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Poli Sci 2 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who did framers trust more than the executive branch?

A

The legislative

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2
Q

Did the framers favor a more powerful or a weaker congress?

A

More powerful

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3
Q

What was so important about bicameralism?

A

Checks and balances

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4
Q

What established the house and the senate?

A

The Connecticut compromise

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5
Q

How does one define law making?

A

Establishing legal rules governing society

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6
Q

Where do many congressional bills develop?

A

Executive agencies

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7
Q

What is logrolling?

A

Agreeing to support another’s bill

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8
Q

What does representation mean in a congressional context?

A

Congressional members representing their constituents’ views

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9
Q

What are the representational approaches?

A
  1. Trustee
  2. Delegate
  3. Politico
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10
Q

What defines the trustee approach to representation?

A

Listening to constituents, but voting using one’s best judgement

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11
Q

What defines the delegate approach to representation?

A

Votes in accordance with constituents no matter what.

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12
Q

What defines the politico approach to representation?

A

Using best judgement on less visible issues, but voting strictly with constituents on issues of concern

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13
Q

What is casework?

A

Congressional members addressing the concerns of constituents

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14
Q

What is one check that is part of Congress’s role?

A

Committee hearings and investigations

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15
Q

What is the name of congress’s responsibility to oversee executive agencies?

A

Oversight function

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16
Q

What is one example of of congressional casework?

A

Explaining a bill

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17
Q

How could congress’s powers be described?

A

Both specific and vague

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18
Q

Where were congress’s enumerated powers defined?

A

Article I Section VIII

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19
Q

What are some of the enumerated powers?

A
  • Tariffs and taxes
  • Borrow funds
  • Interstate commerce
  • Naturalization
  • Coin money
  • Post office
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20
Q

What are the senate’s powers?

A
  • Ratify treaties

* Confirm nominations

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21
Q

What increases congressional powers?

A

Constitutional amendments

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22
Q

What amendment levies income tax?

A

The 16th amendment

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23
Q

What did the 20th and 25th amendments establish?

A

Rules for presidential incapacity

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24
Q

What is Article I Section VIII also known as?

A

the necessary and proper clause

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25
Q

Why is the necessary and proper clause ambiguous?

A

To allow increased congressional powers

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26
Q

What was the necessary and proper clause meant to do?

A

Limit the expansion of presidential powers

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27
Q

How do the house and senate differ?

A

Structure and function

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28
Q

What is the house structure and function like?

A
  • 435 voting members
  • From local districts
  • 2 year terms
  • Chosen by citizens (constitution)
  • More rules and regulations than senate
  • Impeaches officials
  • Revenue bills
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29
Q

What is the senate structure and function like?

A
  • 100 members
  • 6 year terms
  • Fewer rules and regulations
  • Impeachment convictions
  • Chosen by state legislatures before the 17th amendment
  • Advice and consent (treaties and appointments)
  • Filibuster
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30
Q

What is a filibuster?

A

Unlimited debate

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31
Q

Which level of congress eliminated the filibuster? When?

A

The house eliminated it in 1811

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32
Q

What is the filibuster went to do?

A

Stall legislation and confirmation

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33
Q

When was the first use of the filibuster? Why?

A

1790; stall moving the country capital to Philadelphia

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34
Q

What is a cloture? What senate rule is it?

A

The breaking of a filibuster; senate rule 22

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35
Q

How does a cloture come about?

A

16 senators sign petition for for a cloture vote

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36
Q

How long does the cloture vote take? How many senators must to close it?

A

2 days, 60 members

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37
Q

During a cloture, how long does each member of the senate have to debate?

A

Up to 1 hour

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38
Q

When does the final vote of a cloture take place?

A

Within 30 hours

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39
Q

Is congress representative of the US people?

A

No, but it has improved

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40
Q

How do members of congress differ from common people?

A
  • More affluent
  • More likely to be lawyers
  • More likely to be blue collar workers
  • Older
  • Mostly white
  • Mostly male
  • Formal members of churches or synagogues
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41
Q

How often are congressional members elected?

A

Every two years

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42
Q

What does Article I Section IV describe?

A

State legislatures pick the times and places of elections

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43
Q

What role in state elections does congress play?

A

Congress may alter state election regulations

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44
Q

How are senators elected? Why?

A

Direct election due to the 17th amendment

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45
Q

How often are senators elected?

A

Members are staggered, but elections are held every 2 years

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46
Q

How has the cost of elections changed in the past 20 years?

A

They have become more expensive

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47
Q

How much is the average campaign for the HOR? Senate?

A

$1.1 million; $6.5 million

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48
Q

What were the two major efforts to regulate contributions?

A
  • Federal Election Campaign Act (1971)

* FECA amendment (1974)

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49
Q

What did FECA require?

A

Disclosure of contributions more than $100 in order to reduce union and corporate influence

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50
Q

What was the result of the 1974 amendment to FECA?

A
  1. Federal Election Commission
  2. Public financing
  3. Limit individual donations
  4. Regular reporting to FEC
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51
Q

What were the results of the McCain Feingold act in 2002?

A
  1. Soft money was banned
  2. Interest group advertising before elections was restricted
  3. Individual contribution levels were raised
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52
Q

What are 527 organizations?

A

Tax exempt organizations set up to fill the soft money void

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53
Q

What was the result of Citizens United v. FEC (2010)?

A

BCRA’s advertising bans were struck down

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54
Q

What are super pace and 501 (c) (4) committees?

A

Corporations have been enabled to create super pacs, while unions create 501 (c)(4) pacs

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55
Q

What are 501 (c) (3) committees?

A

Certain tax exempt nonprofits still barred from conducting campaign committees

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56
Q

What are 527 organizations, super pacs, 501 (c) (4), and 501 (c) (3)’s are all barred from what?

A

Direct coordinations

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57
Q

What is the coattails effect?

A

Strong presidential candidate sweeps others into the office

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58
Q

When does the coattails effect generally not apply?

A

Midterm elections

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59
Q

How often has the coattails effect been negative?

A

All elections but the midterms since 1942

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60
Q

What is the greatest factor of who will win in elections?

A

Incumbency

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61
Q

What are the perks of incumbency?

A
  • Communicate through media
  • Making appearances
  • Mailing newsletters
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62
Q

Since 1980, in the US House, what were the lowest and highest rates of incumbent re-elections, along with their years?

A
  • Low: 85.1% (‘10)

* High: 98.3% (‘83, ‘98, ‘04)

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63
Q

Lowest rate of incumbent reelection in the senate and year?

A

55.2% (‘80)

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64
Q

What is the second lowest incumbent reelection in the senate since 1980?

A

75%

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65
Q

What does article I Section I discuss?

A

House reapportionment

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66
Q

How often is reapportionment happening?

A

It is consistently being carried out

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67
Q

How often is redistricting being carried out?

A

Not often

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68
Q

What was the 1960’s US Supreme Court ruling?

A

One person = one vote

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69
Q

What is malapportionment?

A

Districts are not equal in size

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70
Q

What does malapportionment do?

A

Inflate and dilutes the votes

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71
Q

How far back does redistributing go?

A

The founding

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72
Q

Where did the term “Gerrymandering” come from?

A

Governor Gerry’s controversial in Massachusetts in 1812

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73
Q

What is the dominant method of packing or cracking votes?

A

Software programs

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74
Q

What is packing a vote?

A

Cramming opposition voters into a few congressional districts

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75
Q

What is cracking a vote?

A

Spreading opposition voters into multiple congressional districts

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76
Q

Are minority majority districts encouraged or discouraged?

A

Encouraged

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77
Q

What makes enhancing minority okay?

A

As long as race is not the main factor

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78
Q

What is a yearly congressional salary?

A

$174,000

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79
Q

How many staffers can house members have?

A

~15

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80
Q

How many staffers can senate members have?

A

~30

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81
Q

How many people are employed by congress?

A

Over 30,000 people

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82
Q

What is a significant staffing issue?

A

Casework vs. campaigning instead of advising legislators

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83
Q

What is the rate of congress members in caucus?

A

All members are in at least one caucus

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84
Q

Who runs the most important caucuses?

A

The two parties

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85
Q

How many congressional caucuses are there?

A

200+

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86
Q

What are some examples of congressional caucuses?

A
  1. Democratic study group
  2. Albanian Issues Caucus
  3. Potato caucus
  4. Sportsmen’s caucus
  5. Congressional black caucus
  6. Congressional Hispanic caucus
  7. Congressional Hispanic conference
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87
Q

What is a nickname for congressional committees?

A

“Little legislature”

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88
Q

What are the jobs of congressional committees?

A
  1. Report a bill

2. Kill bill (not report)

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89
Q

What do problems in committees result in?

A

Problems prevent reporting to the full house

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90
Q

How do petitions get discharged/bills get pried out of committee?

A

Majority vote

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91
Q

How long must bills be in standing committees?

A

30 days

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92
Q

How many discharge petitions have there been since 1909 and 2007?

A

900

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93
Q

How many discharge positions have been successful?

A

25 successes

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94
Q

What are the types of congressional committees?

A
  1. Standing
  2. Select
  3. Joint
  4. Conference
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95
Q

What are permanent committees based on? What house are they in?

A

Consider bills based on subject matter; they are in both houses

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96
Q

How many committees are there in the house? In the senate?

A

20; 16

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97
Q

Are subcommittees popular?

A

Yes

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98
Q

How many house members are in a subcommittee? In the senate?

A

104; 73

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99
Q

what do committees do?

A

Conduct studies or special investigations

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100
Q

What do joint committees members mostly work on?

A
  1. Economy
  2. Taxes
  3. Printing
  4. Library of Congress
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101
Q

Are joint committees permanent or temporary?

A

Both

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102
Q

What happens at conference committees?

A

The president can only sign bills identical to those previously proposed

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103
Q

Who (aside from the president) attends a conference committee?

A

Members from committees that considered the original bill

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104
Q

What do conference committees develop?

A

Compromise bills

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105
Q

What are the roles of house leadership?

A
  • Speaker of the house
  • Majority leader
  • Minority leader
  • Majority whip
  • Minority whip
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106
Q

Who is the current speaker of the house? What is her role?

A
  • Nancy Pelosi
  • Most influential member
  • From majority party
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107
Q

Who is the House majority leader? What is their role?

A
  • Steny Hoyer

* Spokesperson of majority power

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108
Q

Who is the house minority leader? What is their role?

A
  • Kevin McCarthy

* Spokesperson for minority party

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109
Q

Who is the house majority whip? What are their jobs?

A

•Jim Clyburn

  1. Inform party members
  2. Ensure presence of voting members
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110
Q

Who is the current house minority whip? What is their role?

A

•Steve Scalise

  1. Inform party member
  2. Ensures presence of voting members
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111
Q

What are the roles of senate leadership?

A
  • President pro tempore
  • Majority leader
  • Minority leader
  • Majority whip
  • Minority whip
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112
Q

Who is the present pro tempore? What is their role?

A
  • Chuck Grassley

* Ceremonial role

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113
Q

Who is the current senate majority leader?

A

Mitch McConnell

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114
Q

Who is the current senate minority leader?

A

Chuck Shumer

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115
Q

Who is the current senate minority whip?

A

Duck Durbin

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116
Q

Which house are bills introduced to? When?

A

They are introduced to both houses, either at the same time or eventually

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117
Q

Where are bills referred?

A

Related standing committees

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118
Q

Where are bills often referred to from the relevant standing committee? Why?

A

Subcommittees for “mark up”

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119
Q

Where do bills go in the house? In the senate?

A

In the house: committee

Senate: full committee

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120
Q

Who schedules bill debates?

A

The house committee

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121
Q

When is the vote of the bill taken?

A

After debate

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122
Q

When is a conference committee assembled?

A

If there are differences in bills

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123
Q

Where are compromised versions of bills voted on?

A

The house and the senate

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124
Q

What is an omnibus spending bill?

A

A complex legislative measure that covers multiple subjects, and maybe multiple committees

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125
Q

What can a president do to a bill?

A

Either sign or veto it

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126
Q

If there is a regular veto, what is a possibility?

A

There can be an override vote in both houses

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127
Q

Who requires the president to submit a budget? Since when?

A

Congress, since 1922

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128
Q

What act, created in 1974, helped streamline the budget-making process?

A

the Budget and Impoundment Control Act

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129
Q

What is the timeline of the Fiscal Year (FY)?

A

October 1st of the previous year to September 30th of the year for which the fiscal year is named

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130
Q

When does the executive branch begin preparing for a fiscal year?

A

About 18 months before the fiscal year

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131
Q

Who begins the outlining of the budget? Who must the bargain with?

A

The OMB, who must bargain with executive department and agencies

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132
Q

What happens in the spring review?

A

OMB requires agencies to review its programs and goals

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133
Q

What happens during the fall review?

A

The OMB reviews requests, trims them, and submit the final budget to the president; the Economic Report of the President is released

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134
Q

Where does the president submit the budget?

A

Both chambers

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135
Q

Who must approve of the OMB’s budget?

A

The president

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136
Q

What is the result of the first budget resolution?

A

Revenue and spending goals for the fiscal year are set by May 15th

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137
Q

What happens during the second budget resolution?

A

“Binding” limits are set on taxes, as well as spending limits for the fiscal year (by October 1st)

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138
Q

Who will audit the past fiscal year outlays on a select basis?

A

The GAO

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139
Q

What is public policy?

A

A law that rewards and punishes in order to achieve a goal

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140
Q

Why does public policy exist?

A

To promote social welfare and to protect property

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141
Q

Who provides public goods and services?

A

The government

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142
Q

How does the federal government track economic growth?

A

The GNP and the GDP

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143
Q

Why did the government create the SEC?

A

To try and prevent a stock market crash

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144
Q

What is the goal of state and local governments? The federal reserve?

A

State and federal government: promoting full employment

Federal reserve: low inflation

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145
Q

How does the government pay for the roads and canals?

A

Through taxes

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146
Q

What is one way the federal government supports states?

A

Categorical grants

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147
Q

What is the likelihood of the government intervening in a labor dispute? Since when?

A

Low since the 1980’s

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148
Q

What was the government’s general approach to the market before 1929?

A

A laissez-faire approach

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149
Q

When did the views of John Maynard Keynes begin to dominate government policy making?

A

During the depression

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150
Q

What is outlined by Keynesians?

A

The government should intervene with taxes and spending, taxes would be cut, and spending would be increased to stimulate and increase taxes and cut down spending to slow down the economy

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151
Q

When did the government start to take a more capitalist approach?

A

The 1980’s

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152
Q

Who posited the idea that reducing the rate of taxation would increase levels of employment and interest?

A

Art Laffer

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153
Q

How long have both parties been running up the annual deficit/increasing the national debt?

A

The past three decades

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154
Q

What is an example of a monetary policy? How is it done?

A

The federal reserve regulates the economy through the supply of money and credit. Federal funds are provided with discount rates, which the federal government sets between member banks.

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155
Q

What types of policy do Keyniesians prefer?

A

Fiscal policies of taxing and spending

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156
Q

How was the welfare state in America provided for before 1925?

A

Private actors

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157
Q

How is the welfare state provided for currently?

A

The government enacts contributory programs

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158
Q

How much of their earnings do Americans contribute to social security? Is this matched by employers?

A

6.2% of their first $117,100 earnings; it is matched.

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159
Q

How much of a tax is placed on one to fund Medicare? Is this matched by employers?

A

1.45%; Yes, it is matched

160
Q

What type of people run for President?

A
  1. “Self starters”

2. Recruited individuals

161
Q

Why do self starters run for President?

A

To advance their careers, to carry out their program, to address issues, and to gain prestige

162
Q

Why do recruited individuals run for President?

A

They are recruited by party members, are recruited by the party-in-the-electorate, or are “draft” politicians

163
Q

What are some examples of a self starter?

A
  1. Ralph Nader

2. Howard Dean

164
Q

Is recruiting a candidate always successful?

A

No

165
Q

Who governs the nomination process?

A

State laws

166
Q

Which parties are favored in elections? How is this clear?

A

The major parties, which face fewer requirements

167
Q

What work do parties do during elections?

A

Help obtain petitions
Pay filing fees
Gather party signatures

168
Q

How popular are European primary elections?

A

Not very - few European countries have primaries

169
Q

How does one describe the role of primaries?

A
  1. They are more democratic

2. They are more costly

170
Q

What are the requirements of the VP?

A

The same requirements as the president

171
Q

What are the requirements to run for senator?

A
  1. 30 y/o
  2. Resident of the state
  3. Reside in the US for 9 years
172
Q

What are the requirements to run for US Representative?

A
  1. 25 y/o
  2. Resident of the state
  3. Reside in the US for 7 years
173
Q

What swing in voter turnout is a recurring pattern?

A

More voters turn up to main elections than midterms

174
Q

How Can America’s voter turnout be described as opposed to that of other countries?

A

Low

175
Q

Why is voter turnout low?

A
  1. Frequency of elections
  2. No voting holiday or weekend elections
  3. Tedious voter registration
  4. Burdensome absentee ballots
  5. No compulsory voting
176
Q

What may be an unofficial reason for low voter turn out?

A

Negative campaigning and public cynicism

177
Q

Which factors affect voter turnout?

A
  1. Age
  2. Education
  3. Minority status
  4. Income
  5. Two-party competition
178
Q

What happens in a closed primary?

A
  • Only registered voters can vote
  • Healthy for the party
  • Discourages crossover voting and raiding
179
Q

What happens in an open primary?

A
  • Open to independents and sometimes other major parties

* Voters must choose their ballot

180
Q

What is an important fact about the association between crossover voting and party crossover?

A

The two are often not affiliated with one another

181
Q

What is raiding? How is its success rate?

A

Raiding is an organized effort to breakup a part vote; it is often not successful

182
Q

What happens in a runoff primary?

A
  • All candidates appear on the same ballot
  • If a person wins with over 50% of the vote, there is no general election
  • If no one gets over 50%, the top two have a runoff (this serves as a general election)
183
Q

When was CA’s blanket primary shut down by the Supreme Court? Why?

A

2000; freedom of party association was violated, and crossover voting was allowed for each office

184
Q

When was a new CA primary system adopted? What was it like?

A

2010; the top 2 candidates face each other in a general election regardless of primary result

185
Q

When does the general election campaign begin?

A

After nominees are selected

186
Q

How popular is initiative, referendum, recall?

A

It is found in most states

187
Q

What is initiative?

A

Citizens:
•Propose legislation
•Collect signatures
•Submit to voters

188
Q

What is referendum?

A

Voters approve or reject of statutes or amendments

189
Q

What is recall?

A

Voters decide whether to remove an official

190
Q

What is a party activist?

A

Someone who is interested in a candidate’s ideology

191
Q

What is a party leader?

A

Someone who is concerned about electability

192
Q

Is gaining the support of party activists or party leaders more important to candidates?

A

Both are important

193
Q

How has the number of primaries changed since 1968?

A

There have been more

194
Q

What are the types of preliminary elections?

A

Primaries and caucuses

195
Q

What is a caucus?

A

The oldest method for choosing national convention delegates

196
Q

How were national convention delegates decided before caucuses?

A

By party leaders

197
Q

What system do modern caucuses run on? What is an example?

A

One of participation; ex. Iowa

198
Q

What is front loading?

A

Moving caucuses and primaries earlier in the year

199
Q

What is the main purpose of a arty convention?

A

The credentials committee inspects claims of delegates before they are seated

200
Q

Which party holds their national convention first?

A

The out-of-power party

201
Q

What important event happens at both the DNC and the RNC?

A

Meeting and selection of a nominee

202
Q

What is similar between the DNC and the RNC?

A
  • They are held over a few days

* The hunger of speakers that endorse candidates

203
Q

What is a post-convention bounce?

A

A bounce in poll numbers that usually occurs after a convention

204
Q

What was a contributing factor to Obama and Biden’s campaign taking a lead?

A

The mortgage crisis/financial crisis

205
Q

What is the standard number of debates? Since when?

A

3 presidential debates, 1 vice presidential debates, since 2008

206
Q

How do current debates differ from those in the past?

A
  1. They are more interactive in the first debate

2. The second debate is a quasi-town hall meeting

207
Q

What is necessary if one is to develop a campaign?

A
  • Must be willing to spend time and energy on the campaign

* Must be willing to undergo scrutiny and possible rejection

208
Q

Who makes up a campaign staff? Are they important?

A
  1. Paid staff
  2. Political consultants
  3. Dedicated volunteers

They are almost impossible to win without

209
Q

What are the jobs of a campaign’s paid staff?

A
  • Conducts polls
  • Organizes schedules
  • Writes speeches
  • Crafts messages
  • Designs advertisements
210
Q

What are the jobs of campaign volunteers?

A
  • Answer calls
  • Make copies
  • Distribute leaflets
  • Staff campaign booths
  • Canvass voters
211
Q

What happens during voting canvassing?

A
  • Calling voters from a bank of party members

* Going door to door

212
Q

Who are the biggest supporters of Get Out the Vote movements? How do they help?

A

Volunteers are a major help to these efforts by:
•Calling/emailing voters
•Providing transportation

213
Q

What is the job of the campaign manager?

A

Accompany the candidate and coordinating the campaign

214
Q

What is the job of the finance chair?

A

Bringing in large contributions

215
Q

What is the job of the pollster?

A

Conducting surveys to inform campaigns

216
Q

What is the job of the direct mailer?

A

Supervises direct mail fundraisers

217
Q

What is the job of the communications director?

A

Blends free press with paid advertising

218
Q

What sort of ads may the communications director choose to pay for?

A
  1. Positive ads
  2. Negative ads
  3. Contrast ads
  4. Spot ads
  5. Inoculation ads
219
Q

What is the job of the press secretary?

A

Communicates and interacts with the press daily

220
Q

What does the internet team of a campaign do?

A

Campaigns now use the internet to:

  1. Raise funds
  2. Communicate
  3. Mobilize voters
  4. Plan events
221
Q

What are the jobs of campaign consultants? What sectors do they typically come from?

A

They are experienced professionals in the business of:

  1. Polling
  2. Fund-raising
  3. Media relations
  4. Mailings
222
Q

What is the job of a media consultant?

A

To produce advertising

223
Q

How long has every state been using ballots?

A

Since 1888

224
Q

Who develops, distributes, and rallies ballots?

A

Government officials

225
Q

Where is the office-block ballot from, and how does it work?

A
  • It’s from Massachusetts.

* It groups candidates for office under its title and encourages voters to decide by office or individuals

226
Q

Where is the party column ballot from? How does it work?

A
  • Its from Indiana

* It groups candidates under the party label or party symbol

227
Q

What states do not participate in the electoral college?

A

Nebraska and Maine

228
Q

How many electoral college votes does a candidate need to win?

A

270

229
Q

Where do candidates spend the most time and money? Why?

A

“Battleground states” because they often determine the winners.
Ex. Colorado, Florida, Iowa, Michigan, Ohio

230
Q

What is public opinion?

A

What the public thinks at a point in time

231
Q

How long have officials been increasingly relying on polls?

A

1930

232
Q

What significant events in polling history took place in the 1800’s?

A
  • In 1824 the Penn newspaper tried to predict the presidential winner
  • In 1883 the Boston Globe sent out reporters to conduct exit polls
233
Q

When did Literary Digest begin mailing survey postcards? What was the result?

A

1916; they correctly predicted the presidential winner between 1920 and 1932

234
Q

What was Walter Lippman’s “Public Opinion”?

A

A book that stated the public opinion research was limited but had potential

235
Q

What types of polls were the Literary Digest polls?

A

Straw polls

236
Q

When was Literary Digest’s serious err? What was it?

A

In 1936; they predicted Landon to win 57% to 43%, when in fact FDR won with 62.5%

237
Q

What were Literary Digests 3 errors?

A
  1. Drawn from telephone directories and lists of car owners?
  2. Sent them out in early September, 2 months before the election.
  3. Highly motivated respondents
238
Q

What is George Gallup’s historical significance?

A

He used scientific (more accurate) polling to correctly predict the 1936 election; although he under predicted the victory by 7%, the correct prediction elevated his stature

239
Q

What was a major 1948 polling error?

A

Gallup failed to predict Truman’s victory; he and virtually all pollsters predicted that Dewey would win

240
Q

What are the three key phrases of conducting a poll?

A
  1. Deciding content and phrasing questions
  2. Choosing sample
  3. Contact respondents
241
Q

What is the definition of random sampling?

A

Each person in the population has an equal chance of being sampled

242
Q

What type of sampling do more reputable posters use? What is it?

A

Stratified sampling; sampling from the countries divided into 4 regions

243
Q

What are push polls? Where did they get their names?

A

Generally viewed as having ulterior motives, questioners may provide negative or false information.

They are so names because they are supposed to push a person away from one candidate and towards the poll sponsor

244
Q

What are tracking polls? Why are they preferred?

A

Continuous surveys chart popularity daily; this helps in determining effective strategies.

245
Q

What are exit polls?

A

Polls that occur at polling places to determine election results

246
Q

What are sampling errors?

A

Differences between sample results and actual population results

247
Q

What are limited options for respondents, and what is their effect?

A

Respondents being unable to convey levels of support makes these types of survey questions unreliable

248
Q

How does inadequate information affect polls?

A
  • Insufficient knowledge may cause pollsters to exclude individuals
  • Pollsters may exclude 20% of sample if they fail screening
249
Q

What problems are created by being unable to determine intensity?

A
  • Pollsters may be unable to determine intensity of voters towards issues
  • Individuals night consider one issue more important than another
250
Q

What is news media?

A
  • Part of mass media

* Provides the public with news

251
Q

What is an important early example of newspapers? What is a significant difference about these papers?

A

Newspapers were circulated in communities during the colonial era; they took federalists or anti federalist sides

252
Q

Who founded The Sun, and when? What was the significance?

A

Benjamin Day founded The (NY) Sun in 1833; they moved away from partisan affiliation

253
Q

What is yellow journalism, and when did it place?

A

It is sensationalized reporting; it took place in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, when journalistic standards were lowered.

254
Q

What was William Randolph Hearst’s significance?

A

He bought and changed the NY Journal to compete with Pulitzer

255
Q

What was Joseph Pulitzer’s newspaper? Was it popular?

A

The World; it was very popular before and in the wake of Hearst’s paper

256
Q

What is muckraking? Who coined the term?

A

Focusing on business, political, and governmental misconduct as opposed to the issues. It was coined by T. Roosevelt.

257
Q

What movement led to muckraking?

A

The progressive movement of the early 20th century

258
Q

Who was the first president to be broadcast on the radio?

A

Coolidge

259
Q

Who effectively used the radio to reach the public?

A

FDR

260
Q

What did FDR USA the radio for?

A
  • Explaining the New Deal programs
  • Calming fear
  • Discuss US progress in WWII
261
Q

Who are significant talk radio personalities?

A
  1. Rush Limbaugh
  2. Sean Hannity
  3. Al Franken (before becoming senator)
262
Q

When was TV first demonstrated? When was it used significantly presidential elections?

A

1939 at the US World’s Fair; started being used in 1960

263
Q

When did network news viewership go down?

A

2000 to 2004; went from 45% to 35%

264
Q

What are popular news network?

A
  1. ABC
  2. CBS
  3. NBC
265
Q

When did cable news viewership go up?

A

2000 to 2004; 34% to 38%

266
Q

What are popular sources of cable news?

A
  1. CNN
  2. MSNBC
  3. Fox News
267
Q

What type of source is C-SPAN? What does it cover?

A

It is unfiltered. It covers:

  1. Congressional meetings
  2. Public affairs events
  3. Parliamentary meetings
  4. Press conferences
268
Q

What are media trends?

A
  • TV viewership and magazine leadership has decline

* Online outlets have grown

269
Q

What is a network?

A

Associations of broadcast stations (both tv and radio)

270
Q

What are affiliates?

A

Local tv and radio stations that may carry network programming

271
Q

What are wire services? Examples?

A

Electronic distribution of news to all member news media organizations?

  1. AP (associated press)
  2. UPI (United press international)
  3. Reuters
272
Q

Where is consolidation popular?

A

News media, especially newspapers

273
Q

Why are pundits employed? What do they do?

A

They discuss specific issues because 24 hour cable news are not specialized in all areas

274
Q

What is narrow casting?

A

Media outlets tailor programming to specific calculations

275
Q

What are blogs? What purpose do they serve?

A
  • Ordinary citizens discuss their opinions

* It provides web-based editorials and news outlets

276
Q

What is a press release?

A

A printed, emailed, or faxed document offering official’s comments or position

277
Q

What is press briefing?

A

Restricted live engagement between press press briefers and press

278
Q

What is a press conference?

A

An unrestricted session where an official talks with the press at length

279
Q

When was the White House Press Secretary first established? What does the position entail? Who currently holds the position?

A
  • First established under Hoover
  • Articulates the position of the president during press briefing
  • Currently held by Stephanie Grisham
280
Q

How big is the Congressional Press Corps? What do they do?

A
  • Over 3000 members who mostly cover leadership of the House and the Senate
  • They also cover committee leaders when issue related to the committee are in the news
281
Q

Does the White House Press Corps cover other officials?

A

No; this is left to local newspaper and broadcast news

282
Q

Is the Supreme Court big on transparency?

A

No; they are resistant to permitting media outlets

283
Q

When and how do you see information about the Supreme Court?

A

At the end of the term, you see written transcripts and audio recordings are released

284
Q

As a result of the lack of timeliness and visuals allowed of the Supreme Court, how does the media cover the court?

A

Very superficially

285
Q

What was California before it was forcibly taken from native people to be a US territory? Until what year?

A

It was under Mexico until 1822

286
Q

What was the alternate name of the US Mexican War? What caused it?

A

The Bear Flag Revolt was caused by American settlers revolting.

287
Q

When did California cede? Under what treaty?

A

After the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848

288
Q

When was gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill?

A

January of 1848

289
Q

Where did immigrants come from as a result of the gold rush? What was the result?

A

The east coast, Latin America, China, Europe, and Australia; this resulted in the population going up by 10 times

290
Q

How many citizens were required for statehood when California became a state?

A

60,000

291
Q

How hands on was the federal government with California? What was the result?

A

Congress did not provide government, so California established their own

292
Q

When was California’s constitution written? Who was it modeled after?

A

It was written in 1849; modeled after Iowa and New York

293
Q

How many people met to decide the California constitution? Where?

A

48 delegates met at Colton Hall

294
Q

What constitutions were similar to that of California?

A

Louisiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Mississippi, Texas, and the US

295
Q

When was the constitution drafted in relation to state good?

A

It was drafted a year before Cali became a state

296
Q

What was a big point of the California constitution?

A

The separation of powers

297
Q

What elected officials were outlined in the Cali constitution?

A
  1. Governor
  2. Lt. Governor
  3. Two representatives (in Congress)
  4. 16 state senators
  5. 36 assembly members
298
Q

Where was the original California state capital?

A

San Jose

299
Q

Originally, how long could the governor, lt. governor, US representative, and state senate?

A

2 years

300
Q

How long could assembly members originally serve?

A

1 years

301
Q

What does the California Constitution states

A

People are inherently empowered politically, the government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit, of people, and the have the right to alter or reform the constitution, whenever the public good may require it

302
Q

When was Cali admitted as a state? What number was it?

A

It was admitted as the 31st state in 1850

303
Q

What was a limit of the 1849 constitution?

A

The government was unable to provide revenues and regulate big businesses?

304
Q

When the Constitution was revamped in 1879, what was is modeled after?

A

The U.S. Bill of Rights

305
Q

How did the 1879 constitution outline elected officials?

A
  1. 40 state senators

2. 80 state assembly members

306
Q

How many amendments qualify for the ballot by 1962? Of this, how many were adopted?

A

583; 334 were adopted

307
Q

What dominated state politics in the 1870’s and 1880’s?

A

The South Pacific Railroad Company

308
Q

Who wanted to end corruption by railroads?

A

Reformers and the middle class

309
Q

What group was founded in 1907?

A

The Progressive Republicans

310
Q

Who did the progressive republicans support for governor in 1910?

A

Hiram Johnson

311
Q

When did reform minded individuals come to power? What was the result?

A

1911; California became the 10th state to adopt the initiative process

312
Q

What is the main sort of government is California? What other features does it have?

A

It is chiefly a republic, but has some direct democratic features

313
Q

In the 1879 constitution, what branches were outline?

A

Legislative, executive, and judicial

314
Q

How many articles were there in the 1879 constitution? How did this compete with US constitution?

A

More than 35, and was more detailed than the U.S. Constitution

315
Q

How vast were the articles of the 1879 constitution?

A

They covered a wide range of issues, from college, medical research, and labor issues

316
Q

What does article 1 of the 1879 constitution cover?

A

It’s a declaration of right, expanding on the U.S. Bill of Rights

317
Q

What does article 2 of the 1879 constitution cover?

A

The voting process

318
Q

What does article four of the 1879 constitution cover? What were the specifics.

A

The legislature’s structure and power. It states that the assembly should have 80 members, the senate should have 40 members, these members should be full-time, and there should be term limits

319
Q

What are the California state legislature term limits?

A

In the assembly you can serve 3 two year terms, in the senate you can serve 2 four year terms

320
Q

What does article five of the 1879 constitution cover?

A

It outlines the California executive branch

321
Q

What are the specifics covered in the fifth article?

A
  • Governor elected every 4 years
  • Explains qualifications and power
  • Governor’s appointed powers are limited (may require senate confirmation)
  • Separate elections of other executive officials (drafters concerned with balance of power)
  • Members of the executive may be from different parties
322
Q

What does article six of the 1879 constitution cover?

A

It outlines the California judicial system

323
Q

What were the specifics of the sixth article?

A
  • The structures, powers, terms, and methods of selection
  • Trial level courts are superior courts
  • The Supreme Court has 1 Chief Justice and 6 associate judges
  • Elected in nonpartisan elections
324
Q

What does article thirteen of the 1879 constitution cover?

A

The procedures through which the constitution may be amended

325
Q

What are some specifics of the 13th amendment?

A
  • A 2/3rds vote of each house is necessary before the state legislature can 1. propose amendments or revisions to the constitution and 2. amend or withdraw a proposal that the legislature has made
  • The state legislature can call for a constitutional convention with a 2/3rd concurring vote
  • The initiative process allows for change
326
Q

What is important about changes made to the state constitution?

A

They must be approved by citizens regardless it’s origins

327
Q

How does the length of the state constitution compare to that of the U.S. constitution?

A

About 10 times longer

328
Q

How has the state legislature been amended since 1879?

A
  1. By referendum ~500 times

2. By initiative ~40 times

329
Q

How have initiatives varied by the decades?

A
  • In the 70’s there were <15 initiatives a year
  • 80’s, <30
  • 90’s, <80
330
Q

How does the number of initiatives that qualify compare to the number of those filed?

A

The number qualified is less than the number filed

331
Q

How does the number of initiatives passed compare to the number that qualify?

A

passed < # that qualify

332
Q

In November of 2006, how many initiatives are on the ballot? How many are passed? What kind failed?

A

13 are on the ballot, 7 pass. 5 initiatives that dealt with trying to change the constitution all failed

333
Q

How many counties are there in California? Which is the smallest and which is the largest?

A

56 counties; from Alpine County to L.A. County

334
Q

How many general law counties are there? What type of population does it best work for?

A

44; it works best in low populous counties like Kern, Kings, Madera

335
Q

How do general law counties operate?

A

There is a set of laws of county governance

336
Q

What kind of duties exist in general law counties?

A
  1. Sheriff
  2. District attorney
  3. Assessor
  4. Board of Supervisors
337
Q

How many charter counties are there? What kind of population does it work for?

A

14 more populous counties (LA, SF, SD)

338
Q

How do charter counties govern?

A

They adopt mini constitutions, called charters

339
Q

How does a county become a charter county?

A

The majority of county voters must vote to adopt a charter

340
Q

What are the advantages of having a charter? Disadvantages?

A

There is greater autonomy, but there is no extra authority to:

  1. Raise revenues
  2. Manage budgets
  3. Dealing with other government bodies
341
Q

What are the powers of cities like when it comes to self governance? Ex. Raising revenues

A

Their powers are broad

342
Q

If cities want to incorporate, what is an important step?

A

Petitioning

343
Q

If a petition to become a city gets enough signatures, who must approve to get the boundaries drawn?

A

LAFCO

344
Q

Who conducts hearings and votes on proposed cities? If they approve, what happens?

A

The county board of supervisors; citizens live within the boundaries of the new proposed city will vote whether or not to incorporate their community

345
Q

What types of law are there for cities to follow? How many are there of each type?

A

General law or charter law; there are 363 cities under general law, and 118 under charter law

346
Q

What way are the majority of cities managed? What kind of cities does it work best for?

A

Council-manager; best in small, homogenous cities with general agreement

347
Q

What is a city council?

A

Five council members hold legislative and executive powers

348
Q

What is the job of a city manager?

A
  • Carry out the council’s policies and administrative departments
  • Helps prepare the budget
349
Q

How is a mayor appointed? What is this job? What varies about this in council-manager cities?

A
  • The council elects one member as a mayor, which is mostly ceremonial
  • In council-manager cities with directly elected mayors, there is no veto and no appointment power
350
Q

Where did the council-manager system originate?

A

Progressive reforms introduced in the early 1900’s to break up political power

351
Q

In the council-manager system, what is the role of the city council? Of the city manager? What is the real effect?

A
  • City council: policy making
  • City manager: administration
  • In reality, the city manager often has a degree of policy making
352
Q

What kind of governmental system do the minority of California cities have? What type of cities does it work best in?

A

A mayor-council system; it works best in large, diverse cities

353
Q

What are the characteristics of the mayor-council government?

A
  • Separation of powers instead of fusion of powers

* Legislation and exec. branches are separated

354
Q

What type of powers do directly elected mayors have?

A
  1. Veto ordinances
  2. Appoint department heads and commission members
  3. Preparing the city budget
355
Q

What does it mean to be elected at large?

A

To be elected by the whole city

356
Q

How are council members elected? What is the result?

A

They are elected within separate districts within the city; this means they represent their district’s constituents, and not the entire city

357
Q

What determines a strong or weak mayor?

A

How much power the mayor is granted

358
Q

When was LA’s New Charter created? What was the result?

A

In 1999; there were greater mayoral powers established

359
Q

Where are there strong mayors?

A
  1. Fresno
  2. San Diego
  3. N.Y.C
360
Q

How many K-12 school districts are there in California?

A

1,043

361
Q

What is a union school district? A unified school district?

A

Districts that have elementary schools or secondary schools; districts that have schools serving grades K-12

362
Q

How do you get on a school board?

A

They are elected on nonpartisan, district-wife ballots

363
Q

How are superintendents put in their position? What do they do?

A

They are hired to administer programs and implement board policies

364
Q

How many special districts are there in the state? What are some examples?

A

4,776 districts. Ex:

  1. Flood control
  2. Water
  3. Cemetery
  4. Hospital
365
Q

Who forms a special district?

A

Local resident

366
Q

What is an important standard to meet to become a special district?

A

You must meet a LAFCO fiscal viability study

367
Q

How do districts vote on special districts?

A

They are put onto ballots

368
Q

Who votes on a special district?

A

Those who live within the proposed boundaries

369
Q

How many states all for signature gathering for a ballot initiative?

A

24 states

370
Q

Who proposes initiative; how much does one typically have to pay, and for what reason?

A

Citizens propose initiatives; they pay $200 to the attorney general’s office to have the attorney general write up a title and summary

371
Q

Who permits petition circulation and sets deadlines?

A

The Secretary of State

372
Q

What are the two kinds of initiatives?

A
  1. Statutory

2. Constitutional amendment

373
Q

What is the power of an initiative like?

A

They have the force of law, but are able to be overridden if they are in conflict with the state constitution

374
Q

How many signatures are required for an initiative to be overturned?

A

5% of the total votes cast for governor during the last gubernatorial election; 365,880 signatures

375
Q

How many signatures are required to amend the state constitution?

A

8%; 585,407 signatures

376
Q

How has the number of ballot initiatives increased in recent decades?

A

They have been increasing dramatically

377
Q

What are the types of referenda?

A
  1. Protest
  2. Compulsory
  3. Optional
  4. Advisory
378
Q

What are the characteristics of a protest referendum?

A
  • 1/2 the time of a statutory initiative

* Requires 5% of the votes cast during gubernatorial election

379
Q

What are the characteristics of a compulsory referendum?

A
  • If legislature votes to amend the constitution, they must submit changes to voters
  • Voters accept or reject the changes
380
Q

What are characteristics of optional referendum?

A
  • Legislature may choose to submit other legislation before voters
  • Since 1912, 50 referenda have been attempted, 39 qualified and 25 have passed
381
Q

What are characteristics of advisory referendum?

A
  • No legal standing

* Local government uses them to gauge voters on debates issues

382
Q

What establishes how many signatures are required during the recall process?

A

The political office involved

383
Q

In order to recall a statewide official like a governor, how many signatures must be collected?

A

12% of total votes cast for all candidates for that position during the last election

384
Q

How many signatures must be collected to recall a state legislature?

A

20% of those who voted for that position in the last election

385
Q

How many attempts have there been to recall a California governor? How many have been successful? When?

A

31 attempts; 1 success - Davis in 2003

386
Q

How many states have a bicameral legislature?

A

All but Nebraska

387
Q

What are requirements to be a state legislature?

A
  1. Be 18 or over
  2. Citizen of the US and of Cali
  3. Resident of the district for at least 1 year
  4. Resident of California for at least 3 years
388
Q

What is the annual salary of a state assembly leader member? Any additional payment?

A

$97,197/year, along with $168/day (tax free) on when on state business

389
Q

What is the allowance of the President pro tempore/speaker of the house?

A

$111,776/year

390
Q

What is the structure of the assemble? Max years in legislature?

A
  • 80 members with 482,500 constituents each

* 12 years max in legislature

391
Q

What is the structure senate of the senate? Maximum years in legislature?

A
  • 40 members with 965,000 constituents each

* 12 years max in legislature

392
Q

What is the job of the presiding officer (speaker of assembly)? Who is it currently?

A
  • Appoints other leadership
  • Directs debate
  • Assigns bills to committees
  • Currently Anthony Rendon
393
Q

What is the job of the minority leader of the assembly? Who is it currently?

A
  • 2nd most powerful

* Marie Waldron

394
Q

What is the job of the pro tempore of the senate? Who is it currently?

A
  • Most powerful member of the senate
  • Not as much power as speaker of the assembly
  • Chairs the rules committees, which controls all the other committees, the committee chair assignments, and the flow of legislation
  • Toni Atkins
395
Q

What is the senate minority leader? Who is it currently?

A
  • 2nd most powerful member

* Patricia Bates

Poli Sci 2 (4 decks)

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