferior articular process
False- This is only a distracter. The sacral articular processes however, are all fused together to form the intermediate sacral crest, except the inferior articular processes of the 5th sacral segment alone hang downward to form the Sacral Cornua
- What part of the sacrum is homologue with the laminae of movable vertebrae? C. Sacral Ala
False- Sacral Ala is homologues to the ribs in the thoracic region. Both Sacral Ala and the ribs develop from separate ossification centers located in front of the transverse processes called costal processes
- What part of the sacrum is homologue with the laminae of movable vertebrae? D. Anterior and posterior sacral foramina
False- This answer is another distracter. As you know that the posterior and anterior sacral foramina are homologues to the IVFs of the other regions of the spine
- What part of the sacrum is homologue with the laminae of movable vertebrae? E. Intermediate sacral crest
False- As mentioned above, the intermediate sacral crest is homologues to the articular processes of the movable vertebrae.
- What range of motion is the least at the Atlanto-Occipital articulations? A. Rotation
*Is one of the least- Rotation at Atlanto-Occipital joint, because of the structure and shape of this articulation is very limited and among the least in motion (about 5% of the total combined rotation of the entire cervical spine).
- What range of motion is the least at the Atlanto-Occipital articulations? B. Flexion/Extension
The highest range of motions (about 25% of the total combined Flex/Ext. of the entire cervical spine) that can occur at the Atlanto-Occipital joint is this movement
- What range of motion is the least at the Atlanto-Occipital articulations? C. Lateral bending
Is one of the least- Lateral bending at Atlanto-Occipital joint is also very limited (about 5% of the total combined lateral bending of the entire cervical spine).
- What range of motion is the least at the Atlanto-Occipital articulations? D. Circumduction
*This motion because of the structure of the joint is also limited but not the least
- What range of motion is the least at the Atlanto-Occipital articulations? E. A and C of the above
True- Since both Rotation and Lateral bending are the least motions that can occur at the Atlanto-Occipital joint, therefore, E is the best answer for this question.
- Which of the following structures lies along the intermediate sacral crest?A. Sacral Cornua
True- Since the intermediate sacral crest is made of the fusion of sacral articular processes, and Sacral Cornua is actually the inferior articular process of the 5th sacral segment, therefore, these structures are located at the same line
- Which of the following structures lies along the intermediate sacral crest? B. Sacral hiatus
False- Sacral hiatus which is created by the none development of the 5th sacral segment’s spinous process and laminae, is located caudal and medial to the intermediate sacral crest
- Which of the following structures lies along the intermediate sacral crest? C. Median sacral crest
False- Median sacral crest which is made of the fusion of the sacral spines, is located medial to the intermediate sacral crest.
- Which of the following structures lies along the intermediate sacral crest? D. Posterior sacral foramina
False- These foramina are located just lateral to the intermediate sacral crest.
- A tubercle like structure attached to the superior articular process of Lumbar vertebrae is called: A. Spinous process
False- As you know that the spinous process projects dorsally from the junctions of the laminae
- A tubercle like structure attached to the superior articular process of Lumbar vertebrae is called: B. Transverse process
False- As you should know that this process projects laterally from the LPJ
- A tubercle like structure attached to the superior articular process of Lumbar vertebrae is called: C. Mammillary process
True- This breast-like tubercle is unique to the lumbar vertebrae that develop after puberty from a secondary ossification center on the dorsal aspect of the superior articular
- A tubercle like structure attached to the superior articular process of Lumbar vertebrae is called: D. Accessory process
False- This process is also unique to the lumbar vertebrae however, it develops on the dorsal aspect of the base of transverse processes.
- A tubercle like structure attached to the superior articular process of Lumbar vertebrae is called: E. Uncinate process
*False- This process is unique to the cervical vertebrae that project superiorly from the upper lateral aspects of vertebral bodies. As you should know that it is this process along with a corresponding fossa on the lateral aspects of vertebral bodies above, together forming the uncovertebral joints of Loshcka
- Referring to the Scotty Dog seen on a Lumbar radiograph, the Inferior Articular Process is represented by what part of the dog? E. Foreleg
True- The Scotty dog’s foreleg is represented by the inferior articular process of the lumbar vertebra
- Referring to the Scotty Dog seen on a Lumbar radiograph, the Inferior Articular Process is represented by what part of the dog? D. Body
False- The Scotty dog’s body is represented by the laminae of the lumbar vertebra
- Referring to the Scotty Dog seen on a Lumbar radiograph, the Inferior Articular Process is represented by what part of the dog? A. Ear
False- The Scotty dog’s ear is represented by the superior articular process of the lumbar vertebra
- Referring to the Scotty Dog seen on a Lumbar radiograph, the Inferior Articular Process is represented by what part of the dog? B. Nose
*False- The Scotty dog’s nose is represented by the transverse process of the lumbar vertebra
- Referring to the Scotty Dog seen on a Lumbar radiograph, the Inferior Articular Process is represented by what part of the dog? C. Neck
*False- The Scotty dog’s neck is represented by the pars interarticularis of the lumbar vertebra
- What is the condition of the first sacral segment fuses to the fifth lumbar?A. Spondylolisthesis
False- This term is used, in most degenerative conditions, to describe a forward or backward slippage of a vertebra over the one below
- What is the condition of the first sacral segment fuses to the fifth lumbar? B. Sacralization
False- This term is used when 5th lumbar vertebra as a result of degeneration fuses to the 1st sacral segment
- What is the condition of the first sacral segment fuses to the fifth lumbar? C. Spondylolysis
False- This term is used to indicate dissolution of a vertebra. A condition marked by congenital flattening of vertebral bodies or the lack/defective development of vertebral arch or separation of the pars interarticularis
- What is the condition of the first sacral segment fuses to the fifth lumbar? D. Lumbarization
True- This term is the right one to indicate the separation of the 1st sacral segment from the rest of the fused sacral segments and its fusion to the above 5th lumbar vertebra
- What is the condition of the first sacral segment fuses to the fifth lumbar? E. Spondylosis
False- This term is used to indicate Degenerative Joint Disease that affects the vertebral joints, IV discs and associated ligaments
- Which of the following is derived from Paraxial Mesoderm? A
True- A is pointing to a somite that begins to develop from the Paraxial mesoderm during the third week of embryonic development
- Which of the following is derived from Paraxial Mesoderm? B
B is pointing to the location of Neural Crest cells at the neural fold. Neural Crest cells and Neural Tube both are Ectodermal derivatives
- Which of the following is derived from Paraxial Mesoderm? C
C is pointing to intraembryonic somatic mesoderm which is a lateral mesodermal derivative.
- Which of the following is derived from Paraxial Mesoderm? D
D is pointing to the intraembryonic coelom/cavity that develops in the lateral mesoderm. This primitive cavity will later break into the body
- Which of the following is derived from Paraxial Mesoderm? E
E is pointing to the intermediate mesoderm that develops in to the urogenital system
- Referring to the above drawing: Which of the above-labeled embryonic structures that eventually, will differentiates into the anulus fibrosus of the IV discs beside other known structures? A
A is pointing to the somite. It is the somite that divides into three parts: Sclerotome, Myotome, and Dermatome. It is the Sclerotome that differentiates into the anulus fibrosus portion of the IV discs besides the formation of the vertebrae along with its associated ligaments.
- Referring to the above drawing: Which of the above-labeled embryonic structures that eventually, will differentiates into the anulus fibrosus of the IV discs beside other known structures? B
B is pointing to the location of Neural Crest cells at the neural fold. Neural Crest cells and Neural Tube both are Ectodermal derivatives. Realize that Neural Crest cells will give origin to all somatic and autonomic ganglia beside other cellular structures. The Neural Tube will differentiate into the brain and spinal cord
- Referring to the above drawing: Which of the above-labeled embryonic structures that eventually, will differentiates into the anulus fibrosus of the IV discs beside other known structures? C
C is pointing to intraembryonic somatic mesoderm which is a lateral mesodermal derivative. This part of mesoderm will give origin to connective tissue and muscles of viscera, the heart, blood and lymph cells & vessels besides other visceral organs
- Referring to the above drawing: Which of the above-labeled embryonic structures that eventually, will differentiates into the anulus fibrosus of the IV discs beside other known structures? D
D is pointing to the intraembryonic coelom/cavity that develops in the lateral mesoderm. This embryonic cavity will later break into the body Cavities.
- Referring to the above drawing: Which of the above-labeled embryonic structures that eventually, will differentiates into the anulus fibrosus of the IV discs beside other known structures? E
E is pointing to the intermediate mesoderm that will develop into the urogenital system including the ovaries, testicles, ducts and associated glands
- The fovea dentalis is located on the anterior aspect of Atlas’ posterior arch that articulates with the Dens of the axis. True or False
B. False. *The fovea dentalis is located on the posterior aspect of the Atlas’s anterior arch. This is where the anterior aspect of the dense articulate with the Atlas
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when bending the Spine to the left when the body in its anatomical position?
A.+ӨY
*False- This symbol indicates the rotation of the Spine toward the left
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when bending the Spine to the left when the body in its anatomical position?
B.–ӨX
False- This symbol indicates hyperextension of the Spine backward
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when bending the Spine to the left when the body in its anatomical position?
C.+ӨZ
False- This symbol indicates bending the Spine to the right
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when bending the Spine to the left when the body in its anatomical position?
D.+ӨX
False- This symbol indicates flexing the Spine foreword
- Which of the following transitional movements is correct when bending the Spine to the left when the body in its anatomical position?
E.–ӨZ
True- This symbol indicates bending the Spine to the left. As you should know, in order to find the correct transitional movement all you need is to look toward the positive direction of each of the 3 axises (in this case which is the Z-axis). Then if the movement is clockwise is + or counterclockwise is -. Therefore, when the spine bends to the left, it considered, as counterclockwise rotation along the Z-axis and that is –0Z
- The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the: A. Primitive streak
False- This primitive rod of cells gives origin to other mesodermal cells
- The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the: B. Notochordal plate
False- This plate will go through changes and becomes the Notochord
- The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the:
C.Primitive knot
True- It is this rostral part of the primitive streak (Primitive Knot/Node) that proliferates rostrally and gives origin to the Notochordal process
- The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the: D. Neural plate
False- This plate will go through changes and gives origin to the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
- The notochordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the: E. Notochord
False- This is the product of the Notochordal Plate
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm: A. Notochord
The Notochord, the primitive axis of the Embryo, is a Mesodermal derivative
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm:
B. Myotome
*This intermediate part of the Paraxial Mesoderm is also a Mesodermal derivative
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm:
Sclerotome
This is a Mesodermal derivative too. It is the ventromedial part of the Paraxial Mesoderm
- Which of the following structures is not a derivative of the mesoderm:
D. Neural tube
The Neural Tube is Not a Mesodermal derivative. It derives from the Ectoderm by the induction process of the Notochord
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia? A. Rostral part of neural tube and neural crest cells
False- The rostral part of neural tube will develop into the Brain (not the Spinal Cord). However, Neural Crest Cells will give origin to the Autonomic Ganglia beside other things
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia? B. Caudal part of neural tube and sclerotomal cells
False- Although it is true that the caudal part of the neural tube will become the Spinal Cord, however, Sclerotomal Cells will give origin to the Vertebrae and IV discs
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia? C. Rostral part neural tube and myotomal cells
. False- *The rostral part of neural tube will develop into the Brain (not the Spinal Cord), however, Myotomal Cells will give origin to the Muscles of the Spine
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia? D. Central part neural tube and dermatomal cells
False- Although it is true that the central part of the neural tube will become part of the Spinal Cord, however, dermatomal Cells will give origin to the Dermis of the Skin
- Which of the following develop into the Spinal Cord and Autonomic Ganglia? E. Caudal part of neural tube and neural crest cells
True- It is roughly
the caudal ¾ of the neural tube that will become the Spinal Cord and the Neural Crest Cells that will give origin to the Autonomic Ganglia as well as Somatic Ganglia and other structures.
Ossifies during the 3-5 years of age.
At birth, the dorsal aspect of
the neural arch is Cartilaginous. It normally becomes osseous or
bony during the 3-5th year of age.
Two secondary ossification centers develop in this part after Puberty
The bodies of the vertebrae, except the Axis, will have Two secondary ring-like ossification centers develop on their both upper and lower sides after puberty
The notochord is surrounded by this part during early development
The part of the notochord located between the developing IV discs, will be surrounded and invaded by the developing bodies of the Vertebrae
This joint ossifies during the 3-6 years of age
At birth, the joints between neural arch and the bodies of the vertebrae are cartilaginous.They normally become osseous or bony during the 3-6 years of age
Two primary ossification centers develop in this part during the 7th week
During the 7th week, the neural arch begins to ossify by the development of one primary ossification center in each side of it
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period: A. Neural tube and neural crest, neural groove and folds, neural plate, neuroectoderm
False
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period: B. Neuroectoderm, neural tube and crest, neural groove and folds, neural plate
False
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period: C. Neural groove and folds, neural tube and neural crest
False
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period: D. Neuroectoderm, neural plate, neural groove and folds, neural tube and neural crest
True- This is the right sequence of changes in the Neuroectoderm toward the formation of the neural tube and neural crest cells.
- Choose the correct order of neurulation during the embryonic period: E. Neuroectoderm, neural groove, neural plate, neural folds, neural tube and neural crest
False
- Which one of the following parts of the occiput is located anterior/rostral to the foramen magnum? A. Internal occipital protuberance
This IOP is located posterior/caudal to the foramen magnum.
- Which one of the following parts of the occiput is located anterior/rostral to the foramen magnum? B. Pharyngeal tubercle
True- This tubercle is located in front of the foramen magnum, on the external surface of the Basilar portion of Occipital bone.
- Which one of the following parts of the occiput is located anterior/rostral to the foramen magnum? C. External occipital protuberance
This EOP is also located posterior/caudal to the foramen magnum
- Which one of the following parts of the occiput is located anterior/rostral to the foramen magnum? D. Occipital Condyles
The occipital condyles are located laterally, on both sides of the foramen magnum.
- Which one of the following parts of the occiput is located anterior/rostral to the foramen magnum? E. External Occipital Crest
This EOC crest is also located posterior/caudal to the foramen magnum
Which of the following motion unite has an unconvertebral joint?
A. S2-S3
There is no such uncovertebral joint associated with sacral segments
Which of the following motion unite has an unconvertebral joint?
B. C1-C2
Although the uncovertebral joints are unique to the bodies of cervical spine, however, since the atlas lacks a body, therefore, this joint is not existing between C1-C2
Which of the following motion unite has an unconvertebral joint?
C. C2-C3
True- The uncovertebral joints (joints of Louchka) are formed between the uncinate processes of lower vertebra and the uncinate fossa of the upper vertebra. They are located on both sides of Cervical Vertebral bodies of C2 down to C7
Which of the following motion unite has an unconvertebral joint?
D. T2-T3
There is no such uncovertebral joint associated with thoracic vertebrae.
Which of the following motion unite has an unconvertebral joint?
E. L2-L3
There is no such uncovertebral joint associated with lumbar vertebrae
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is illustrated? A. Spina bifida with meningocele
True- The illustrated figure is the type of spina bifida cystica in which there is protrusion through the defect of a cystic swelling involving the meninges only
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is illustrated? B. Spina bifida with myeloschisis
This is a type of spina bifida in which there is a cleft in spinal cord, owing to failure of the neural plate to form a complete neural tube or to rupture of the neural tube after closure
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is illustrated? C. Spina bifida occulta
This is a type of spina bifida in which there is a defect of the bony spinal canal without protrusion of the meninges or the cord
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is illustrated?D. Spina bifida with meningomyelocele
This is a type of spina bifida cystica in which there is protrusion through the defect of a cystic swelling involving the meninges and the spinal cord
- Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the Vertebrae and CNS is illustrated?E. Spina bifida aper’ta
*This is another term for spina bifida cystica
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary): A. Supplies the spinal cord along with vital neuronal elements of the CNS
True- Vertebral arteries not only supply the spinal cord but also along with their union as the Basilar artery and branches, supply the vital neuronal elements of CNS. The vital neuronal elements are located in the Brain Stem; these are the nuclei that control the Heart and the Lungs; as well as the nuclei for 10 of the 12 cranial nerves. The posterior cerebral arteries which are the terminal branches of the Basilar artery, also supply visual cortex
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary): B. In the suboccipital region is located between dorsal arch of atlas and lamina of the axis
*False- In the suboccipital region, Vertebral artery is located between the occiput and dorsal arch of the atlas
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary): C. Along with sympathetic nerve fibers travels through all the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra except C1
*False- Vertebral artery travels through all transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae except C7
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary): D. In the suboccipital region, winds behind the atlanto-occipital joint then pass through the posterior atlanto-occipital membrane into the cranial cavity
True- This is the course and location of the vertebral artery in the suboccipital region
- The vertebral artery (include its branches if necessary): E. Both A and D of the above
Since both A and D statements are correct, answer E is the right answer for this question
- The dura mater proper that separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres is: A. Falx Cerebri
False- This is the partition between the two cerebral hemispheres
- The dura mater proper that separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres is: B. Tentorium Cerebelli
True- This tent-like dural partition is the one, which separates between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
- The dura mater proper that separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres is:C. Falx Cerebelli
False- This relatively shallow dural partition is located between the two cerebellar hemispheres
- The dura mater proper that separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres is:D. Tentorium Cerebri
*False- There is no such term in Anatomy
- The dura mater proper that separates the cerebrum from cerebellar hemispheres is:E. Pituitary diaphragm
*False- This dural partition is located at the base of the brain. It separates the pituitary gland from the hypothalamus except at the pituitary stalk.
