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Poli Sci 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do politician parties do?

A
  • Organize to win
  • Run government
  • Develop policy
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2
Q

What are factions?

A
  • Groups with common interests
  • Predate parties
  • Today they are blocs in a political party
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3
Q

Functions of parties

A
  1. Recruit candidates
  2. Voter registration; recruit poll workers; campaign; raise turnouts
  3. Alternative policies
  4. Run government
  5. “Out party”; organized opposition (the party that is currently out of power)
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4
Q

7 periods of political party system

A
  1. 1789-1816 (parties form)
  2. 1816-1828 (1 party)
  3. 1828-1860 (Jacksonian democracy)
  4. 1860-1896 (civil war; reconstruction; gilded age)
  5. 1896-1932 (republican rule; progressive period)
  6. 1932-1968 (democratic rule; New Deal; Great Society)
  7. 1968-present (divided government)
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5
Q

What was the first partisan divide? When did it take place?

A

Federalists and anti-federalists, from 1789 through 1816

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6
Q

What document did the federalists support? The anti-federalists?

A

The Constitution; the Articles

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7
Q

How did Washington govern?

A

Neutrally

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8
Q

What did Washington address in his farewell speech?

A

The spirit of party, or the idea that people would follow their party blindly and possibly tear the country apart.

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9
Q

Who was the 2nd president?

A

John Adams

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10
Q

What system did the federalists favor?

A
  1. Strong national government
  2. Merchants
  3. Planters
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11
Q

Who won the presidency in 1800? What party were they?

A

Jefferson, associates with the Jeffersonian Republicans

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12
Q

What did the Jeffersonians favor?

A
  1. Limited government
  2. Farmers
  3. Artisans
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13
Q

Who long did Jefferson serve? Madison?

A

Both served 8 years

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14
Q

When was the Era of Good Feelings? What defined it?

A

1816-1824; one-party rule

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15
Q

What happened at the Hartford convention? What was the result?

A

The federalists were discredited; as a result the party collapsed after the 1816 election

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16
Q

What was the nation like under Monroe? What was the result?

A

There was little opposition; this result in the monicker “The Era of Good Feelings”

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17
Q

When did the anti-federalists split?

A

1824

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18
Q

What was Adams’s wing called? Jackson’s wing?

A
  • Adams’s: National Republicans

* Jackson’s: Democrats

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19
Q

When was the Democrats and Whigs Era? What defined it?

A

1828-1860; two-party rule

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20
Q

When did Jackson win the plurality?

A

1828

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21
Q

Who did Henry lose to? What did he allege as a result?

A

Adams; he alleged a “corrupt bargain”

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22
Q

What was Jackson’s breakdown of the 1828 election?

A

Jackson won 56% of the popular vote and 68% of the electoral college vote

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23
Q

What political party emerged in 1828? What defined it?

A

The Democratic Party emerged. It was “the party of the common man” and was all about personal liberty, but did not include slaves.

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24
Q

What was Adams wing called? When was it formed?

A

The Whig Party; 1832

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25
Q

What was the whig’s record like?

A

They’ve won twice

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26
Q

When was the era of the Civil War Crisis? What defined it?

A

1860-1865; a nation divided

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27
Q

What were the political parties of the Civil War era?

A

The North Whigs (also known as Antislavery Democrats; Freesoil Party; No Nothing) and the Republican Party

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28
Q

What act was formed in the civil war era?

A

Kansas and Nebraska

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29
Q

Who was elected in 1860? What was the result?

A

Lincoln; seven states seceded

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30
Q

What caused the Civil War?

A

Saving the Union, and then to end slavery

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31
Q

When was the era of the Reconstruction and the Gilded Age? What defined it?

A

1865-1869; two-party rule

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32
Q

What happened with the Democratic Party during the reconstruction/gilded age?

A

The party began to re-emerge.

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33
Q

What happened to Southern politics after 1876?

A

It was dominated by Democrats

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34
Q

What did republicans favor?

A

A Protestant school curriculum and prohibition

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35
Q

Who did Catholics align with in 1880?

A

The Democrats

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36
Q

When was the era of republic ascendancy? What defined it?

A

1896-1932, one-party dominance.

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37
Q

Who ran on a populist agenda in 1896? What was the result?

A

Bryan; urban workers were alarmed

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38
Q

Why were urban workers alarmed by Bryan?

A

They feared that he favored inflation

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39
Q

Who won the election in 1896? What did this mark the beginning of?

A

McKinley; the Republican period

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40
Q

What did Teddy Roosevelt believe in?

A
  1. Reforms

2. Trust busting

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41
Q

Who was Wilson? What did he favor?

A

He was a democrat who favored broader roles in the economy

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42
Q

What were the political aspects of the Great Depression?

A
  1. Party change

2. Size + scope of the government change

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43
Q

When was the Democratic ascendancy? What defined it?

A

1932-1968; one-party dominance

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44
Q

What was one of Hoover’s weaknesses as a president?

A

He was slow to combat the depression.

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45
Q

Who won the 1932 election? On what grounds?

A

FDR; promising help for the depression

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46
Q

What were some major changes of FDR?

A
  • The law became larger and more governmental

* A more dominantly democratic government

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47
Q

How long did Eisenhower serve?

A

Two terms

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48
Q

What marked the end of the Democratic dominance?

A

“Great Society” and the Vietnam War

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49
Q

When was the era of divided government? What defines it?

A

1968-present; two-party rule

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50
Q

Who won the election in 1968?

A

Nixon

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51
Q

How was the ticket split in 1968?

A

Republicans won the presidency while Democrats won the congress

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52
Q

What was the change in the 1990’s?

A

Clinton became president in 1992, but there was a republican congress in 1994

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53
Q

What was the change in 2001?

A

Republicans had the presidency while the Democrats had the senate

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54
Q

What was the state of the government in 2007?

A

Democrats regained both houses

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55
Q

What are recent voting shifts like?

A

More democratic, but polls show that the country remained divided.

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56
Q

Who are the Democrats core constituents?

A
  1. Poor and middle class
  2. Union members
  3. Post-grads
  4. Most Jewish persons
  5. 90%+ of African Americans
  6. 60%+ of Latinos
  7. 50%+ of women
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57
Q

Who are the republicans core constituents?

A
  1. Middle and upper class
  2. College grads
  3. White evangelicals
  4. Conservative Catholics
  5. Orthodox Jewish people
  6. Cuban Americans
  7. 60%+ of men
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58
Q

What are the economic philosophies of the Democrats?

A
  1. Progressive taxes
  2. Protectionist policies
  3. Economic welfare
  4. Greater access to or universal healthcare
  5. Social welfare spending
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59
Q

What are the economic philosophies of the Republicans?

A
  1. Lower taxes
  2. Open markets or free trade
  3. Limited regulation
  4. Greater choice in healthcare
  5. Support private charities
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60
Q

Do all members of a party always agree on every issue?

A

No

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61
Q

What are the three components of political parties?

A
  1. Party-in-the-electorate
  2. Party organization
  3. Party-in-Government
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62
Q

What defines party-in-electorate?

A
  • People who identify with a party

* May not campaign or vote straight ticket

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63
Q

What is party organization like?

A

Rather complex

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64
Q

How often does the national convention meet? What is decided?

A

Every 4 years; decides the party platform and what legislation to enact if needed

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65
Q

What are delegates like at a national convention?

A

More partisan

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66
Q

Who is chosen at the national convention? What is their function?

A

A national chairperson is ratified by the presidential nominee’s choice. They are meant to be the spokesmen for the party.

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67
Q

How uniform is party organization of the state’s?

A

Not at all. Each have their own rules.

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68
Q

Is there a typical state government structure?

A

No

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69
Q

What do all state parties have?

A
  1. Chair person
  2. State committee
  3. Local parties
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70
Q

What does the state central committee oversee? What does it carry out?

A

It oversees:

  1. Congressional districts
  2. Legislative districts
  3. Counties

Carries out state legislation

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71
Q

What makes up parties at the local level?

A
  • District leaders
  • Precinct and ward captains
  • Local party workers
  • County committees and chair persons
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72
Q

What has recently ended in local politics?

A

Machine politics

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73
Q

What is the job of the local party?

A

Recruit new members

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74
Q

What is necessary for local party political forerunners?

A

Political experience.

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75
Q

What makes up the party-in-government?

A

The elected and appointed officials that identify with a party

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76
Q

What results from ticket splitting?

A

Party powers being limited and aggressive checks and balances

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77
Q

Is party unity always strong?

A

No

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78
Q

What does redistributing allow for?

A

Party safe seats.

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79
Q

Do politicians always vote with their party?

A

No, but they tend to

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80
Q

What are the four reasons for the two party system?

A
  1. Historical foundations
  2. Political socialization and practical reasons
  3. Winner-take-all system
  4. Federal and state laws
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81
Q

What are the historical foundations of the two party system?

A
  • Federalists and anti-federalists
  • Divide over slavery
  • New Deal period division
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82
Q

How do political socialization and practical reasons reinforce the two party systems?

A

Schools and families promote party identification, and if you want social changes to be made you must work within the two parties.

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83
Q

What defines the US as a winner-take-all system?

A

Majority/plurality rules, and in 48 states the plurality winner gets ALL of the electoral college votes

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84
Q

How do the federal and state laws reinforce the US’s two party system?

A

State and federal laws limit 3rd parties, forcing them to gather signatures. Committees of the government are also divided between two parties.

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85
Q

Have third parties done well in history?

A

A few candidates have done well.

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86
Q

Who was the first modern candidate to run on a 3rd party? How much of the vote did he win? Who beat him?

A

Teddy Roosevelt won 27.4% of the vote, which split the Republican boys and allowed Wilson to win.

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87
Q

Who were the major candidates of the Progressive Party? What years?

A

Roger La Follette in 1924, and George Wallace in 1968

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88
Q

Who beat Follette?

A

Coolidge

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89
Q

Who was the major candidate of the Independent Party? What year?

A

Ross Perot in 1992

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90
Q

What change did the Independent Party make in 1996?

A

It became the reform party.

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91
Q

What does the Libertarian Party advocate on?

A

Extremely limited government

92
Q

What is the reform party’s ideology?

A

They don’t have one; they merely oppose budget deficits

93
Q

What platform does the Green Party run on?

A

Globalization is opposed, pro-environmentalism, and living wages

94
Q

What part of the Constitution outlines presidential qualifications?

A

Article II, Sect. I

95
Q

What are the qualifications to become president?

A
  • 35 years old
  • Resident for 14 years
  • Natural born citizen
96
Q

What is a possible exception to presidential qualifications?

A

U.S. children born abroad; the issue is not yet settled.

97
Q

What is compensation like for the president?

A

$400,000/year

98
Q

What is compensation like for the Vice President?

A

$230,700/year

99
Q

What were 60% of presidents before they became president?

A

Lawyers

100
Q

What was Truman before he became president?

A

Haberdasher, judge, former senator, sitting VP

101
Q

What was Carter’s job before president?

A

Peanut farmer, nuclear engineer, governor

102
Q

What was Reagan before he was president?

A

Former CA governor, actor, president of Screen Actors Guild

103
Q

What was Obama before president?

A

Senator, community organizer,

former Illinois State Senator, and a sitting U.S. Senator.

104
Q

What was the average age of the president?

A

54

105
Q

Who was the youngest elected president? What was his age?

A

JFK; 43

106
Q

Who was the youngest president not elected? What was his age?

A

T. Roosevelt; 42

107
Q

How old was Trump when he was elected?

A

70

108
Q

What does the electoral college mean?

A

The vote is indirect, and the vote is attributed to presidential electors

109
Q

How many times has the plurality lost the presidency?

A

5 times

110
Q

What were the results of the 2000 election?

A 
Gore = 48.4%
Bush = 47.9%
111
Q

What were the results of the 2016 election?

A 
Clinton = 48.2%
Trump = 46.1%
112
Q

What was the result of the 1796 election?

A

Adams won over Jefferson

113
Q

What year was the 12th amendment established? Who were the candidates, and what was the result of the election?

A

1800; Jefferson and Burr, who tied

114
Q

Who did Hamilton support?

A

Jefferson

115
Q

What did the 12th amendment establish?

A

Electors receive separate ballots for president and Vice President

116
Q

How many years may the president serve?

A

4 years

117
Q

What year was the 22nd amendment passed? What did it result in?

A

Passed in 1951, it states that the limit for presidents is two four year terms

118
Q

What happens during the lame duck period?

A

Official’s influence is diminished

119
Q

What are the 5 roles of the president?

A
  1. Head of state
  2. Chief executive
  3. Commander-in-chief
  4. Chief diplomat
  5. Chief legislator
120
Q

Who acts as a head of state?

A

Monarchs, or the president in parliamentary systems

121
Q

What kind of role is the head of state?

A

A ceremonial role

122
Q

What is the president the head of aside from the state?

A

The government

123
Q

Being the head of the government makes you what?

A

The chief of state

124
Q

What is a disadvantage of the role of head of state? What is the advantage?

A

It is time consuming, but it is an opportunity to campaign

125
Q

What does the role of chief executive entail?

A
  • Enforce act of Congress, federal court decisions and treaties
  • Heads federal bureaucracy (~2.7 million workers)
  • Nominally oversees bureaucracy
  • Appoints: cabinet and agency heads; federal judges; about 2,000 other job
  • Grants reprieves and pardons
126
Q

What part of the constitution outlines the role of the commander-in-chief?

A

Article II, section 2

127
Q

What does the commander-in-chief handle?

A
  • Civilian control

* War Powers Act

128
Q

Who is the main force of civilian control?

A

The US military

129
Q

Who declares war?

A

Congress

130
Q

Who engages the forces?

A

The president

131
Q

How has the War Powers Act been interpreted?

A

Many presidents have questioned it.

132
Q

What does the role of chief diplomat entail?

A
  • The president can make treaties with foreign governments as long as he or she receives the advice and consent of the Senate.
  • Nominate ambassadors
  • Recognize foreign governments
  • Create executive agreement
133
Q

What governments have the presidents recognized?

A
  • The Soviet Union (1933)

* China (1978)

134
Q

Why would a president create an executive agreement? What is the con of this?

A

To avoid senate ratification process; they are not binding, and the next president can overturn them.

135
Q

Who can modify treaties?

A

The senate

136
Q

Which president signed the Treaty of Versailles? What year?

A

Wilson signed it in 1919

137
Q

When was the ABM (anti-ballistic missile) treaty signed?

A

1972

138
Q

When were the Panama Canal treaties signed?

A

1977

139
Q

When was the START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) treaty signed?

A

1991

140
Q

What is the main duty of the president as chief legislator?

A

To give the state of the union address

141
Q

What equates to being the head of the government?

A

Being the chief executive and the chief legislator

142
Q

Is congress required to pass president’s legislation?

A

No

143
Q

What 4 things of may a president do when it comes to a bill?

A
  1. Sign the bill into law
  2. Not sign bill (bill will become law if Congress is still in session 10 days later)
  3. Reject bill with a veto message
  4. Not sign the bill (bill will fail if Congress adjourns within ten working days (referred to as a pocket veto))
144
Q

How can a vetoed bill be revived?

A

2/3 of a roll call vote

145
Q

How many vetoes have been overridden by Congress?

A

~7%

146
Q

Who pronounced 2/3rds of all vetoes?

A

Cleveland, FDR, Truman, Eisenhower

147
Q

Who was briefly granted a line-item veto? How long did it last?

A

Clinton, about 2 years before it was declared unconstitutional

148
Q

What is a presidential signing statement?

A

A statement from the president about how a bill to gain advantage, disagree, or to describe how the bill is to be executed

149
Q

What was George W. Bush accused of using presidential signing statements to do?

A

Expand his power

150
Q

What are the powers of the presidency that are guaranteed by article II of the constitution called?

A

Constitutional powers

151
Q

What are powers that have been created for the presidency through Congressional legislation called?

A

Statutory powers

152
Q

What is the combination of constitutional powers and statutory powers called?

A

Expressed powers

153
Q

What are inherent powers?

A

Powers named through a broad constitutional statement

154
Q

What does being a party chief entail?

A
  • Retain some patronage
  • Raise campaign $
  • Support party members
155
Q

What act enacted in 1883 limited the president’s patronage?

A

Civil Service

156
Q

What does being a persuader entail?

A

Helping ensure policy implementation.

157
Q

What happens when public approval of the president is high?

A

Legislation is passed

158
Q

What happens when public approval is ebbed?

A

Legislation is stalled

159
Q

What happens when public approval of a bill is strong?

A

It goes around congress

160
Q

What special powers and privileges are afforded to the president?

A
  • Emergency powers
  • Executive orders
  • Recess appointments
  • Executive privilege
161
Q

What are emergency powers?

A

Powers that a president may exercise during a time of national crisis

162
Q

When were emergency powers first described?

A

U.S. v. Curtiss Wright

163
Q

What are some examples of presidents using emergency powers?

A
  • Lincoln suspending habeas corpus

* FDR declaring an unlimited national emergency

164
Q

What case limited emergency powers?

A

Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer

165
Q

How powerful are executive orders?

A

They have the force of law

166
Q

What do executive orders do?

A
  1. Enforce statutes
  2. Enforce constitutions or treaties
  3. Establish administrative rules
167
Q

What is the name of the publication that puts out executive orders, rules, and regulations?

A

The Federa Register

168
Q

What is a recess appointment? What is an example?

A

It fills a vacancy while congress is in recess: Ex. The appointment of John Bolton

169
Q

What does executive privilege equate to?

A

Withholding information

170
Q

What concerns are there when executive privilege is envoked?

A

National Security concerns

171
Q

What are some examples of limits to executive privilege?

A
  • White house tapes could not be covered
  • President’s aides and secret service cannot be kept from testifying
  • Federal judge claims
172
Q

What are the White House tapes?

A

Tapes turned over in U.S. v. Nixon

173
Q

Who impeaches the president? Who removes them?

A

The house impeaches; the senate removes

174
Q

How many presidents have impeaches? Resigned?

A
  • Impeached = 2

* Resigned = 1

175
Q

What act did Johnson veto? What was the result?

A

He attempted to veto the Tenure Of Office Act, resulting in him being one vote short of being removed.

176
Q

Who voted on Nixon’s possible impeachment?

A

The house judiciary committee

177
Q

When did Nixon resign? What was significant about this?

A

He resigned 8-9-74; this is significant because he was the only president to resign.

178
Q

When was Clinton impeached? Why wasn’t he removed?

A

The house impeached him in 1998; however, the senate acquitted him

179
Q

How many employees were in the White House in 1933? How many today?

A

37; ~600

180
Q

What kind of White House staff members are there?

A

Direct staff members and borrowed staff members

181
Q

Who coined the term “the cabinet”?

A

George Washington

182
Q

What were the positions of the original cabinet? Who held them?

A
  1. Secretary of State (Jefferson)
  2. Secretary of the Treasury (Hamilton)
  3. Secretary of War (Knox)
  4. Attorney General (Randolph)
183
Q

Who makes up the kitchen cabinet? Who was the first president to coin this?

A

Informal advisers; coined by Jackson

184
Q

Why is it dangerous to rely on your cabinet?

A

Members often have their own interests at heart

185
Q

What is the executive office of the president generally called? What is it’s purpose?

A
  • The EOP

* Coordinate federal bureaucracy

186
Q

Who makes up the EOP?

A
  1. White House office
  2. Office of Management and Budget
  3. National Security Council
  4. Office of the Vice President
187
Q

Who makes up the White House office?

A
  1. Key people and policy advisors
  2. The chief of staff
  3. Those closest to the president
188
Q

What is the OMB? When was it founded?

A

The office of management and budget, founded by Nixon in 1970

189
Q

What was the OMB’s original title? When was it created?

A

Bureau of the budget; founded in 1921

190
Q

What does the OMB director have influence over?

A

The federal budget

191
Q

What positions make up the National Security Council? Who does it include?

A 
•Military advisers and foreign affairs specialists make up NSC
•Made up of:
1. The president
2. The Vice President
3. The secretary of defense
4. The Secretary of State
5. The national security adviser
192
Q

What is the Vice President’s main job? How do they do this?

A

Preside over the senate by:

  1. Un-tying votes
  2. Forcing the senate to adopt their rules
193
Q

What is the name of the role that the Vice President plays as a possible interim President?

A

President pro tempore

194
Q

What is important about the Vice President in terms of how the voters react?

A

VP is often meant to be someone who will “balance the ticket”, therefore strengthening it

195
Q

Is the role of the Vice President demanding?

A

Not usually

196
Q

What differences should the president have the the Vice President?

A

Coming from different regions and having a different political stance

197
Q

Who decided the VP’s tasks?

A

The president

198
Q

Which Vice President pursued environmental issues during his term?

A

Gore

199
Q

Which Vice President was a key adviser on defense issues?

A

Cheney

200
Q

When is the Vice President most important?

A

When the president is incapable

201
Q

Who was the first of 8 VP’s to assume the presidency? For what reason?

A

Tyler assumes the office after the death of President harrison

202
Q

Has the US ever gone without a Vice President?

A

Yes; there have been 16 different periods when we’ve done so

203
Q

Which part of the constitution referring to the pacts between the president and Vice President was purposefully left ambiguous?

A

Article II, section I

204
Q

Which presidents determined the meaning of presidential incapacity?

A

Nixon and Johnson

205
Q

When was the 25th amendment formed, and what did it state?

A

Formed in 1967, it stated the boundaries of what made a president disabled and also outline procedure for filling presidential and Vice Presidential vacancies

206
Q

Which presidents were disabled during surgeries?

A

Reagan and GW Bush

207
Q

What can the president do to fulfill a VP vacancy?

A

Make a nomination

208
Q

When did Congress pass the Succession Act? Whose death was tied to it?

A

1947; two years after the death of FDR.

209
Q

What is the line of succession?

A
  1. VP
  2. Speaker of the House
  3. President pro tempore
  4. Secretary of State
  5. Secretary of treasury
  6. Secretary of defense
  7. Attorney General
    8-18. Remaining cabinet secretaries
210
Q

Who is the most significant branch in foreign policy? Why?

A

The executive branch; it has a significant role in the development of foreign policy

211
Q

What does the president do in terms of foreign policy?

A
  1. Gathers info about situations abroad
  2. Negotiates w international organizations
  3. Staffs U.S. embassies
212
Q

Who formulated military policy? When?

A

The defense department in 1947.

213
Q

Which defense departments were consolidated?

A

The war and navy departments

214
Q

[Important] Who provides foreign affair advice?

A

Joint chiefs of staff

215
Q

Who collects and analyzes foreign affair data? As of what year?

A

The CIA and NSC, as of 1947

216
Q

When was the department of homeland security founded? What was the significance of this?

A

2002; this was the largest reorganization since 1947

217
Q

What is included in the department of homeland security?

A
  1. The transportation security administration
  2. The coast guard
  3. Customs + border protection
  4. FEMA (Federal Emergency Management)
218
Q

Who is the second most powerful branch when it comes to foreign policy? Why and as of when?

A

Congress; in 1973 they were able to reassert control over military events

219
Q

What are some recent foreign policy issues/conflicts?

A
  1. 9/11
  2. War in Iraq
  3. Guantanamo Bay
220
Q

What was 9/11’s main political effect?

A

The president’s role in foreign policy had changes

221
Q

What did the Bush doctrine do?

A

Addressed other threats preemptively; “right of self defense by acting preemptively against such terrorists”

222
Q

Describe a brief timeline of the Iraq war

A
  1. Gulf War (1991)
  2. Operation Desert Fox (1998)
  3. Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003)
  4. Invasion proves costly, causing a longer war
  5. Fighting diminishes (2011)
  6. Sporadic fighting remains
  7. Remaining combat troops are removed in December of 2011
223
Q

What actions did Obama take against Guantanamo Bay?

A
  1. Suspended military commissions within his first 120 days

2. Closed the facility within a year

224
Q

What were the challenges of Guantanamo Bay?

A
  1. Relocating detainees

2. Maintaining intelligence gathering

225
Q

What are today’s foreign policy issues/conflicts?

A
  • Iraq, Afghanistan
  • Conflict in Georgia (US/Russia relations)
  • Annexation of Crimea and fighting in Eastern Europe (US/Russia relations)
  • Trade w China despite military buildup
  • North Korea
  • Iran nuclear program (potential weapons)
  • Achieving international peace and security is proving to be challenging
226
Q

Why is North Korea posing such a threat?

A
  1. Long range missiles
  2. Nuclear weapons
  3. The death of Kim Jong II

Poli Sci 2 (4 decks)

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