Final

Question 1

Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture:

a. do not define a hominin.
b. define a hominin.
c. define a higher primate.
d. did not evolve through the primate lineage.

Answer 1

a.

do not define a hominin.

Question 2

A hominin is defined as having the following two obligate behaviors:
a. speech and advanced cognition.

b. bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex.
c. bipedal locomotion and speech.
d. nonhoning chewing complex and advanced cognition.

Answer 2

b.

bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex

Question 3

The foundational behavior of hominins was:
a. hunting.

c. bipedalism.
b. tool use.
d. speech.

Answer 3

c.

bipedalism

Question 4

Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism?
a. opposable thumb

c. convergent eyes
b. nails instead of claws
d. longitudinal arch in the foot

Answer 4

d.

longitudinal arch in the foot

Question 5

Hominins have canines that are:
a. small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema.

b. large and pointed, with a diastema.
c. projecting, with a diastema.
d. part of a honing complex.

Answer 5

a.

small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema

Question 6

Humans use their molars for:
a. biting.

c. shearing.
b. crushing.
d. mashing.

Answer 6

b.

crushing

Question 7

Thick dental enamel in helps with crushing food.
a. apes

c. humans
b. australopithecines
d. eosimians

Answer 7

b.

australopithecines

Question 8

Bipedalism’s advantages over quadrupedalism include:
a. an increased ability to see greater distances.

b. running faster.
c. ease of transporting food.
d. both a. and c.

Answer 8

d.

both a. and c.

Question 9

An increased ability to see greater distances is one of the adaptations to:
a. bipedalism.

c. improved diet.
b. diurnal sleeping patterns.
d. becoming larger.

Answer 9

a.

bipedalism.

Question 10

Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to:
a. improved diet.

c. sleeping.
b. bipedalism.
d. becoming larger.

Answer 10

b.

bipedalism.

Question 11

The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans include:
a. Australopithecus afarensis.

c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis.
b. Paranthropus.
d. Orrorin tugenensis.

Answer 11

c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis

Question 12

Which of the following is a derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchandensis?
a. big toe opposability

c. length of the calcaneus
b. larger body size
d. nonhoning chewing complex

Answer 12

d.

nonhoning chewing complex

Question 13

The patchy forest hypothesis proposes that forests:
a. became patchy and food more dispersed.

c. became wet and swamp-like.
b. became lush woodlands.
d. did not change.

Answer 13

a.

became patchy and food more dispersed.

Question 14

Owen Lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis proposes that:

a. bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in a smaller body size.
b. monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.
c. bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing.
d. bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.

Answer 14

b.

monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism

Question 15

Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins show reduced sexual dimorphism, which is evidence for cooperation and likely for:

a. monogamy.
c. pair bonding.
b. multifamily grouping.
d. multimale grouping.

Answer 15

c.

pair bonding.

Question 16

Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, Orrorin tugenensislived in a:
a.dry savanna.

c. jungle environment.
b. woodland environment.
d. forest environment.

Answer 16

d.

forest environment.

Question 17

Ardi was adapted to life in trees and:
a. on the ground.

c. near water.
b. in the desert.
d. both b. and c.

Answer 17

a.

on the ground

Question 18

Ardi’s intermediate form of bipedality included the use of:

a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping.
b. palms and feet to move along tree branches.
c. long phalanges to wrap around tree branches.
d. a tail.

Answer 18

b.

palms and feet to move along tree branches.

Question 19

Ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found shows that early hominins:

a. lived in a lush jungle.
c. lived in a forest.
b. lived in a savanna.
d. migrated out of the area due to drought.

Answer 19

c.

lived in a forest.

Question 20

Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in East Africa:
a.one was a quadruped and the other a leaper.

b. one was a clinger and the other a climber.
c. one was a knuckle walker and the other a quadruped.
d. one was a climber and the other a biped.

Answer 20

d.

one was a climber and the other a biped.

Question 21

Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homoand one that:
a.included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis.

b. gave rise to the genus Ardipithecus.
c. was an evolution of other australopithecine lineages.
d. ended with Au. africanus.

Answer 21

a.

included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis

Question 22

The Oldowan Complex is a part of the:
a.Upper Paleolithic.

c. Eocene.
b. Lower Paleolithic.
d. Solutrean.

Answer 22

b.

Lower Paleolithic

Question 23

The Oldowan Complex includes tools like:
a.hand axes, flakes, and cores.

c. choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.
b. cobbles, flakes, and side scrapers.
d. choppers, hand axes, and side scrapers.

Answer 23

c.

choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.

Question 24

In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called:
a. Orrorin.

c. Gigantopithecus.
b. Sahelanthropus.
d. Paranthropus.

Answer 24

d.

Paranthropus.

Question 25

Distinctive traits of robust australopithecines include:
a.small front teeth and large back teeth.

c. a big face and a sagittal crest.
b. a small brain and a large body.
d. both a. and c.

Answer 25

d.

both a. and c.

Question 26

Along with other distinct traits, robust australopithecines had large _______ adapted for grinding food.
a.premolars and molars

c. front teeth and small back teeth
b. temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest
d. both a. and b.

Answer 26

d.

both a. and b.

Question 27

Robust australopithecines were extinct by:
a.1 mya.

c. 4 mya.
b. 3 mya.
d. Their lineage continued.

Answer 27

a.

1 mya

Question 28

Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:
a. a big brain, big teeth, and a big face.

b. large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.
c. a large body, large teeth, and a sagittal crest.
d. a big face, large teeth, and a large body.

Answer 28

b.

large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest

Question 29

Australopithecus robustus’s large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to:
a. eating hard food with sand in it.

c. eating foods requiring heavy chewing.
b. eating a great deal of red meat.
d. gnawing on bones.

Answer 29

c.

eating foods requiring heavy chewing.

Question 30

The diversity of the hominins included increasingly specialized:
a.locomotion.

c. body sizes.
b. social patterns.
d. diets.

Answer 30

d.

diets.

Question 31

Australopithecus garhimay be the ancestor of:
a. Homo habilis.

c. Orrorin tugenensis.
b. Australopithecus afarensis.
d. Homo sapiens.

Answer 31

a.

Homo habilis

Question 32

The adaptive radiation of the australopithecines after their split from the lineage that led to early Homo seems to have focused on:
a. bipedalism.

c. brain size increase.
b. mastication.
d. body size increase.

Answer 32

b.

mastication.

Question 33

The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils have been recovered (often referred to as the “cradle of humankind”) is:
a. Lake Turkana.

c. Swartkrans.
b. Olduvai Gorge.
d. Hadar.

Answer 33

b.

Olduvai Gorge

Question 34

The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:
a. Orrorin tugenensis.

c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
b. Ardipithecus kadabba.
d. Ardipithecus ramidus.

Answer 34

c.

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Question 35

The earliest hominins probably lived in which kind of environment?
a. dense tropical forest

c. open savanna grassland
b. complex hybrid habitats
d. arid, high-altitude uplands

Answer 35

b.

complex hybrid habitats

Question 36

The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensiswas humanlike in having a:
a. rounded heel.

c. double arch.
b. nondivergent big toe.
d. all of the above

Answer 36

d.

all of the above

Question 37

Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhiwere found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:
a. abundant stone tools.

c. evidence for early Homo.
b. animal bones with cutmarks.
d. fossil footprints.

Answer 37

b.

animal bones with cutmarks

Question 38

Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensiswas bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
a. femur (thighbone)

c. foot
b. skull
d. pelvis

Answer 38

a.

femur (thighbone)

Question 39

The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyopswas important mainly because:
a. it had a small brain like an ape’s.

b. it was discovered in Kenya.
c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
d. it probably lived in woodlands.

Answer 39

c.

it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.

Question 40

In an ape, the space between the upper lateral incisor and the canine that accommodates a large, projecting lower canine is a:
a. dental gap.

c. mesial bridge.
b. gingival space.
d. diastema.

Answer 40

d.

diastema.

Question 41

Australopithecus garhihas been proposed as an ancestor for Homomainly because it:
a. had a bigger brain than other australopithecines.

b. had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines.
c. had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
d. was bipedal.

Answer 41

c.

had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.

Question 42

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:
a.0.5 mya.

c. 2 mya.
b. 1 mya.
d. 4 mya.

Answer 42

d.

4 mya.

Question 43

A preaustralopithecine most likely has which of the following characteristics?
a. nonhoning dentition, primitive apelike traits, and increased brain size

b. modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and increased brain size
c. modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and small brain size
d. nonhoning dentition, loss of apelike traits, and small brain size

Answer 43

c.

modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and small brain size

Question 44

You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?
a. a narrow pelvis

b. a posterior position of the foramen magnum
c. an opposable hallux
d. thighbones that angle in toward the knees

Answer 44

d.

thighbones that angle in toward the knees

Question 45

The discoverer of Pithecanthropus erectuswas:
a. Eugene Dubois.

c. Behane Asfaw.
b. Time White.
d. Yohannes Haile-Selassie.

Answer 45

a.

Eugene Dubois

Question 46

The original name for Homo erectuswas:
a. Australopithecus.

c. Paranthropus.
b. Pithecanthropus.
d. Homo rudolfensis.

Answer 46

b.

Pithecanthropus

Question 47

Which two fossil species lived at the same time around 2.5–1 mya?
a. Australopithecusand Homo sapiens

b. Homo erectus and Homo rudolfensis
c. Homo habilis and Homo erectus
d. Pithecanthropus and Homo rudolfensis

Answer 47

c.

Homo habilis and Homo erectus

Question 48

Stone tools are more commonly found on archaeological sites thought to be associated with:
a. Homo rudolfensis.

c. Australopithecus.
b. Paranthropus.
d. Homo habilis.

Answer 48

d.

Homo habilis.

Question 49

Modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:
a. relatively short arms and long legs.

b. brain size within the modern human variation.
c. relatively long arms and short legs.
d. a large nose with an improved sense of smell.

Answer 49

a.

relatively short arms and long legs

Question 50

Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, with traits like:
a. long legs and opposable toes.

b. double arches and an adducted big toe.
c. long arms.
d. a foramen magnum at the back of the skull.

Answer 50

b.

double arches and an adducted big toe.

Question 51

Some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others were:
a. small with robust bones.

c. gracile.
b. tall with robust bones.
d. small with thin bones.

Answer 51

c.

gracile.

Question 52

The earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectusin Western Europe dates from:
a. 1.6 mya, from Sima de los Heusos.

c. 1.6 mya, from Dmanisi, Georgia.
b. 0.3 mya, from France.
d. 1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.

Answer 52

d.

1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.

Question 53

Eugène Dubois was one of the first researchers in the nineteenth century who used the scientific method to test the hypothesis of early human ancestors in Asia with:
a. fossil evidence.

c. genetics.
b. comparative anatomy.
d. archaeological remains.

Answer 53

a.

fossil evidence.

Question 54

Homo rudolfensisis morphologically most similar to:
a. Homo erectus.

c. Homo habilis.
b. Homo sapiens.
d. Australopithecus robustus.

Answer 54

c.

Homo habilis.

Question 55

The earliest members of the genus Homohave been found dating from:
a. 0.5 mya–present.

c. 4.0–3.0 mya.
b. 2.5–1.0 mya.
d. none of the above

Answer 55

b.

2.5–1.0 mya

Question 56

The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture, shows up in:
a. Homo erectus.

c. Homo neanderthalensis.
b. Homo sapiens.
d. Homo habilis.

Answer 56

d.

Homo habilis.

Question 57

Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilisis characterized by a:
a. smaller face.

c. rounder and larger skull.
b. bigger brain.
d. all of the above

Answer 57

d.

all of the above

Question 58

Homo habilishad traits that include:
a. long, modern legs.

c. a striding gait.
b. short legs.
d. quadrupedalism.

Answer 58

b.

short legs.

Question 59

Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present:
a. only in Homo erectus.

b. only in Homo habilis.
c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
d. in all australopithecine and Homo species

Answer 59

c.

in Homo habilis and some australopithecines

Question 60

Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by:
a. dietary shift.

b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big-game hunting.
d. the use of marine resources.

Answer 60

b.

tool use for obtaining and processing food

Question 61

Southern and eastern African sites dating to 2.5 mya show habitats indicating:
a. the spread of C3 plants.

b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above

Answer 61

c.

a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers

Question 62

The discoverer of Homo erectuswas:
a. Louis Leakey.

c. Eugène Dubois.
b. Richard Leakey.
d. Ernst Haeckel.

Answer 62

c.

Eugène Dubois.

Question 63

Homo erectusfossils date to:
a. 3–1 mya.

c. 1.8–300,000 mya.
b. 2.5–0.5 mya.
d. 1.2–800,000 mya.

Answer 63

c.

1.8–300,000 mya

Question 64

A central theme of human evolution is a(n):
a. increasing adaptive flexibility.

c. decreasing body size.
b. decreasing cranial capacity.
d. more robust jaw.

Answer 64

a.

increasing adaptive flexibility.

Question 65

The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as:
a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.

b. retention of an australopithecine-like body plan.
c. longer legs than later hominids.
d. a mix of arboreal and bipedal adaptations.

Answer 65

a.

shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.

Question 66

TheHomo erectusfossil from Sangiran, Java, dates to:
a. 800,000 yBP.

c. 1.8–1.6 mya.
b. 1.2–1.0 mya.
d. 2.2–2.0 mya.

Answer 66

c.

1.8–1.6 mya

Question 67

The Dmanisi B fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to:
a. 1.0 mya.

c. 1.7 mya.
b. 800,000 yBP.
d. 2.5 mya.

Answer 67

c.

1.7 mya.

Question 68

African Homo erectus cranial features include:
a. thick cranial bones.

c. a rounded skull.
b. small browridges.
d. a sagittal crest.

Answer 68

a.

thick cranial bones

Question 69

What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus?
a. an influx of genes for increased height

b. greater access to protein and improved nutrition
c. reaching for fruits higher in the trees, which increased their height over time
d. the evolution of bipedalism

Answer 69

b.

greater access to protein and improved nutrition

Question 70

Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:
a. a smaller brain.

c. a bigger sagittal keel.
b. larger teeth.
d. a larger brain.

Answer 70

d.

a larger brain.

Question 71

The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectusin Western Europe dates to about:
a. 1.7 mya.

c. 500,000 yBP.
b. 1.2 mya.
d. 800,000 yBP.

Answer 71

b.

1.2 mya.

Question 72

The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:
a. processed and consumed animals including other hominids.

b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above

Answer 72

a.

processed and consumed animals including other hominids.

Question 73

Gran Dolina adult hominids were similar to later Homo sapiensin their:
a.

ability to produce art.

c.

wide nasal apertures.

b.

large cranial capacity.

d.

none of the above

Answer 73

c.

wide nasal apertures.

Question 74

Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, physical anthropologists estimate that their average height was:
a. more than 70% taller than Homo habilis.

b. similar to that of australopithecines.
c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three.
d. three feet.

Answer 74

c.

tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three

Question 75

Compared to earlier hominids the increased body size in Homo erectus is likely due to:
a. stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.

b. increased protein in the diet.
c. larger teeth that permitted better food processing.
d. none of the above

Answer 75

b.

increased protein in the diet.

Question 76

Fossil evidence of cutmarks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:

a. meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.
b. big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.
c. meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
d. none of the above

Answer 76

c.

meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.

Question 77

Which species became increasingly specialized to foods requiring heavy chewing?
a. Homo sapiens

c. Homo erectus
b. Homo habilis
d. Australopithecus

Answer 77

d. Australopithecus

Question 78

The Acheulean complex:
a. emerged around 2.5 mya.

b. is used to describe simple pebble tools.
c. emerged around 1.5 mya.
d. is characteristic of Homo habilis.

Answer 78

c. emerged around 1.5 mya.

Question 79

Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:
a. had a narrower range of functions.

b. used fewer raw materials.
c. were characterized by fewer tool types.
d. required more learning and skill to produce

Answer 79

d.

required more learning and skill to produce.

Question 80

Homo erectus skull morphology includes:
a. a long, low, wide base.

b. thick bones.
c. large browridges.
d. a long, low, wide base; thick bones; and large browridges.

Answer 80

d.

a long, low, wide base; thick bones; and large browridges.

Question 81

Homo erectus’s cranial capacity:
a. is always less than 1,000 cc.

c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.
b. is always more than 800 cc.
d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.

Answer 81

c.

ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc

Question 82

The first hominid to migrate beyond Africa was:
a. Australopithecus.

c. Homo erectus.
b. Homo habilis.
d. Homo neanderthalensis.

Answer 82

c.

Homo erectus.

Question 83

The controlled use of fire by hominids:
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.

b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.

Answer 83

d.

contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.

Question 84

What are the differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?
a. Homo habilis shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.

b. Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
c. Homo habilis generally has a greater brain capacity than Homo erectus.
d. Homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than Homo habilis.

Answer 84

b.

Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.

Question 85

Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectusare likely related to:
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.

b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size.
c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of an increasingly forested environment
d. none of the above

Answer 85

a.

changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.

Question 86

Homo erectus’s high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its:
a. increased reliance on material culture.

c. reliance on unchanging environments.
b. apparent increased intelligence.
d. both a. and b.

Answer 86

d.

both a. and b.

Question 87

In the study of human evolution, scientists define modernin terms of:
a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.

b. a designated time frame between the Upper and Lower Paleolithic.
c. a series of anatomical traits that distinguish Cro-Magnon features from Neandertals.
d. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.

Answer 87

a.

a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.

Question 88

Modern humans have:
a. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.

b. a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.
c. a small face, small teeth, and a projecting chin.
d. both b. and c.

Answer 88

b.

a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.

Question 89

Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _______ have been discovered.
a. Homo erectus

c. archaic Homo sapiens
b. modern Homo sapiens
d. Neandertals

Answer 89

c.

archaic Homo sapiens

Question 90

Archaic Homo sapiens:
a. occurs only in Europe and Asia.

b. shows a mixture of Homo erectusand Homo sapienstraits.
c. is dated to the late Pliocene.
d. is often found with Oldowan stone tools.

Answer 90

b.

shows a mixture of Homo erectusand Homo sapienstraits.

Question 91

The last Neandertals date to:
a. 250,000 yBP.

c. 75,000 yBP.
b. 100,000 yBP.
d. 32,000 yBP.

Answer 91

d.

32,000 yBP.

Question 92

To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in:
a. India.

c. northern Africa.
b. Europe and western Asia.
d. southeast Asia.

Answer 92

b.

Europe and western Asia

Question 93

Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiensmay have evolved approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.

c. 750,000 yBP.
b. 200,000 yBP.
d. 1 million yBP.

Answer 93

b.

200,000 y

Question 94

Traits of anatomically modern humans include:
a. a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.

b. large browridges.
c. an average cranial capacity of 1,500 cc.
d. a long and low brain case.

Answer 94

c.

an average cranial capacity of 1,500 cc.

Question 95

Anatomically modern human fossils were discovered in the European Upper Paleolithic site of:
a. Atapuerca, Spain.

c. Petralona, Greece.
b. Mauer, Germany.
d. Cro-Magnon, France.

Answer 95

d.

Cro-Magnon, France.

Question 96

The people represented by the Denisova fossils likely:
a. interbred with Homo erectus.

b. share a common ancestor with Neandertals.
c. were isolated to the point of extinction.
d. looked very much like Neandertals.

Answer 96

b.

share a common ancestor with Neandertals

Question 97

The multiregional continuity hypothesis supposes that:
a. modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapienspopulations.

b. the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
c. Homo erectuspopulations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens.
d. archaic Homo sapiensmigrated out of Africa to replace Neandertals in Europe.

Answer 97

b.

the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.

Question 98

In Atapeura 5, early archaic Homo sapiensand Neandertal specimens show heavy wear on the incisors and canines, indicating:
a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.

b. the purposeful modification of teeth to demonstrate social rank, as with the Aztecs.
c. their use for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades.
d. the chewing of massive amounts of fibrous materials.

Answer 98

a.

the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.

Question 99

Neandertals’ cold-adapted traits include:
a. a narrow nasal aperture.

c. a wide torso.
b. long limbs.
d. a projecting midface.

Answer 99

d.

a projecting midface.

Question 100

The oldest Neandertal site dates to _______, at _______.
a. 130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia

b. 32,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
c. 130,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
d. 25,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France

Answer 100

a.

130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia

Question 101

The European archeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 yBP is called the:
a. later Stone Age.

c. Neolithic period.
b. Upper Paleolithic period.
d. Eurocentric period.

Answer 101

b.

Upper Paleolithic period

Question 102

The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _______ tools, which Neandertals produced.
a. blade

c. flake
b. Acheulean
d. Mousterian

Answer 102

d.

Mousterian

Question 103

The Levallois method of stone tool production is associated with the:
a. Mousterin.

c. Levallois.
b. Upper Paleolithic.
d. Solutrean.

Answer 103

a.

Mousterin

Question 104

The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Neandertals are called:
a. Mousterian.

c. Solutrean.
b. Gravettian.
d. Acheulean.

Answer 104

a.

Mousterian

Question 105

The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?
a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae

c. the ribs
b. the mandible
d. the hyoid

Answer 105

d.

the hyoid

Question 106

Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals:
a. traded with modern humans.

c. used symbolism.
b. used body ornaments.
d. both b. and c.

Answer 106

b.

used body ornaments.

Question 107

Compared to modern Homo sapiens,archaic Homo sapiens has:
a. a long and low skull, a smaller brain size, and a large masticatory complex.

b. a taller and wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin.
c. a longer and lower skull, a larger browridge, and a bigger and more projecting face.
d. both b. and c.

Answer 107

d.

both b. and c.

Question 108

The Neandertals’ disappearance after 30,000 yBP likely resulted from their:
a. assimilation.

c. extinction.
b. isolation.
d. migration out of Africa.

Answer 108

a.

assimilation

Question 109

The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins?
a. out-of-Africa

b. multiregional continuity
c. assimilation
d. None of these models supports such a discovery.

Answer 109

c.

assimilation

Question 110

All fossils of archaic Homo sapiensand earlier Homo erectus show:
a. continued reduction in skeletal robusticity and tooth size.

b. expansion of the brain and increased cultural complexity.
c. a large cranial capacity.
d. both a. and b.

Answer 110

d.

both a. and b.

Question 111

The Herto skulls from Ethiopia:
a. are distinctly modern.

b. have a combination of archaic and modern features.
c. are distinctly archaic.
d. are considered Homo habilis.

Answer 111

b.

have a combination of archaic and modern features

Question 112

The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to:
a. 12,000 yBP.

c. 40,000 yBP.
b. 18,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.

Answer 112

b.

18,000 yBP

Question 113

Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.

c. 15,000 yBP.
b. 25,000 yBP.
d. 5,000 yBP.

Answer 113

c.

15,000 yBP

Question 114

TheHomo floresiensis specimen:
a. had a small brain due to a pathology.

c. is the result of genetic drift.
b. lived about 20,000 yBP.
d. fits Allen’s rule in body proportions.

Answer 114

d.

fits Allen’s rule in body proportions

Question 115

According to John Relethford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include:
a. disease.

c. climate change.
b. loss of food supply.
d. both b. and c.

Answer 115

d.

both b. and c.

Question 116

The earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia is from _______, dating to _______.
a. Kow Swamp; 13,000 yBP

c. Melbourne; 25,000 yBP
b. Lake Mungo; 40,000 yBP
d. Tasmania; 35,000 yBP

Answer 116

b.

Lake Mungo; 40,000 yBP

Question 117

A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is:
a. shovel-shaped incisors.

c. thick, long bones.
b. a large nose.
d. extra muscles on the scapula.

Answer 117

a.

shovel-shaped incisors

Question 118

Early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?
a. Mousterian points

c. Levallois flakes
b. Solutrean blades
d. Clovis points

Answer 118

d.

Clovis points

Question 119

The morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it:
a. was recovered from an elaborate burial.

b. represents an early Eskimo population.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls.
d. is about 3,000 years old.

Answer 119

c.

looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls

Question 120

A hominid fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as having _______ characteristics.
a. modern

c. archaic
b. australopithecine
d. apelike

Answer 120

c.

archaic

Question 121

While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and has had flakes removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely
to be a(n):

a. prepared core typical of prehistoric modern humans that inhabited this region.
b. example of the Levallois technique of Homo erectus.
c. completed tool that is similar to those you have seen from the Solutrean toolkit.
d. none of the above

Answer 121

d.

none of the above

Question 122

Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules are perfect examples of natural selection’s effects on anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These include the limb and trunk proportions of:

a. Neandertals.
b. modern human populations.
c. most mammals.
d. Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.

Answer 122

d.

Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.

Question 123

Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from the:
a. accumulation of genetic mutations over the last 10 years.

b. group’s small breeding population, maintaining genetic diversity.
c. accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
d. introduction of genetic diversity from Europe and Asia.

Answer 123

c.

accumulations of genetic mutations over time.

Question 124

The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neandertals are:
a. the suprainiac fossa and globular shape of the skull.

b. thick bones and extra muscles.
c. the body and the length of the arms and legs.
d. the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth.

Answer 124

c.

the body and the length of the arms and legs.

Question 125

The transition to fully modern Homo sapienswas completed globally by about:
a. 400,000 yBP.

c. 160,000 yBP.
b. 1.6 mya.
d. 25,000 yBP.

Answer 125

d.

25,000 yBP.

Question 126

The out-of-Africa model asserts:

a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiensthroughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
b. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.
c. migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.
d. migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.

Answer 126

a.

a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiensthroughout Africa, Asia, and Europe

Question 127

One of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution is:
a. the shift from foraging to farming.

c. a larger brain.
b. having color depth perception.
d. a change in the arm-to-leg ratio.

Answer 127

a.

the shift from foraging to farming

Question 128

Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering, meaning:
a. more people were needed to produce more food.

b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
c. more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
d. fewer people were available for labor.

Answer 128

b.

more people could be fed from the same amount of land

Question 129

The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by:

a. 6,000 yBP.
c. 1,500 yBP.
b. 4,000 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.

Answer 129

d.

10,500 yBP.

Question 130

The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by:

a. 15,000 years ago.
c. the Lower Paleolithic.
b. the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic.
d. the beginning of the Cenozoic.

Answer 130

a.

15,000 years ago

Question 131

Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially:
a. barley, sorghum, and wheat.

c. oats, wheat, and rice.
b. wheat, barley, corn, and rice.
d. corn, rice, and beans.

Answer 131

b.

wheat, barley, corn, and rice

Question 132

In the American Midwest, native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about:
a. 11,500 yBP.

c. 6,000–1,000 yBP.
b. 8,000 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.

Answer 132

c.

6,000–1,000 yBP

Question 133

The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in:
a. a decrease in birthrate.

b. earlier weaning.
c. a slow increase in the world’s population.
d. a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate.

Answer 133

d.

a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate

Question 134

As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources:
a. organized warfare developed.

b. cooperation among neighbors developed.
c. agriculture increased as well.
d. violence decreased.

Answer 134

a.

organized warfare developed.

Question 135

Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last:
a. 17,000 yBP.

c. 6,000 yBP.
b. 10,000 yBP.
d. 3,000 yBP.

Answer 135

b.

10,000 yBP

Question 136

Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers’ to later agriculturalists’ to modern peoples’:
a. show a remarkable decline in size.

b. show an increase in size.
c. show variation in size to a high degree.
d. demonstrate biological change over time.

Answer 136

a.

show a remarkable decline in size

Question 137

The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that:
a. over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.

b. tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
c. change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
d. tooth and jaw size increased over time.

Answer 137

c.

change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.

Question 138

The frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world was accompanied by two phenomena:

a. an increase in population size and food shortages.
b. a change in climate and consequent change in environment.
c. the distribution of land wealth and trade of produce.
d. a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.

Answer 138

d.

a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.

Question 139

Cavities in the teeth are also called:
a. hypoplasias.

c. dentin foramina.
b. enamel defects.
d. dental caries.

Answer 139

d.

dental caries.

Question 140

Extreme anemia can lead to:
a. cancer.

c. heart disease.
b. porotic hyperostosis.
d. measles.

Answer 140

b.

porotic hyperostosis.

Question 141

Based on the archaeological record from various areas, the initial effect of agriculture on height was that height:

a. decreased.
b. increased.
c. became more variable within the population.
d. stayed the same.

Answer 141

a.

decreased.

Question 142

Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to:
a. cribra orbitaliain eye orbits.

c. a parasitic infection.
b. expansion and porosity of long bones.
d. a genetic disease.

Answer 142

a.

cribra orbitaliain eye orbits.

Question 143

The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:

a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
b. more effective medical practices.
c. decreased birth spacing.
d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.

Answer 143

c.

decreased birth spacing.

Question 144

The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of:
a. weight gain.

c. an increase in health generally.
b. infectious disease.
d. both a and c.

Answer 144

b.

infectious disease.

Question 145

New World domesticated products include:
a. wheat.

c. cotton.
b. rice.
d. pigs.

Answer 145

c.

cotton.

Question 146

Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations were producing:
a. nuts.

c. seeds.
b. corn.
d. animal protein.

Answer 146

b.

corn.

Question 147

A symptom of anemia where spongy bone invades the eye sockets is called:
a. hyperostosis.

c. orbital arthritis.
b. trabeculitis.
d. cribra orbitalia.

Answer 147

d.

cribra orbitalia.

Question 148

_______ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet.

a. Heme
c. Flat
b. Nonheme
d. Raw

Answer 148

a.

Heme

Question 149

A(n) _______ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record.
a. paleontologist

c. ethnologist
b. paleoethnobotanist
d. zooarchaeologist

Answer 149

b.

paleoethnobotanist

Question 150

Bone comparisons between hunter-gatherers and later agriculturalists, then modern peoples show:
a. an increase in size.

b. greater robusticity of the long arm bones only.
c. a decline in size.
d. a stasis in bone density.

Answer 150

c.

a decline in size.

Question 151

The domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece by:
a. 1,000 yBP.

c. 15,000 yBP.
b. 7,000 yBP.
d. 8,000 yBP.

Answer 151

d.

8,000 yBP.

Question 152

Modern diseases made possible by overcrowding include, but are not limited to:
a. measles, mumps, and cholera.

c. chicken pox.
b. smallpox and influenza.
d. both a. and b.

Answer 152

d.

both a. and b

Question 153

The Neolithic site Çatalhöyük is located in:
a. southwest Asia.

c. central Mexico.
b. southern Africa.
d. India.

Answer 153

a.

southwest Asia.

Question 154

What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?
a. Violence increased.

c. Violence stayed about the same.
b. Violence decreased.
d. Intercultural violence increased.

Answer 154

a.

Violence increased.

Question 155

The last 10,000 years is called the:
a. Cenozoic.

c. Solutren.
b. Quaternary.
d. Holocene.

Answer 155

d.

Holocene.

Question 156

Agricultural foods eventually shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on:
a. carbohydrates.

c. poorer-quality protein.
b. high levels of fat.
d. both a. and c.

Answer 156

b.

high levels of fat.

Question 157

Agriculture resulted in:

a. higher-quality nutrition.
b. a stable, healthy food source.
c. population sedentism and crowding.
d. a shift in social dynamics, resulting in larger families.

Answer 157

c.

population sedentism and crowding.

Question 158

An oval cross section of an adult femur suggests that the individual:
a. was likely very physically active.

b. was lethargic and largely sedentary.
c. had a nutritional deficiency as a child.
d. You cannot discern anything from the shape of a bone.

Answer 158

a.

was likely very physically active.

Question 159

A round cross section of a long bone suggests that the bone will:
a. have greater strength through one of its axes.

b. have less strength through its y-axis.
c. have equal strength in all directions.
d. break given a small amount of tension

Answer 159

c.

have equal strength in all directions.

Question 160

During your lab you are asked to identify the pathological feature of spongy bone invading the eye socket that occurs in the interior upper surface of the eye sockets; you diagnose the condition as:

a. porotic hyperostosis, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia.
b. periosteal reaction, resulting from changes in diet.
c. ameloblasts, resulting from changes in diet and parasitic infection.
d. cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.

Answer 160

d.

cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.

Question 161

Parasitic infections are a primary cause of _______ in many regions of the globe.

a. iron-deficiency anemia
c. treponematoses
b. Staphylococcus aureus
d. endemic disease

Answer 161

a.

iron-deficiency anemia

Question 162

The core of the adaptive success characterized by population explosion was the result of:
a. a decreased food supply.

c. agriculture.
b. an increased food supply.
d. a sedentary lifestyle.

Answer 162

b.

an increased food supply.

Question 163

By the close of the Pleistocene the human population numbered:
a. several thousand.

c. several million.
b. 7 billion.
d. 1 billion.

Answer 163

c.

several million.

Question 164

Hunter-gatherers’ skeletons tend to show:
a. less osteoarthritis.

c. lower workload/activity.
b. higher levels of activity.
d. bones with lower density.

Answer 164

b.

higher levels of activity

Question 165

Common types of plants exist mostly in areas of the world with temperate climates and they include a range of crops and their wild ancestors such as:
a. rye and rice.

c. wheat and barley.
b. sorghum and millet.
d. both a. and c.

Answer 165

d.

both a. and c.