Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
[Syl] Government definition
A
Political system, or the institution that creates and implements policy and laws that guide the conduct of the nation and its citizens
2
Q
Democracy definition
A
Rule by the people
3
Q
Aristocracy
A
Rule by “the best”
4
Q
Direct democracy definition
A
Direct citizen rule
5
Q
Monarchy definition
A
1 person holds power
6
Q
Republic definition
A
Ruled by elected representatives; a government that derives its authority from the people and in which citizens elect government officials to represent them in the processes by which laws made; a representative democracy
7
Q
Senate definition
A
Roman aristocratic body
8
Q
[Syl] Ideas that influence US founders and framers
A
Greece provided philosophy through its culture. Rome provided a system of laws, language changes, and engineering. The US took some aspects of Athenian government. Hobbes and Locke provided the idea of social contract theory and popular consent. New England had a direct democracy. The House of Burgesses inspires the US republic (people electing responses).
9
Q
[Syl] What are the attributes functions of American democracy?
A
According to the preamble, the governments aim is to: •Establish justice •Ensure domestic tranquility •Provide for the common defense •Promote general welfare •Secure the blessings of liberty
10
Q
[Syl] Attributes of the American Government.
A
- Personal liberty
- Political equality
- Popular consent and majority rule
- Popular sovereignty
- Gvt. limited by constitution and laws
- Civil society
- Individualization
- Religious faith
11
Q
[Syl] Direct democracy definition and examples
A
Citizens participate in making policy decisions. Ex. Switzerland, early Athens.
12
Q
[Syl] Definition of indirect democracy and examples
A
The people control the government through elected officials. Ex. Sparta, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, etc.
13
Q
[Syl] Plato’s forms of government from “most perfect to least perfect”
A
- Philosopher King
- Timocracy (ruled by honor)
- Oligarchy (ruled by wealthy)
- Democracy
- Tyranny
14
Q
[Syl] Aristotle’s forms of government from “most perfect to least perfect”
A
- Monarchy
- Aristocracy (ruled by the best)
- Polity (ruled by many in the interest of all)
- Democracy
- Oligarchy
- Tyranny
15
Q
[Syl] Alternatives to democracy
A
- Totalitarianism
- Authoritarianism
- Socialism
- Communism
- Fascism
16
Q
[Syl] Politics definition
A
The study of “who gets what, when and how.” Also been defined as the struggle between individuals and/or groups within a society for the allocation of resources and privileges
17
Q
[Syl] Definition of state
A
An independent political-administrative unit that successfully claims the allegiance of a given population
18
Q
[Syl] Definition is nation
A
A large group of people who are bound together, and recognize a similarity among themselves, due to a common culture
Cultural and linguistic grouping of people who feel that they belong together
19
Q
Were populations uniform?
A
No. Varied from 100+ to in the thousands.
20
Q
What was the population of Athens?
A
> 300,000
21
Q
What was Athen’s original form of government?
A
Monarchy
22
Q
When did Athens become an oligarchy?
A
The 7th century.
23
Q
Describe some of Athens’s early economic problems
A
- Debt-slavery
- Poor wanted land and their debt cancelled
- A civil war was imminent
24
Q
What did Solon do?
A
Canceled debts but did not give any land. Allowed aristocrats to come to power while people remained landless.
25
What was the council of 500?
An unpaid male Athenian assembly.
26
What did the council of 500 do?
1. Proposed laws
2. Supervised foreign affairs
3. Treasury
27
What sort of government did Cliesthenes enact?
An Athenian democracy.
28
Who elected the council of 500?
Athenian males.
29
What did a direct democracy mean for Athenians?
Legislation was debated by Athenians who ruled directly.
30
How many Athenians attended the assembly? How often did they meet?
6,000 people attended every 10 days
31
What led to the Sparta/Athens war?
Athens refuses to fight.
32
Why study government?
I am directly or indirectly affected by government.
33
Does government = democracy?
No
34
What are some elements of of democracy?
* They are common to societies
| * They may be simple to complex
35
What is government?
* ”To pilot a ship” or to “steer the ship of a state”
* Works independently
* Allocates benefits
* Has the final say
* Policy decision-making
* Defined by Lasswell as “Who gets what, when, and how”
36
Why is government needed? Give an example of life without government.
* Security and order
* Safety from violence and crime
* Ex. Iraq power vacuum
37
What happens when order is overemphasized? Give an example of such a government.
Liberty may be limited or absent. Ex. Franco’s Spain, Hussein’s Iran, Castro’s Cuba
38
What is the double sided coin of liberty?
It may be promoted to a people, or used against them.
39
What was the main point of Federalist Paper no. 10. Cite the text.
To discuss liberty and factions. “Removing causes” vs. “controlling effects”. “Destroying liberty” vs. “same interests”. “First remedy worse than the disease.”
40
Why does the government need authority? How does it obtain authority.
To enforce decisions. They obtain this authority through the army, police, or ostracism.
41
What defines legitimacy?
People’s willingness to follow government’s rule and belief in their authority
42
What is an example of the gvt.’s use for authority.
The C.P.A. during the time of Iraq.
43
How did the US redefine direct democracy?
Initiative, referendum, or recall
44
What is teledemocracy? How has it changed traditional US democracy?
* The internet has been used to contact politicians and to donate to them
* Online interest groups can be viewed
* Colorado installed online voting in 2000.
45
What document noted opposition to direct democracy? What did it say?
Federalist paper #10 says that pure democracies are unrestrained and brief.
46
What causes the Reformation? What king was involved in it?
Protestants moved into a church started by Henry the 8th and split from the Anglican Church.
47
What makes puritans different?
They are less hierarchal.
48
How are congregations governed?
They are self-governed and independent.
49
Where did separatists find refuge?
America
50
What documents did the pilgrims create?
The Mayflower Compact.
51
What did pilgrims and puritans begin to practice?
A form of direct government
52
What did Hobbes propose?
Popular consent and social contract theory.
53
What was Hobbes like? What did he believe?
He was a pessimist who believed that life was short and unpleasant
54
What was described in Locke’s second treatise?
* Denied divine rights
* Favored natural rights
* Consent of the governed
* True justice came for laws
* Favors legislature
* Jefferson modifiers Locke’s “life, liberty, and property”
55
What sets a democratic republic apart from a representative democracy?
A democratic republic utilizes rules of a democracy and republic, while a representative democracy was founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people
56
What is an example of a democratic republic? Of a representative democracy?
* Democratic republic: US
| * Representative democracy: UK
57
What defines personal liberty?
* Freedom from government interference
| * Freedom from government discrimination
58
What defines political equality?
•People are equal, which dictated that suffrage should be universal
59
What makes popular consent and majority rule characteristics of American government?
* Locke said that having popular consent legitimizes ideas
| * The Bill of rights limits majority rules
60
What defines a civil society?
Citizens are able to debate public policy
61
Why is individualization a characteristic of an American government?
It is an American tradition that provides opportunity to achieve.
62
How has unlimited religious faith shaped the current US?
Religious diversity has increased, but Christians are still the largest group.
63
What separates the types of democracy?
It is either for everyone, few, or groups.
64
What is the type of democracy for everyone? How is it defined?
•Majoritarianism: majority’s wished
65
How are society’s affected by being ruled under majoritarianism?
Polls show people are disinterested in politics and have limited awareness
66
What type of democracy is for the few? How is it defined?
Elite theory: a few people are in power, and these people are in elite groups.
67
What type of democracy is for groups? How is it defined?
Pluralism is defined as a struggle among groups?
68
What type of democracy forms our democracy?
•Some argue all three are involved
69
How do individual political beliefs form?
* Political socialization
| * Dominant culture
70
What are the most important elements of political socialization?
* Family
| * Schooling
71
What defines dominant culture?
Values, customs, and language of major groups.
72
What sort of issues cause tension in American democracy?
* Liberty vs order
* Equality vs order
* Equality vs liberty
* Economic equality
* Property rights and capitalism
* Limited vs big government
73
What defines a liberty vs order tension? Examples?
Order up against individuality. Ex. Abortion debate, the Patriot Act.
74
What defines an equality vs order tension? Example?
Equality is pitted against social order. Ex. Same sex marriage.
75
What defines an equality vs liberty tension? Example?
Equality goes against individual liberty. Ex. Single payer healthcare
76
What defines the existence of economic equality tension?
* Total economic equality is considered controversial, but reducing economic inequality is less controversial
* The 5th amendment (property rights)
77
What defines property rights and capitalism tension?
Controversy over the Kelo case (eminent domain for private purposes). Many felt it violated the 5th amendment.
78
What is an example of a limited vs big government tension?
State vs federal intervention in Hurricane Katrina
79
What are political ideologies?
Beliefs about government.
80
What is Dahl’s criteria of democracy?
1. Citizens can vote
2. Citizens can be elected
3. Candidates can campaign
4. Free and fair elections
5. Freedom of association
6. Freedom of expression
7. Alternative information sources
8. Accountable policy makers
81
What are the 4 corners of the ideological grid?
* Liberals
* Libertarians
* Conservatives
* Populist communitarian
82
Liberals definition
Cultural liberty and economic equality
83
Libertarian definition
Cultural and economic liberty
84
Conservative definition
Cultural order and economic equality
85
Populist communitarian definition
Cultural order and economic equality
86
What are the tensions within ideologies? How is it defined?
Fiscal vs. social: conservative vs liberal
87
Socialism definition
Economic and social equality, cooperative or nationalized industry
88
Communism definition
Rule by workers, government enterprises, central planning
89
Fascism definition
Exalts nation and rulers, action over discussion, honors war
90
How are US demographics changing?
* The elderly population is growing
* Media age is higher (35.5, 2008; 36.2, 2050; strains Medicare and social security)
* Overall population growing (300 mil 2006, 350 mil 2025, 400 mil 2050)
* Population growing, birthrate falling (replacement rate = 2.1 births)
* Immigration and large families may only sustain population growth until ~2050
91
Changes in demographics (pt. 2)
* Diversity is increasing (Latinos and Asians are fastest growing, African Americans are frowning slowly, and white peoples are decreasing)
* Labor for participation (F36% M80% 1960, F58% M71% 2000)
* After Roe v Wade abortion rates went up, but have recently declined
* Divorce rate was 2.5/1000 in 1965, 4.8 in 1975, and 4.2 in 2006
92
What are attitudes towards the American government like?
* Many want to achieve “the American Dream”
* Expectations are higher since the new deal
* Successes may be over shadowed
* Scandals explain 2005 poll with 23% of people trusting politicians
* Not feeling your vote makes a different, or not knowing information may result in voter apathy
* Must recognize good and bad done by government
93
When was Roanoke established?
1587
94
When was Jamestown founded?
1607
95
How much of the original Jamestown died? Why?
80% due to drought.
96
What crop saved Jamestown?
Tobacco
97
What important model for the US government was established in Jamestown? What year?
The House of Burgesses was established in 1619
98
What important document was signed on a failed exposition to Virgina that ended up in New England? How many men signed it?
41 out of 44 men signed the Mayflower Compact
99
What did the signers of the Mayflower Compact do?
Formed a new government
100
What colony formed the Fundamental Orders in 1693?
Connecticut
101
What year were the Body of Liberties established?
1641
102
What colony formed the Frame of Government in 1682?
Pennsylvania
103
What document did the Frame of Government result in? In what year?
Charter of Privileges in 1701
104
Ideas expressed throughout the Fundamental Orders, Body of Liberties, Frame of Government, and Charter of Privileges were important to which American documents?
The constitution and the bill of rights
105
What policy was very important to England from the 1650’s to the 1700’s?
Trade, also known as mercantilism (the idea that wealth came from industry and trade)
106
When did the French and Indian war widen?
1756 - 1763
107
What effect did the war have on England?
It cost them a lot of money
108
What year did the Crown issue a Proclamation? What did it mean?
Issued in 1763, colonists were not allowed to move west.
109
How did the crown attempt to make up for their losses? What was the effect?
Taxing the colonies caused dissent.
110
What did the Sugar Act do? When was it established?
Starting in 1764, sugar, coffee, wine, and other various items were taxed
111
What did the Quartering Act do? When was it established?
I’m 1765 the colonists were ordered to house and supply British troops
112
What was The Stamp Act? When was it established? What was the result?
In 1765, requiring stamps on all public documents caused a lot of protest; it was eventually repealed.
113
What brotherhood did Sam Adams found that protested the Stamp Act?
The Sons of Liberty
114
How many colonies sent representatives to NYC as a result of England passing strict rules for the colonies?
9 out of 13
115
What was the Declaratory Act and when was it passed?
In 1766, parliament weakened the colony’s legislature
116
What was the Townshend Act? When was it passed? Who protested it?
Passed in 1767, tea began to be taxed. This was protested by the Sons of Liberty.
117
What was the Boston Massacre? When was it?
In 1770 soldiers fired on a crowd of protesters.
118
Whose side of the Boston Massacre was John Adams on?
The soldiers
119
When was the Tea Act passed, and what did it do?
Passed in 1773, an East Indian company was given a monopoly in tea
120
What happened during the Boston Tea Party? When was it?
In 1773 350 chests of tea were dumped into the Boston harbor
121
What did the Intolerable Acts do? When were they passed?
In 1774, the Coercive Acts were able to be passed. These acts punished Massachusetts by closing the Harbor and imposing martial law
122
How did the colonies respond to Britain’s “punishments” and oppressive law?
All but Georgia sent representatives to Philly
123
When was the first Continental Congress? What did it result in?
Hosted in 1774, the colonies were able to voice their objections, as well as decide to raise soldiers
124
When was the second constitutional convention? Which colonies attended?
All colonies attended in 1775
125
What document was written during the second constitutional convention?
The Olive Branch Petition
126
How did the King react to the Olive Branch Petition?
He rejected it
127
What did Britain found as a result of the Olive Branch Petition?
The continental army
128
What did Thomas Paine declare in Common Sense?
Self determination
129
Who resolved independence to gain Legitimacy and pas the Resolution?
Richard Henry Lee
130
Who chaired the drafting committee? What was the result?
Jefferson; the Declaration of Independence was mostly his work
131
When were the articles of confederation written? When were they ratified?
1776 ; 1781
132
When did the states begin to follow the Articles of Confederation?
Before ratification
133
What powers did the articles give?
Power to make peace, relate with native Americans, appoint officers, produce coinage, and found a mail system.
134
What system did the articles of confederation set up?
1 legislative chamber that has 2 to 7 delegates per state
135
How many votes did each state get?
1.
136
How many states needed to vote yes in order for a measure to pass?
9 states of 13
137
How many states needed to vote yes in order to amend an article?
13 : 13
138
If congress is adjourned, who is able to make decisions?
A committee of the states?
139
Who has the power to appoint executive officers?
Congress
140
What was a success made under the articles?
Maryland convinced others to hold off ratifying articles.
141
What were some weaknesses under the articles?
* Could not regulate commerce
* Could not tax people directly
* Could not draft
* Could not compel others to honor treaties
142
When was Shay’s rebellion? Who committed it?
1786, committed by Daniel Shays and other farmers
143
What happened to farmers who didn’t pay their debts?
Imprisonment
144
Was Shays able to take the arsenal?
No
145
When and were was the constitutional convention?
1787 in Philly
146
How many states were present in the 1787 constitutional convention?
All but Rhode Island
147
How big were the framers? How many had legal backgrounds? What was the average age?
There were 55 delegates, 33 of which had a legal background. The average age was 42.
148
What did the Executive branch establish about the presidency?
The length of term, the electoral college, and the ability to impeach
149
Who was the main author of the constitution?
James Madison
150
What were the two main points of the constitution?
1. Separation of powers
| 2. Checks and balances
151
Why do the powers need to be separated?
To prevent tyranny
152
What does article one of the constitution establish?
The powers of congress, comprised of the house and the senate
153
What does article two of the constitution establish?
The powers of the president
154
What does article three of the constitution establish?
The powers of the Supreme Court
155
Who originally talked about checks and balances? In what context?
Montesquieu, in The Spirit of the Laws (1765)
156
What powers of sub-government did the constitution help to divide?
The powers of national and state government
157
What defines popular sovereignty?
Popular sovereignty is a government of the people.
158
What did the constitution do to the national and state governments?
It limited them.
159
What did the constitution stress the importance of in government?
Elected representatives.
160
[Syl] What defines article 5 of the constitution?
Amendments can be proposed by either congress or a special convention called at that states’ request. States have the authority to to ratify amendments; 3/4 of the state legislature must agree to ratify for it to become official. Very few proposals actually become ratified.
161
[Syl] Describe the nation’s system of checks and balances
* The president may veto legislation of congress, and can nominate judges for the Supreme Court
* The Supreme Court may declare presidential acts unconstitutional, and may declare laws founded by congress unconstitutional
* Congress may vote to impeach the president, or to impeach judges of the Supreme Court
162
[Syl] Compare and contrast the articles of confederation and the constitution
* The articles of confederation: laid foundations of a confederate government, unicameral, requires unanimous ratification, and didn’t have one executive power holder
* The constitution: laid foundations for a federal government, bicameral, requires 9:13 states for ratification, described a president
* Both: Detailed congresses rights and duties, congress has military power, foundational governing document, only government can send and receive ambassadors
163
[Syl] What differentiated federalists and anti federalists when it came to Bill of rights and the constitution?
* Bill of rights: federalists thought a bill of rightswere not necessary, while antis wanted a list of personal rights
* Constitution: federalists supported ratifying the constitution, while antis did not.
164
Efficacy definition
Citizen’s belief that they have the ability to achieve something desirable and that the government listens to people like them
165
Civic engagement definition
Individual and collective actions designed to identify and address issues of public concern
166
Political engagement definition
Citizen actions that are intended to solve public problems through political means
167
Citizens definition
Members of the polity who, through birth or naturalization, enjoy the rights, privileges, and responsibilities attached to membership in a given nation
168
Naturalization definition
The process of becoming a citizen by means other than birth, as in the case of immigrants
169
Legitimacy definition
A quality conferred on government by citizens who believe that it’s exercise of power is right and proper
170
Public good definition
Goods whose benefits cannot be limited and that are available to all
171
Constitutionalism definition
Government that is structured by law, and in which the power of government is limited
172
Limited government definition
Government that is restricted in what it can do so that the rights of the people are protected
173
Divine right of kings definition
The assertion that monarchies, as a manifestation of God’s will, could rule absolutely without regard to the will or well-being of their subjects
174
Social contract definition
An agreement between people and their leaders in which the people agree to give up some liberties so that their other liberties are protected
175
Popular sovereignty definition
The theory that government is created by the people and depends on the people for the authority to rule
176
Social contract theory definition
The idea that individuals possess free will, and every individual is equally endowed with the God-given right of self-determination and the ability to consent to be governed
177
Liberty definition
The most essential quality of American democracy; it is both the freedom from governmental interference in citizens’ lives and the freedom to pursue happiness
178
Property definition
Anything that can be owned
179
Consent of the governed definition
The idea that, in a democracy, the government’s power derives from the consent of the people
180
Majority rule definition
The idea that in a democracy, only policies with 50 percent plus one vote are enacted, and only candidates that win 50 percent plus one vote are elected
181
Constitution definition
The fundamental principles of a government and the basic structures and procedures by which the government operates to fulfill those principles; may be written or unwritten
182
Confederation definition
A union of independent states in which each state retains its sovereignty, that is, the ultimate power to govern, and agrees to work collaboratively on matters the states expressly agree to delegate to a central governing body
183
Unicameral legislature definition
A legislative body with a single chamber
184
Dual sovereignty definition
A system of government in which ultimate governing authority is divided between two levels of government, a central government and regional governments, with each level having ultimate authority over different policy matters
185
Supremacy clause
A clause in Article VI of the constitution that stated that the constitution and the treaties and laws created by the National Government in compliance with the Constitution are the supreme law of the land
186
Separation of powers definition
The constitution’s delegation of authority for the primary governing functions among three branches of government so that no one group of government officials controls all the governing functions
187
Checks and balances definition
A system in which each branch of government can monitor and limit the functions of the other branches
188
Virginia plan textbook definition
The new governmental structure proposed by the Virginia delegation to the Constitutional Convention, which consisted of a bicameral legislation (Congress), an executive elected by by the legislature, and a separate national judiciary; state representation in Congress would be proportional to state pop.; the people would elect members to the lower house, and members of the lowest house would elect the members of the upper house
189
New Jersey Plan textbook definition
The proposal presented in response to the Virginia Plan by the less populous states at the Constitutional Convention, which called for a unicameral national legislature in which all states would have an equal voice (equal representation), an executive office composed of several people elected by Congress, and a Supreme Court whose members would be appointed by the executive office.
190
Connecticut compromise textbook definition
The compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a bicameral legislature with one chamber’s representation based on population and the other chamber having two members for each state (also known as The Great Compromise).
191
Electoral college definition
The name given to the body of representatives elected by voters in each state to elect the president and the Vice President
192
Veto definition
The president’s rejection of a bill, which is sent back to Congress with the President’s objection noted
193
Advice and consent definition
The senate’s authority to approve or reject the president’s top appointments and negotiated treaties
194
Marbury v Madison
The 1803 Supreme Court case that established the power of judicial review which allows the Court to strike down laws passed by other branches that it views to be in conflict with the constitution
195
Judicial review definition
Court authority to determine that an action taken by any government official or governing body violates the Constitution; established by Madison v. Marbury
196
Federalists definition
Individuals who supported the new Constitution as presented by the Constitutional Convention in 1787
197
Anti-federalists definition
Individuals who opposed ratification of the constitution because they were deeply suspicious of the powers it gave to the national government and of the impact those powers would have on states’ authority and the individual freedoms
198
The federalist papers
A series of essays, written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay that argued for the ratification of the constitution
199
Bill of Rights definition
The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which were ratified in 1791, constituting an enumeration of the individual liberties with which the government is forbidden to interfere.
200
What does the Declaration of Independence state about citizens replacing the government?
It is necessary to do so if the government is not serving them and upholding their inalienable rights
201
What is Mercy Otis Warren’s historical significance?
He wrote The Columbus Patriot, which summarized the Anti-Federalist position in the debate leading to the ratification of the constitution
202
When did the 9 states ratify the constitution?
1788
203
Who was an important Virginian anti federalist?
Thomas Jefferson
204
Bill of rights: Amendment 1
Freedom of expression, religion, speech, the press, assembly and petition
205
Bill of rights: Amendment 2
The rights to bear arms
206
Bill of rights: Amendment 3
Military cannot take control of private homes during peace time, nor in wartime (but in war time they can in a way prescribed by law)
207
Bill of rights: Amendment 4
Gvt must obtain approval to search or seize property - through consent of the searched or a warrant
208
Bill of rights: Amendment 5
Don’t perjure yourself
209
Bill of rights: amendment 6
The right to a speedy, fair, public trial by jury
210
Bill of rights: Amendment 7
Either party in a federal civil lawsuit involving more than $20 can demand a trial by jury
211
Bill of Rights: Amendment 8
No excessive bail, fines, or cruel and unusual punishments
212
Bill of rights: Amendment 9
There are other rights not previously listed that the government cannot deny the people
213
Bill of rights: Amendment 10
Rights not delegated to the national government are the rights of the state, or rights of the people
214
Federal system definition
A governmental structure with two levels of government in which each level has sovereignty over different policy matters and geographic areas; a system of government with dual sovereignty
215
Unitary systems
A governmental system in which one central government is the sovereign government and it creates other, regional governments to which it delegates some governing powers and responsibilities; however, the central government retains ultimate authority (sovereignty).
216
Confederal system definition
A governmental structure in which several independent sovereign states agree to cooperate on specified policy matters by creating a central governing body; each sovereign state retains ultimate authority over other governmental matters within its borders, so the central governing body is not a sovereign government
217
Intergovernmental relations (IGR)
The interactions of two of more governments (national, state, and local) in their collective efforts to provide good and services to the people they each serve
218
Concurrent Powers definition
Basic governing functions that are exercised by the national and state governments independently, and at the same time, including the power to make policy, raise revenue, implement policy, and establish courts
219
Enumerated Powers definition
The powers of the national government that are listed in the Constitution
220
Implied powers definition
The powers of the national government that are not enumerated in the Constitution but that Congress claims are necessary and proper for the national government to fulfill its enumerated powers in accordance with the necessary and proper clause of the constitution
221
Necessary and proper clause (elastic clause) definition
A clause in Article I, section 8 of the constitution that gives Congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the implied powers
222
Supreme law of the land definition
The US Constitution’s description of its own authority, meaning that all laws made by governments within the US must be in compliance with the constitution
223
Reserved powers definition
The matters referred to in the tenth amendment over which states retain sovereignty
224
Police powers definition
The states’ reserved powers to protect the health, safety, lives, and properties of residents in a state
225
McCulloch v. Maryland
The 1819 case that established that the necessary and proper clause justifies broad understandings of enumerated powers
226
Horizontal federalism definition
The state-to-state relationships created by the U.S. Constitution
227
Interstate compacts definition
Agreements between states that Congress has the authority to review and reject
228
Extradition definition
The return of individuals accused of a crime to the state in which the crime was committed upon the request of that state’s governor
229
Privileges and immunities clause definition
The Constitution’s requirement that a state extend to other states’ citizens the privileges and immunities it provides for its citizens
230
Full faith and credit clause definition
The constitutional clause that requires states to comply with and uphold the public acts, records, and judicial decisions of other states
231
Judicial federalism definition
State courts’ use of their state constitutions to determine citizens’ rights, particularly when state constitutions guarantee greater protections than does the U.S. Constitution
232
Dual federalism definition
The initial model of national and state relations in which the national government takes care of its enumerated powers while the state governments independently take care of their reserved powers
233
Grant-in-aid (intergovernmental transfer) definition
The transfer of money from one government to another government that does not need to paid back
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Cooperative federalism definition
Intergovernmental relations in which the national government supports state governments’ efforts to address the domestic matters reserved to them
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Centralized federalism definition
Intergovernmental relations in which the national government imposes its policy preferences on state and local governments
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Devolution definition
The process whereby the national government returns policy responsibilities to state or local government
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Conflicted federalism
Intergovernmental relations in which elements of dual federalism, cooperative federalism, and centralized federalism are evident in the domestic policies implemented by state and local governments
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Fiscal federalism definition
The relationship between the national government and state and local governments whereby the national government provides grant money to state and local governments
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Categorical formula grant definition
A grant-in-aid for a narrowly defined purpose, whose dollar value is based on a formula
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Matching funds requirement definition
A grant requirement that obligated the government receiving the grant to spend some of its own money to match a specified percentage of the giant money provided
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Categorical project grant definition
A grant-in-aid for a narrowly defined purpose for which governments compete with each other by proposing specific projects
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Block grant definition
A grant-in-aid for a broadly defined policy area, whose funding amount is typically based on a formula
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Mandates definition
Clauses in legislation that direct state and local governments to comply with national legislation and national standards
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Preemption definition
The constitutionally based principle that allows a national law to supersede state or local laws
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Waivers definition
Exemptions from particular conditions normally attached to grants
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What does the 16th Amendment do?
Expanded the national government’s ability to raise revenue, fueling its use of the grants-in-aid and development of fiscal federalism and IGR
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Bicameral legislature definition
Legislature compromising of two parts, called chambers
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Natural rights definition
The rights possessed by all humans as a gift from nature, or God, including the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (also called unalienable rights)
