Test #3 Flashcards
The dental pattern of Old World higher primates is:
a.
2-1-2-3.
c.
2-2-2-3.
b.
2-1-3-3.
d.
2-2-3-3.
a.
2-1-2-3.
High, pointed crowns indicate a diet of:
a.
fruit.
c.
meat.
b.
leaves.
d.
insects.
d.
insects.
Living lemurs are found only in:
a.
Asia.
c.
South America.
b.
Africa.
d.
Madagascar.
d.
Madagascar.
Which of the following are prosimians?
a.
baboons
c.
lemurs
b.
gibbons
d.
tamarins
c.
lemurs
The two suborders of primates are:
a.
platyrrhine and catarrhine.
c.
pongidae and hominidae.
b.
prosimians and anthropoids.
d.
tarsiers and anthropoids.
b.
prosimians and anthropoids
While at the zoo you see an exhibit with a small group of primates and notice they have wet, snout-like noses. This indicates a species of:
a.
prosimian, because they retain the rhinarium not found in other mammal species.
b.
anthropoid primate, because they retain the rhinarium commonly found in other mammal species.
c.
platyrrhine primate, because their nostrils do not point downward.
d.
strepsirhini that retain a rhinarium found only in prosimian primates.
d.
strepsirhini that retain a rhinarium found only in prosimian primates.
Modern primates are characterized by arboreal adaptations, including:
a.
opposable thumbs.
b.
a precision grip.
c.
short digits.
d.
an expanded reliance on sense of smell.
a.
opposable thumbs.
Primates’ enhanced sense of vision stems from:
a.
the fact that their eyes are rotated forward.
b.
their tendency toward nocturnality.
c.
their color vision.
d.
both a. and c.
d.
both a. and c.
Low, rounded cusps indicate a diet of:
a.
fruit.
c.
insects.
b.
meat.
d.
leaves.
a.
fruit.
Primate females:
a.
invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b.
give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c.
give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d.
give birth to twins regularly.
c.
give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
The suborder prosimians includes:
a.
only nocturnal species.
c.
diurnal and nocturnal galagos.
b.
only diurnal species.
d.
diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
d.
diurnal and nocturnal lemurs.
Anthropoids include:
a.
monkeys and apes, including humans.
c.
tarsiers, monkeys, and apes only.
b.
African and Asian apes only.
d.
lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
a.
monkeys and apes, including humans
The cladistic classification of apes and humans:
a.
includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
b.
uses the term hominid to describe only humans and their ancestors.
c.
divides hominoids into hylobatids, pongids, and hominids.
d.
includes tarsiers, lemurs, and lorises.
a.
includes three subfamilies within hominids: pongines, gorillines, and hominines.
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
a.
an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b.
a larger brain.
c.
a reduced number of teeth.
d.
smaller eye orbits.
a.
an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
Anthropoids differ from prosimians in that they:
a.
have more teeth.
b.
have better color vision.
c.
are less dimorphic sexually.
d.
have a smaller brain relative to body size.
b.
have better color vision.
Prehensile tails are:
a.
present in catarrhine primates.
c.
present only in some platyrrhines.
b.
present in most primates.
d.
made strictly of muscle.
c.
present only in some platyrrhines.
Colobine primates:
a.
are mostly frugivorous.
b.
are usually terrestrial.
c.
have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
d.
are referred to as “cheek pouch” monkeys.
c.
have specialized digestive anatomy for eating leaves.
The suborder prosimians includes:
a.
New World and Old World monkeys.
b.
lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
c.
great apes and lesser apes.
d.
lemurs, lorises, and Old World monkeys.
b.
lemurs, lorises, galagos, and tarsiers.
Arboreal adaptation is:
a.
adaptation to life in the trees.
c.
adaptation to life in the savanna.
b.
the ability to brachiate.
d.
the ability to move on four limbs.
a.
adaptation to life in the trees.
You are reading a scientific paper regarding the relationships of the anatomical and behavioral characteristics of chimpanzees and their implications for early hominid evolution. You note that the authors refer to human ancestors as hominids. This implies that the researchers are relying on:
a.
cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.
b.
anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
c.
genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominidto describe human ancestors.
d.
both b. and c.
b.
anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.
In class your professor shows you an MRI scan of a primate brain. The professor points out the relatively large size of the olfactory bulb beneath the frontal lobe. This suggests to you that this: a.
primate exhibits a derived trait for an enhanced sense of smell, since this trait is not commonly observed in mammal species.
b.
is a species of anthropoid because it has an increased reliance on vision.
c.
primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
d.
species is nocturnal.
c.
primate must be a species of prosimian, as that suborder of primates relies heavily on the sense of smell for many aspects of daily life.
In your primate anatomy lab you are shown the mandible (lower jawbone) of a species of primate. While looking at the teeth you notice a large space between the canine and first premolar. In your lab book you note that this:
a.
is likely the lower jaw of a human, due to the potential presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b.
may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
c.
is likely the lower jaw of a human, given the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
d.
may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth suggests the presence of a nonhoning chewing complex.
b.
may be a species of Old World monkey or ape, as the space in the teeth of the mandible suggests the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
While observing primates at the zoo, you notice that the particular monkey you are watching uses its hands, feet, and tail to grasp branches while moving throughout the trees in its enclosure. This is most likely a(n):
a.
Old World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
b.
lesser ape, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
c.
New World monkey, because these are the only monkeys that live in trees.
d.
New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
d.
New World monkey, because many of these species have a tail with grasping abilities similar to those observed in nonhuman primate hands and feet.
A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back of the skull belongs to:
a.
an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
b.
an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
c.
an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
d.
none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians).
b.
an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
The typical dental formula of lorises and lemurs is:
a.
2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
c.
2 / 1 / 3 / 2.
b.
1 / 1 / 3 / 3.
d.
2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
a.
2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
The typical catarrhine dental formula is:
a.
1 / 1 / 2 / 3.
c.
2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
b.
2 / 1 / 3 / 3.
d.
3 / 1 / 2 / 3.
c.
2 / 1 / 2 / 3.
The rhinarium is present in:
a.
baboons.
c.
ring-tail lemurs.
b.
gorillas.
d.
howler monkeys.
c.
ring-tail lemurs.
The Y-5 molar morphology is present in:
a.
colobus monkeys.
c.
lemurs.
b.
chimpanzees.
d.
howler monkeys.
b.
chimpanzees.
Relative to body size, primate brain size is:
a.
proportional to human brain size.
b.
more or less the same in large and small primates.
c.
smaller than in other large mammals.
d.
larger among great apes than among other primates.
d.
larger among great apes than among other primates.
The increased brain size observed in the order Primates:
a.
results in extended periods of nursing and development to accommodate increasing behavioral complexity.
b.
results in shorter developmental periods to accommodate the necessary energy expenditures of larger brain size.
c.
demonstrates the importance of intelligence in primate evolution.
d.
both a. and c.
d.
both a. and c.
Dietary plasticity in primates refers to:
a.
eating a wide variety of foods.
b.
lack of diversity of diets over time.
c.
diets composed of a variety of red meats.
d.
diets composed of a variety of fruits.
a.
eating a wide variety of foods.
African monkeys, including Miss Waldron’s red colobus, are:
a.
among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources.
b.
a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.
c.
not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos.
d.
among the most endangered animal species due to disease.
a.
among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources.
A feature unique to human teeth and human ancestors’ teeth is:
a.
the presence of a canine-premolar honing complex.
b.
a canine that shows no wear on any surface.
c.
the Y-5 cusp pattern.
d.
a canine that shows wear on the tip.
d.
a canine that shows wear on the tip.
The eminent British anatomist Sir Wilfrid E. Le Gros Clark (1895–1971) identified three prominent tendencies. They are:
a.
the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.
b.
increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.
c.
arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
d.
the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.
c.
arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.
Old World monkeys have:
a.
Y-5 molars.
c.
bilophodont molars.
b.
two sets of molars.
d.
one-inch molars.
c.
bilophodont molars.
Strepsirhines have a special lower incisor called a:
a.
bilophodont.
c.
diastema.
b.
two-ridge tooth.
d.
tooth comb.
d.
tooth comb
Preadaptation is:
a.
the series of apparent adaptations that are never actually used.
b.
the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature’s original function.
c.
an anatomical feature used in the manner for which it was originally selected.
d.
a phenomenon that occurs before natural selection can occur.
b.
the use of an anatomical feature in a way unrelated to the feature’s original function.
Primates have long growth and development periods because:
a.
they are like other mammals in taking a long time to develop to sexual maturity.
b.
on average they are smaller bodied than most other mammals.
c.
they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
d.
the areas of the brain associated with smell and hearing are expanded in primates.
c.
they have higher intelligence and larger brains relative to other animals.
Among all primates, humans have the:
a.
largest body relative to other animals.
b.
greatest level of biological adaptability.
c.
largest body size.
d.
largest brain relative to body size.
d.
largest brain relative to body size.
The cladistic approach to primate classification is:
a.
based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral relationships.
b.
based on direct observation of phenotypes only.
c.
also called the gradistic method of classification.
d.
based on levels of anatomical complexity, without consideration of ancestor-descendent relationships.
a.
based on the use of anatomical and genetic evidence to establish ancestral relationships.
The cladistic primate classification includes:
a.
anthropods and haplorhines.
c.
strepsirhines and haplorhines.
b.
hominoids and chordata.
d.
pongidae and omomyidae.
c.
strepsirhines and haplorhines.
Among all primates humans have the:
a.
largest olfactory bulb.
b.
greatest sense of hearing.
c.
most developed vision.
d.
most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.
d.
most elaborate connections between different regions of the brain.
Phylogeny refers to:
a.
evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.
b.
the fundamental anatomical features in primates that reflect their high degree of diversity.
c.
primates’ ability to get around in trees using an unusually wide range of motions involving the limbs and trunk.
d.
a set of behaviors and anatomical characteristics that is unique to mammals adapted to life in the trees.
a.
evolutionary relationships that are based on shared characteristics including physical traits, genetics, and behavior.
The variation in living primates provides models for understanding:
a.
the uses of anatomical and genetic evidence.
b.
morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
c.
alternative forms of classification.
d.
levels of anatomical complexity.
b.
morphology, behavior, and adaptation in the evolutionary past.
A strepsirhine has a:
a.
wet nose, a snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer hind limbs than forelimbs.
b.
snout, downward-facing nostrils, and longer forelimbs than hind limbs.
c.
wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
d.
tooth comb, a grooming claw, and ischial callosities.
c.
wet nose, a snout, a tooth comb, and a grooming claw.
Primates are characterized by:
a.
forward-facing eyes, varied diet, and nonviolent behavior.
b.
arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and male dominance.
c.
docility, toolmaking, and parental investment.
d.
arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.
d.
arboreal adaptation, dietary plasticity, and parental investment.
Brachiation refers to:
a.
using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.
b.
quadrupedal locomotion including the use of a tail.
c.
clinging and leaping locomotion in an arboreal environment.
d.
bipedality in nonhumans.
a.
using the forelimbs to move from tree limb to tree limb.
Catarrhines’ nostrils are:
a.
far apart and face sideways.
b.
close together and face downward.
c.
large due to their heightened sense of smell.
d.
wide and include a large nasal sinus.
b.
close together and face downward.
Diversity in primate societies means that primates:
a.
express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.
b.
encompass a variety of species with similar behaviors.
c.
can be classified into particular species exhibiting one type of behavior.
d.
are just as diverse in their behavior as are humans.
a.
express themselves socially through a wide range of behaviors.
Primate societies are complexly organized. This means:
a.
several species of primates coexist socially.
b.
within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
c.
some primate societies are male only.
d.
some primate societies are female only.
b.
within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.
Many primate societies are complexly organized, enabling their members to form alliances,
including by:
a.
rank.
c.
kinship.
b.
age.
d.
all of the above
d.
all of the above
Natural selection generally favors behaviors that:
a.
increase body size.
c.
limit population size.
b.
increase brain size.
d.
enhance survival and reproduction.
d.
enhance survival and reproduction.
Primatologists:
a.
explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
b.
study only physical aspect of primates.
c.
study cultural anthropology.
d.
know nothing of primate bones.
a.
explore the relationships between specific social behaviors and reproductive fitness.
Sexual dimorphism:
a.
refers to the mating rites of primates.
b.
concerns differences in body size and canine size.
c.
refers primarily to male and female social hierarchy.
d.
is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.
c.
refers primarily to male and female social hierarchy.
Polygynous:
a.
means “many marriages.”
b.
means “many offspring.”
c.
refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
d.
refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.
d.
refers to a social group that includes one adult male, several adult females, and their offspring.
Polyandrous:
a.
refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.
b.
refers to a social group that includes one female and several males.
c.
means “many offspring.”
d.
refers to a social group that includes one adult male and several adult females and their offspring.
a.
refers to a social group that includes one reproductively active female and several adult males and their offspring.
Monogamousrefers to:
a.
a social group that is dominated by a single sex.
b.
a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
c.
primates that live exclusively as a nuclear family.
d.
a primate social group that includes an adult male and several adult females with their offspring.
b.
a social group that includes an adult male, an adult female, and their offspring.
Sexual selection is best defined as:
a.
the physical competition for access to females.
b.
the competition for resources to access females.
c.
natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.
d.
selection of males by females on the basis of disposition, physical appearance, and hierarchical position.
c.
natural selection in one sex caused by a trait’s attractiveness to members of the opposite sex.
Grooming involves:
a.
the development of alliances between females only.
b.
the development of alliances between males only.
c.
bonding between individuals of the same rank, picking through the skin and hair of another individual.
d.
bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.
d.
bonding between two members of a social group, calming or appeasing the primate being groomed if he or she has a higher dominance.
Altruistic behavior:
a.
is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
b.
occurs only between primates that are not relatives.
c.
is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.
d.
is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.
a.
is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.
Kin selection refers to:
a.
nonaltruistic behavior toward other members of the kin group.
b.
altruistic behavior that increases the donor’s inclusive fitness.
c.
altruistic behavior that promotes kin-like bonding among nonkin.
d.
behavior that increases only the donor’s fitness.
b.
altruistic behavior that increases the donor’s inclusive fitness.
Three key factors that contribute to a female primate’s success at feeding are:
a.
speed, agility, and strength.
b.
source, quantity, and safety.
c.
quality, distribution, and availability of food.
d.
cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.
c.
quality, distribution, and availability of food.
Quality, in reference to food, refers to the:
a.
location of food sources.
b.
ability to acquire food.
c.
storage of food for future consumption.
d.
amount of energy and protein a food provides.
d.
amount of energy and protein a food provides.
Distribution, in reference to food, means the:
a.
location of food across the landscape.
b.
distribution of primates in a primate group as they forage for food.
c.
distribution of food among primates in a group.
d.
adjustment in size of a feeding group.
a.
location of food across the landscape.
Availability of food:
a.
is dependent upon kin selection.
b.
can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall.
c.
is determined primarily by the alpha male.
d.
is restricted to individuals high up in the dominance hierarchy.
b.
can be highly variable, depending on season and rainfall.
The study of primate vocal communication:
a.
has been used to understand the language evolution of all primates.
b.
has resulted in chimps and gorillas demonstrating an ability to speak.
c.
can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.
d.
demonstrates that gossip is not exclusively human.
c.
can give us insights into the selective pressures that may have shaped the evolution of language.
Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest includes:
a.
stress calls between kin only.
b.
mating calls between dominant primates only.
c.
two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or humans.
d.
two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.
d.
two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.
Predator-specific vocalizations in Diana monkeys vary based on:
a.
the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
b.
conditioning in the lab by primatologists.
c.
emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.
d.
individual factors, as in humans.
a.
the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.
