Final Flashcards
1
Q
Speech, advanced cognition, and complex material culture:
a. do not define a hominin.
b. define a hominin.
c. define a higher primate.
d. did not evolve through the primate lineage.
A
a.
do not define a hominin.
2
Q
A hominin is defined as having the following two obligate behaviors:
a. speech and advanced cognition.
b. bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex.
c. bipedal locomotion and speech.
d. nonhoning chewing complex and advanced cognition.
A
b.
bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex
3
Q
The foundational behavior of hominins was:
a. hunting.
c. bipedalism.
b. tool use.
d. speech.
A
c.
bipedalism
4
Q
Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism?
a. opposable thumb
c. convergent eyes
b. nails instead of claws
d. longitudinal arch in the foot
A
d.
longitudinal arch in the foot
5
Q
Hominins have canines that are:
a. small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema.
b. large and pointed, with a diastema.
c. projecting, with a diastema.
d. part of a honing complex.
A
a.
small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema
6
Q
Humans use their molars for:
a. biting.
c. shearing.
b. crushing.
d. mashing.
A
b.
crushing
7
Q
Thick dental enamel in helps with crushing food.
a. apes
c. humans
b. australopithecines
d. eosimians
A
b.
australopithecines
8
Q
Bipedalism’s advantages over quadrupedalism include:
a. an increased ability to see greater distances.
b. running faster.
c. ease of transporting food.
d. both a. and c.
A
d.
both a. and c.
9
Q
An increased ability to see greater distances is one of the adaptations to:
a. bipedalism.
c. improved diet.
b. diurnal sleeping patterns.
d. becoming larger.
A
a.
bipedalism.
10
Q
Using tools and toolmaking is an adaptation by hominins linked to:
a. improved diet.
c. sleeping.
b. bipedalism.
d. becoming larger.
A
b.
bipedalism.
11
Q
The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans include:
a. Australopithecus afarensis.
c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis.
b. Paranthropus.
d. Orrorin tugenensis.
A
c. Sahelanthropus tchandensis
12
Q
Which of the following is a derived trait of Sahelanthropus tchandensis?
a. big toe opposability
c. length of the calcaneus
b. larger body size
d. nonhoning chewing complex
A
d.
nonhoning chewing complex
13
Q
The patchy forest hypothesis proposes that forests:
a. became patchy and food more dispersed.
c. became wet and swamp-like.
b. became lush woodlands.
d. did not change.
A
a.
became patchy and food more dispersed.
14
Q
Owen Lovejoy’s provisioning hypothesis proposes that:
a. bipedalism meant less body surface to expose to the sun, resulting in a smaller body size.
b. monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism.
c. bipedalism arose in areas where the forest was disappearing.
d. bipedalism arose as a result of a shift to hunting as a primary source of food.
A
b.
monogamy and food provisioning created the necessity for bipedalism
15
Q
Based on the research of Philip Reno, early hominins show reduced sexual dimorphism, which is evidence for cooperation and likely for:
a. monogamy.
c. pair bonding.
b. multifamily grouping.
d. multimale grouping.
A
c.
pair bonding.
16
Q
Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, Orrorin tugenensislived in a:
a.dry savanna.
c. jungle environment.
b. woodland environment.
d. forest environment.
A
d.
forest environment.
17
Q
Ardi was adapted to life in trees and:
a. on the ground.
c. near water.
b. in the desert.
d. both b. and c.
A
a.
on the ground
18
Q
Ardi’s intermediate form of bipedality included the use of:
a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping.
b. palms and feet to move along tree branches.
c. long phalanges to wrap around tree branches.
d. a tail.
A
b.
palms and feet to move along tree branches.
19
Q
Ecological evidence from the site where Ardi was found shows that early hominins:
a. lived in a lush jungle.
c. lived in a forest.
b. lived in a savanna.
d. migrated out of the area due to drought.
A
c.
lived in a forest.
20
Q
Two types of australopithecines were using two different types of locomotion in East Africa:
a.one was a quadruped and the other a leaper.
b. one was a clinger and the other a climber.
c. one was a knuckle walker and the other a quadruped.
d. one was a climber and the other a biped.
A
d.
one was a climber and the other a biped.
21
Q
Beginning more than 3 mya, at least two lineages of hominin emerged, one that led to the genus Homoand one that:
a.included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis.
b. gave rise to the genus Ardipithecus.
c. was an evolution of other australopithecine lineages.
d. ended with Au. africanus.
A
a.
included the now extinct descendants of Au. afarensis
22
Q
The Oldowan Complex is a part of the:
a.Upper Paleolithic.
c. Eocene.
b. Lower Paleolithic.
d. Solutrean.
A
b.
Lower Paleolithic
23
Q
The Oldowan Complex includes tools like:
a.hand axes, flakes, and cores.
c. choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.
b. cobbles, flakes, and side scrapers.
d. choppers, hand axes, and side scrapers.
A
c.
choppers, cobbles, flakes, and bone tools.
24
Q
In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called:
a. Orrorin.
c. Gigantopithecus.
b. Sahelanthropus.
d. Paranthropus.
A
d.
Paranthropus.
25
Distinctive traits of robust australopithecines include:
a.small front teeth and large back teeth.
c. a big face and a sagittal crest.
b. a small brain and a large body.
d. both a. and c.
d.
both a. and c.
26
Along with other distinct traits, robust australopithecines had large _______ adapted for grinding food.
a.premolars and molars
c. front teeth and small back teeth
b. temporalis muscles and a sagittal crest
d. both a. and b.
d.
both a. and b.
27
Robust australopithecines were extinct by:
a.1 mya.
c. 4 mya.
b. 3 mya.
d. Their lineage continued.
a.
1 mya
28
Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had:
a. a big brain, big teeth, and a big face.
b. large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest.
c. a large body, large teeth, and a sagittal crest.
d. a big face, large teeth, and a large body.
b.
large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest
29
Australopithecus robustus’s large masticatory complex (large molars, face, and muscles) indicate an adaptation to:
a. eating hard food with sand in it.
c. eating foods requiring heavy chewing.
b. eating a great deal of red meat.
d. gnawing on bones.
c.
eating foods requiring heavy chewing.
30
The diversity of the hominins included increasingly specialized:
a.locomotion.
c. body sizes.
b. social patterns.
d. diets.
d.
diets.
31
Australopithecus garhimay be the ancestor of:
a. Homo habilis.
c. Orrorin tugenensis.
b. Australopithecus afarensis.
d. Homo sapiens.
a.
Homo habilis
32
The adaptive radiation of the australopithecines after their split from the lineage that led to early Homo seems to have focused on:
a. bipedalism.
c. brain size increase.
b. mastication.
d. body size increase.
b.
mastication.
33
The ravine in northern Tanzania where many early hominin fossils have been recovered (often referred to as the “cradle of humankind”) is:
a. Lake Turkana.
c. Swartkrans.
b. Olduvai Gorge.
d. Hadar.
b.
Olduvai Gorge
34
The only preaustralopithecine found outside the East African Rift Valley is:
a. Orrorin tugenensis.
c. Sahelanthropus tchadensis.
b. Ardipithecus kadabba.
d. Ardipithecus ramidus.
c.
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
35
The earliest hominins probably lived in which kind of environment?
a. dense tropical forest
c. open savanna grassland
b. complex hybrid habitats
d. arid, high-altitude uplands
b.
complex hybrid habitats
36
The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensiswas humanlike in having a:
a. rounded heel.
c. double arch.
b. nondivergent big toe.
d. all of the above
d.
all of the above
37
Fossils attributed to Australopithecus garhiwere found at the Bouri site, in Ethiopia, along with:
a. abundant stone tools.
c. evidence for early Homo.
b. animal bones with cutmarks.
d. fossil footprints.
b.
animal bones with cutmarks
38
Evidence indicating that Orrorin tugenensiswas bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton?
a. femur (thighbone)
c. foot
b. skull
d. pelvis
a.
femur (thighbone)
39
The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyopswas important mainly because:
a. it had a small brain like an ape’s.
b. it was discovered in Kenya.
c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
d. it probably lived in woodlands.
c.
it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
40
In an ape, the space between the upper lateral incisor and the canine that accommodates a large, projecting lower canine is a:
a. dental gap.
c. mesial bridge.
b. gingival space.
d. diastema.
d.
diastema.
41
Australopithecus garhihas been proposed as an ancestor for Homomainly because it:
a. had a bigger brain than other australopithecines.
b. had smaller molar teeth than other australopithecines.
c. had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
d. was bipedal.
c.
had longer legs relative to arm length than other australopithecines.
42
The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than:
a.0.5 mya.
c. 2 mya.
b. 1 mya.
d. 4 mya.
d.
4 mya.
43
A preaustralopithecine most likely has which of the following characteristics?
a. nonhoning dentition, primitive apelike traits, and increased brain size
b. modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and increased brain size
c. modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and small brain size
d. nonhoning dentition, loss of apelike traits, and small brain size
c.
modified honing dentition, primitive apelike traits, and small brain size
44
You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?
a. a narrow pelvis
b. a posterior position of the foramen magnum
c. an opposable hallux
d. thighbones that angle in toward the knees
d.
thighbones that angle in toward the knees
45
The discoverer of Pithecanthropus erectuswas:
a. Eugene Dubois.
c. Behane Asfaw.
b. Time White.
d. Yohannes Haile-Selassie.
a.
Eugene Dubois
46
The original name for Homo erectuswas:
a. Australopithecus.
c. Paranthropus.
b. Pithecanthropus.
d. Homo rudolfensis.
b.
Pithecanthropus
47
Which two fossil species lived at the same time around 2.5–1 mya?
a. Australopithecusand Homo sapiens
b. Homo erectus and Homo rudolfensis
c. Homo habilis and Homo erectus
d. Pithecanthropus and Homo rudolfensis
c.
Homo habilis and Homo erectus
48
Stone tools are more commonly found on archaeological sites thought to be associated with:
a. Homo rudolfensis.
c. Australopithecus.
b. Paranthropus.
d. Homo habilis.
d.
Homo habilis.
49
Modern anatomical features of the Nariokotome Boy include:
a. relatively short arms and long legs.
b. brain size within the modern human variation.
c. relatively long arms and short legs.
d. a large nose with an improved sense of smell.
a.
relatively short arms and long legs
50
Homo erectus walked just like a modern human, with traits like:
a. long legs and opposable toes.
b. double arches and an adducted big toe.
c. long arms.
d. a foramen magnum at the back of the skull.
b.
double arches and an adducted big toe.
51
Some Homo erectus specimens had very large and robust bones while others were:
a. small with robust bones.
c. gracile.
b. tall with robust bones.
d. small with thin bones.
c.
gracile.
52
The earliest fossil evidence for Homo erectusin Western Europe dates from:
a. 1.6 mya, from Sima de los Heusos.
c. 1.6 mya, from Dmanisi, Georgia.
b. 0.3 mya, from France.
d. 1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.
d.
1.2 mya, from Sima del Elefante.
53
Eugène Dubois was one of the first researchers in the nineteenth century who used the scientific method to test the hypothesis of early human ancestors in Asia with:
a. fossil evidence.
c. genetics.
b. comparative anatomy.
d. archaeological remains.
a.
fossil evidence.
54
Homo rudolfensisis morphologically most similar to:
a. Homo erectus.
c. Homo habilis.
b. Homo sapiens.
d. Australopithecus robustus.
c.
Homo habilis.
55
The earliest members of the genus Homohave been found dating from:
a. 0.5 mya–present.
c. 4.0–3.0 mya.
b. 2.5–1.0 mya.
d. none of the above
b.
2.5–1.0 mya
56
The first evidence of modern human traits, including increasing brain size and dependence on material culture, shows up in:
a. Homo erectus.
c. Homo neanderthalensis.
b. Homo sapiens.
d. Homo habilis.
d.
Homo habilis.
57
Compared to australopithecines, Homo habilisis characterized by a:
a. smaller face.
c. rounder and larger skull.
b. bigger brain.
d. all of the above
d.
all of the above
58
Homo habilishad traits that include:
a. long, modern legs.
c. a striding gait.
b. short legs.
d. quadrupedalism.
b.
short legs.
59
Anatomical evidence from fossilized hand bones suggests that the precision grip needed to make and use stone tools was present:
a. only in Homo erectus.
b. only in Homo habilis.
c. in Homo habilis and some australopithecines.
d. in all australopithecine and Homo species
c.
in Homo habilis and some australopithecines
60
Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by:
a. dietary shift.
b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big-game hunting.
d. the use of marine resources.
b.
tool use for obtaining and processing food
61
Southern and eastern African sites dating to 2.5 mya show habitats indicating:
a. the spread of C3 plants.
b. reduction both in habitat types and in dietary diversity.
c. a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers.
d. none of the above
c.
a more frequent use of tools for the digging and processing of roots and tubers
62
The discoverer of Homo erectuswas:
a. Louis Leakey.
c. Eugène Dubois.
b. Richard Leakey.
d. Ernst Haeckel.
c.
Eugène Dubois.
63
Homo erectusfossils date to:
a. 3–1 mya.
c. 1.8–300,000 mya.
b. 2.5–0.5 mya.
d. 1.2–800,000 mya.
c.
1.8–300,000 mya
64
A central theme of human evolution is a(n):
a. increasing adaptive flexibility.
c. decreasing body size.
b. decreasing cranial capacity.
d. more robust jaw.
a.
increasing adaptive flexibility.
65
The Nariokotome Boy discovered at Lake Turkana (Homo erectus) has modern human traits such as:
a. shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
b. retention of an australopithecine-like body plan.
c. longer legs than later hominids.
d. a mix of arboreal and bipedal adaptations.
a.
shorter arms and longer legs than those of earlier hominids.
66
TheHomo erectusfossil from Sangiran, Java, dates to:
a. 800,000 yBP.
c. 1.8–1.6 mya.
b. 1.2–1.0 mya.
d. 2.2–2.0 mya.
c.
1.8–1.6 mya
67
The Dmanisi B fossils from the Republic of Georgia are dated to:
a. 1.0 mya.
c. 1.7 mya.
b. 800,000 yBP.
d. 2.5 mya.
c.
1.7 mya.
68
African Homo erectus cranial features include:
a. thick cranial bones.
c. a rounded skull.
b. small browridges.
d. a sagittal crest.
a.
thick cranial bones
69
What is the likely explanation for the rapid increase in body and brain size among Homo erectus?
a. an influx of genes for increased height
b. greater access to protein and improved nutrition
c. reaching for fruits higher in the trees, which increased their height over time
d. the evolution of bipedalism
b.
greater access to protein and improved nutrition
70
Homo erectus differed from earlier hominids in having traits such as:
a. a smaller brain.
c. a bigger sagittal keel.
b. larger teeth.
d. a larger brain.
d.
a larger brain.
71
The earliest fossil evidence of Homo erectusin Western Europe dates to about:
a. 1.7 mya.
c. 500,000 yBP.
b. 1.2 mya.
d. 800,000 yBP.
b.
1.2 mya.
72
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina, Spain, indicate that hominids there:
a. processed and consumed animals including other hominids.
b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above
a.
processed and consumed animals including other hominids.
73
Gran Dolina adult hominids were similar to later Homo sapiensin their:
a.
ability to produce art.
c.
wide nasal apertures.
b.
large cranial capacity.
d.
none of the above
c.
wide nasal apertures.
74
Based on height calculations of Homo erectus fossils, physical anthropologists estimate that their average height was:
a. more than 70% taller than Homo habilis.
b. similar to that of australopithecines.
c. tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three.
d. three feet.
c.
tall, with males about five feet nine and females about five feet three
75
Compared to earlier hominids the increased body size in Homo erectus is likely due to:
a. stone-tool use that facilitated root and tuber processing.
b. increased protein in the diet.
c. larger teeth that permitted better food processing.
d. none of the above
b.
increased protein in the diet.
76
Fossil evidence of cutmarks made with stone tools at early hominid sites suggests that:
a. meat eating started only with the appearance of Homo erectus and stone tools.
b. big game hunting was the most common way early hominids obtained meat.
c. meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
d. none of the above
c.
meat eating started before Homo erectus but increased with more advanced technology.
77
Which species became increasingly specialized to foods requiring heavy chewing?
a. Homo sapiens
c. Homo erectus
b. Homo habilis
d. Australopithecus
d. Australopithecus
78
The Acheulean complex:
a. emerged around 2.5 mya.
b. is used to describe simple pebble tools.
c. emerged around 1.5 mya.
d. is characteristic of Homo habilis.
c. emerged around 1.5 mya.
79
Relative to Oldowan tools, Acheulean stone tools:
a. had a narrower range of functions.
b. used fewer raw materials.
c. were characterized by fewer tool types.
d. required more learning and skill to produce
d.
required more learning and skill to produce.
80
Homo erectus skull morphology includes:
a. a long, low, wide base.
b. thick bones.
c. large browridges.
d. a long, low, wide base; thick bones; and large browridges.
d.
a long, low, wide base; thick bones; and large browridges.
81
Homo erectus’s cranial capacity:
a. is always less than 1,000 cc.
c. ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc.
b. is always more than 800 cc.
d. ranges from 900 cc to 1,200 cc.
c.
ranges from 650 cc to 1,200 cc
82
The first hominid to migrate beyond Africa was:
a. Australopithecus.
c. Homo erectus.
b. Homo habilis.
d. Homo neanderthalensis.
c.
Homo erectus.
83
The controlled use of fire by hominids:
a. decreased the amount of food energy available in the hominid diet.
b. has been shown to contribute little to the digestive process of hominids.
c. limited the expansion of hominids into certain environments, such as dry grasslands.
d. contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
d.
contributed to geographical expansion and food production techniques in positive ways.
84
What are the differences between Homo habilis and Homo erectus?
a. Homo habilis shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
b. Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
c. Homo habilis generally has a greater brain capacity than Homo erectus.
d. Homo erectus generally has a smaller brain capacity than Homo habilis.
b.
Homo erectus shows a reduction in the size of the face relative to the brain case.
85
Greater body size and facial gracility documented in Homo erectusare likely related to:
a. changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
b. the natural continuation of previous trends documented in hominid fossils, similar to great brain size.
c. the global climate, as these trends are characteristic of an increasingly forested environment
d. none of the above
a.
changes in tool technology and increasing access to meat and other proteins.
86
Homo erectus’s high degree of adaptive success is evidenced by its:
a. increased reliance on material culture.
c. reliance on unchanging environments.
b. apparent increased intelligence.
d. both a. and b.
d.
both a. and b.
87
In the study of human evolution, scientists define modernin terms of:
a. a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.
b. a designated time frame between the Upper and Lower Paleolithic.
c. a series of anatomical traits that distinguish Cro-Magnon features from Neandertals.
d. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
a.
a series of distinctive anatomical traits that contrast with archaic traits from earlier hominins.
88
Modern humans have:
a. traits like large browridges, large nasal sinuses, and a large masticatory complex.
b. a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.
c. a small face, small teeth, and a projecting chin.
d. both b. and c.
b.
a high vertical forehead, a round and tall skull, and small browridges.
89
Broken Hill, Dali, and Atapuerca are sites where specimens of _______ have been discovered.
a. Homo erectus
c. archaic Homo sapiens
b. modern Homo sapiens
d. Neandertals
c.
archaic Homo sapiens
90
Archaic Homo sapiens:
a. occurs only in Europe and Asia.
b. shows a mixture of Homo erectusand Homo sapienstraits.
c. is dated to the late Pliocene.
d. is often found with Oldowan stone tools.
b.
shows a mixture of Homo erectusand Homo sapienstraits.
91
The last Neandertals date to:
a. 250,000 yBP.
c. 75,000 yBP.
b. 100,000 yBP.
d. 32,000 yBP.
d.
32,000 yBP.
92
To date, the majority of Neandertal fossils have been found in:
a. India.
c. northern Africa.
b. Europe and western Asia.
d. southeast Asia.
b.
Europe and western Asia
93
Analyses of modern human genetic variation indicate that Homo sapiensmay have evolved approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.
c. 750,000 yBP.
b. 200,000 yBP.
d. 1 million yBP.
b.
200,000 y
94
Traits of anatomically modern humans include:
a. a robust build of the postcranial skeleton.
b. large browridges.
c. an average cranial capacity of 1,500 cc.
d. a long and low brain case.
c.
an average cranial capacity of 1,500 cc.
95
Anatomically modern human fossils were discovered in the European Upper Paleolithic site of:
a. Atapuerca, Spain.
c. Petralona, Greece.
b. Mauer, Germany.
d. Cro-Magnon, France.
d.
Cro-Magnon, France.
96
The people represented by the Denisova fossils likely:
a. interbred with Homo erectus.
b. share a common ancestor with Neandertals.
c. were isolated to the point of extinction.
d. looked very much like Neandertals.
b.
share a common ancestor with Neandertals
97
The multiregional continuity hypothesis supposes that:
a. modern Homo sapiens first evolved in Africa and then spread to Asia and Europe, replacing archaic Homo sapienspopulations.
b. the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
c. Homo erectuspopulations migrated out of Africa to replace archaic Homo sapiens.
d. archaic Homo sapiensmigrated out of Africa to replace Neandertals in Europe.
b.
the transition to modernity took place regionally and without involving replacement.
98
In Atapeura 5, early archaic Homo sapiensand Neandertal specimens show heavy wear on the incisors and canines, indicating:
a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
b. the purposeful modification of teeth to demonstrate social rank, as with the Aztecs.
c. their use for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades.
d. the chewing of massive amounts of fibrous materials.
a.
the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
99
Neandertals’ cold-adapted traits include:
a. a narrow nasal aperture.
c. a wide torso.
b. long limbs.
d. a projecting midface.
d.
a projecting midface.
100
The oldest Neandertal site dates to _______, at _______.
a. 130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
b. 32,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
c. 130,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
d. 25,000 yBP; La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
a.
130,000 yBP; Krapina, Croatia
101
The European archeological period that is marked by a great increase in technology and various kinds of art starting about 35,000 yBP is called the:
a. later Stone Age.
c. Neolithic period.
b. Upper Paleolithic period.
d. Eurocentric period.
b.
Upper Paleolithic period
102
The Middle Paleolithic is associated with _______ tools, which Neandertals produced.
a. blade
c. flake
b. Acheulean
d. Mousterian
d.
Mousterian
103
The Levallois method of stone tool production is associated with the:
a. Mousterin.
c. Levallois.
b. Upper Paleolithic.
d. Solutrean.
a.
Mousterin
104
The Middle Paleolithic prepared-core stone tools that are associated with Neandertals are called:
a. Mousterian.
c. Solutrean.
b. Gravettian.
d. Acheulean.
a.
Mousterian
105
The best fossil evidence to suggest that Neandertals could produce a language like that of modern humans comes from which bone(s) collected at Kebara, Israel?
a. the cervical (neck) vertebrae
c. the ribs
b. the mandible
d. the hyoid
d.
the hyoid
106
Painted perforated shells are evidence that Neandertals:
a. traded with modern humans.
c. used symbolism.
b. used body ornaments.
d. both b. and c.
b.
used body ornaments.
107
Compared to modern Homo sapiens,archaic Homo sapiens has:
a. a long and low skull, a smaller brain size, and a large masticatory complex.
b. a taller and wider nasal aperture, a more projecting occipital bone, larger teeth, and no chin.
c. a longer and lower skull, a larger browridge, and a bigger and more projecting face.
d. both b. and c.
d.
both b. and c.
108
The Neandertals’ disappearance after 30,000 yBP likely resulted from their:
a. assimilation.
c. extinction.
b. isolation.
d. migration out of Africa.
a.
assimilation
109
The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern human origins?
a. out-of-Africa
b. multiregional continuity
c. assimilation
d. None of these models supports such a discovery.
c.
assimilation
110
All fossils of archaic Homo sapiensand earlier Homo erectus show:
a. continued reduction in skeletal robusticity and tooth size.
b. expansion of the brain and increased cultural complexity.
c. a large cranial capacity.
d. both a. and b.
d.
both a. and b.
111
The Herto skulls from Ethiopia:
a. are distinctly modern.
b. have a combination of archaic and modern features.
c. are distinctly archaic.
d. are considered Homo habilis.
b.
have a combination of archaic and modern features
112
The fossils called Homo floresiensis were dated to:
a. 12,000 yBP.
c. 40,000 yBP.
b. 18,000 yBP.
d. 25,000 yBP.
b.
18,000 yBP
113
Human beings first arrived in the Americas approximately:
a. 50,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
b. 25,000 yBP.
d. 5,000 yBP.
c.
15,000 yBP
114
TheHomo floresiensis specimen:
a. had a small brain due to a pathology.
c. is the result of genetic drift.
b. lived about 20,000 yBP.
d. fits Allen’s rule in body proportions.
d.
fits Allen’s rule in body proportions
115
According to John Relethford, the most likely reasons for modern humans to have migrated out of Africa during the late Pleistocene include:
a. disease.
c. climate change.
b. loss of food supply.
d. both b. and c.
d.
both b. and c.
116
The earliest archaeological evidence of humans in Australia is from _______, dating to _______.
a. Kow Swamp; 13,000 yBP
c. Melbourne; 25,000 yBP
b. Lake Mungo; 40,000 yBP
d. Tasmania; 35,000 yBP
b.
Lake Mungo; 40,000 yBP
117
A distinctive trait of people from East Asia and the Americas is:
a. shovel-shaped incisors.
c. thick, long bones.
b. a large nose.
d. extra muscles on the scapula.
a.
shovel-shaped incisors
118
Early Native Americans used which distinctive fluted spear points to hunt large-bodied Ice Age mammals?
a. Mousterian points
c. Levallois flakes
b. Solutrean blades
d. Clovis points
d.
Clovis points
119
The morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it:
a. was recovered from an elaborate burial.
b. represents an early Eskimo population.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls.
d. is about 3,000 years old.
c.
looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls
120
A hominid fossil that has a long, low skull, projecting face and occipital bone, and large nasal aperture is likely to be classified as having _______ characteristics.
a. modern
c. archaic
b. australopithecine
d. apelike
c.
archaic
121
While on an archaeological dig in Europe, you find a stone tool that is rounded on one side and has had flakes removed from the other side, giving it the appearance of a tortoise shell. This is likely
to be a(n):
a. prepared core typical of prehistoric modern humans that inhabited this region.
b. example of the Levallois technique of Homo erectus.
c. completed tool that is similar to those you have seen from the Solutrean toolkit.
d. none of the above
d.
none of the above
122
Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules are perfect examples of natural selection’s effects on anatomical adaptations to environments in mammals. These include the limb and trunk proportions of:
a. Neandertals.
b. modern human populations.
c. most mammals.
d. Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.
d.
Neandertals, modern human populations, and most mammals.
123
Sub-Saharan Africans show the largest genetic diversity of any human population. This is likely to have resulted from the:
a. accumulation of genetic mutations over the last 10 years.
b. group’s small breeding population, maintaining genetic diversity.
c. accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
d. introduction of genetic diversity from Europe and Asia.
c.
accumulations of genetic mutations over time.
124
The most distinctive traits about the cold adaptation complex of Neandertals are:
a. the suprainiac fossa and globular shape of the skull.
b. thick bones and extra muscles.
c. the body and the length of the arms and legs.
d. the retromolar space and heavy wearing on the teeth.
c.
the body and the length of the arms and legs.
125
The transition to fully modern Homo sapienswas completed globally by about:
a. 400,000 yBP.
c. 160,000 yBP.
b. 1.6 mya.
d. 25,000 yBP.
d.
25,000 yBP.
126
The out-of-Africa model asserts:
a. a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiensthroughout Africa, Asia, and Europe.
b. the importance of gene flow across population boundaries.
c. migrations of australopithecines out of Africa.
d. migrations of Homo habilis out of Africa.
a.
a single origin of modern people and eventual replacement of archaic Homo sapiensthroughout Africa, Asia, and Europe
127
One of the most important adaptive transitions in hominin evolution is:
a. the shift from foraging to farming.
c. a larger brain.
b. having color depth perception.
d. a change in the arm-to-leg ratio.
a.
the shift from foraging to farming
128
Domestication produced more food per unit area of land than had hunting and gathering, meaning:
a. more people were needed to produce more food.
b. more people could be fed from the same amount of land.
c. more storage was necessary for the extra food provided by domestication.
d. fewer people were available for labor.
b.
more people could be fed from the same amount of land
129
The archaeological record suggests that farming began in southeastern Turkey by:
a. 6,000 yBP.
c. 1,500 yBP.
b. 4,000 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.
d.
10,500 yBP.
130
The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by:
a. 15,000 years ago.
c. the Lower Paleolithic.
b. the beginning of the Middle Paleolithic.
d. the beginning of the Cenozoic.
a.
15,000 years ago
131
Two-thirds of calorie intake comes from the key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier Holocene, especially:
a. barley, sorghum, and wheat.
c. oats, wheat, and rice.
b. wheat, barley, corn, and rice.
d. corn, rice, and beans.
b.
wheat, barley, corn, and rice
132
In the American Midwest, native seed crops goosefoot, sumpweed, and sunflowers were farmed about:
a. 11,500 yBP.
c. 6,000–1,000 yBP.
b. 8,000 yBP.
d. 10,500 yBP.
c.
6,000–1,000 yBP
133
The Neolithic demographic transition resulted in:
a. a decrease in birthrate.
b. earlier weaning.
c. a slow increase in the world’s population.
d. a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate.
d.
a shift from low birthrate to high birthrate
134
As towns and cities began to compete for increasingly limited resources:
a. organized warfare developed.
b. cooperation among neighbors developed.
c. agriculture increased as well.
d. violence decreased.
a.
organized warfare developed.
135
Tooth size and jaw size have reduced in the last:
a. 17,000 yBP.
c. 6,000 yBP.
b. 10,000 yBP.
d. 3,000 yBP.
b.
10,000 yBP
136
Comparisons of the bones from hunter-gatherers’ to later agriculturalists’ to modern peoples’:
a. show a remarkable decline in size.
b. show an increase in size.
c. show variation in size to a high degree.
d. demonstrate biological change over time.
a.
show a remarkable decline in size
137
The masticatory-functional hypothesis states that:
a. over time there was a clear reduction in the size of the face and jaws.
b. tooth and jaw size have decreased over time.
c. change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
d. tooth and jaw size increased over time.
c.
change in skull form represents a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles.
138
The frequent occurrence of agriculture around the world was accompanied by two phenomena:
a. an increase in population size and food shortages.
b. a change in climate and consequent change in environment.
c. the distribution of land wealth and trade of produce.
d. a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.
d.
a decline in nutritional quality and increase in infectious disease.
139
Cavities in the teeth are also called:
a. hypoplasias.
c. dentin foramina.
b. enamel defects.
d. dental caries.
d.
dental caries.
140
Extreme anemia can lead to:
a. cancer.
c. heart disease.
b. porotic hyperostosis.
d. measles.
b.
porotic hyperostosis.
141
Based on the archaeological record from various areas, the initial effect of agriculture on height was that height:
a. decreased.
b. increased.
c. became more variable within the population.
d. stayed the same.
a.
decreased.
142
Some cases of anemia, which cause red blood cell production to increase in response to iron deficiency or blood loss, may lead to:
a. cribra orbitaliain eye orbits.
c. a parasitic infection.
b. expansion and porosity of long bones.
d. a genetic disease.
a.
cribra orbitaliain eye orbits.
143
The human population increase of the Holocene was probably due to:
a. a decrease in disease as a result of sedentism.
b. more effective medical practices.
c. decreased birth spacing.
d. a dramatic increase in nutritional quality as a result of agriculture.
c.
decreased birth spacing.
144
The adoption of agriculture resulted in the development and spread of:
a. weight gain.
c. an increase in health generally.
b. infectious disease.
d. both a and c.
b.
infectious disease.
145
New World domesticated products include:
a. wheat.
c. cotton.
b. rice.
d. pigs.
c.
cotton.
146
Dental caries in the New World increased at the same time that populations were producing:
a. nuts.
c. seeds.
b. corn.
d. animal protein.
b.
corn.
147
A symptom of anemia where spongy bone invades the eye sockets is called:
a. hyperostosis.
c. orbital arthritis.
b. trabeculitis.
d. cribra orbitalia.
d.
cribra orbitalia.
148
_______ iron is found in some foods that provide all the amino acids humans require in their diet.
a. Heme
c. Flat
b. Nonheme
d. Raw
a.
Heme
149
A(n) _______ is a scientist who studies plant remains in the archaeological record.
a. paleontologist
c. ethnologist
b. paleoethnobotanist
d. zooarchaeologist
b.
paleoethnobotanist
150
Bone comparisons between hunter-gatherers and later agriculturalists, then modern peoples show:
a. an increase in size.
b. greater robusticity of the long arm bones only.
c. a decline in size.
d. a stasis in bone density.
c.
a decline in size.
151
The domestication of wheat and barley spread to Greece by:
a. 1,000 yBP.
c. 15,000 yBP.
b. 7,000 yBP.
d. 8,000 yBP.
d.
8,000 yBP.
152
Modern diseases made possible by overcrowding include, but are not limited to:
a. measles, mumps, and cholera.
c. chicken pox.
b. smallpox and influenza.
d. both a. and b.
d.
both a. and b
153
The Neolithic site Çatalhöyük is located in:
a. southwest Asia.
c. central Mexico.
b. southern Africa.
d. India.
a.
southwest Asia.
154
What effect did the advent of agriculture have on the level of interpersonal violence seen in the archaeological record?
a. Violence increased.
c. Violence stayed about the same.
b. Violence decreased.
d. Intercultural violence increased.
a.
Violence increased.
155
The last 10,000 years is called the:
a. Cenozoic.
c. Solutren.
b. Quaternary.
d. Holocene.
d.
Holocene.
156
Agricultural foods eventually shifted nutrition from a generalized diet to one focused on:
a. carbohydrates.
c. poorer-quality protein.
b. high levels of fat.
d. both a. and c.
b.
high levels of fat.
157
Agriculture resulted in:
a. higher-quality nutrition.
b. a stable, healthy food source.
c. population sedentism and crowding.
d. a shift in social dynamics, resulting in larger families.
c.
population sedentism and crowding.
158
An oval cross section of an adult femur suggests that the individual:
a. was likely very physically active.
b. was lethargic and largely sedentary.
c. had a nutritional deficiency as a child.
d. You cannot discern anything from the shape of a bone.
a.
was likely very physically active.
159
A round cross section of a long bone suggests that the bone will:
a. have greater strength through one of its axes.
b. have less strength through its y-axis.
c. have equal strength in all directions.
d. break given a small amount of tension
c.
have equal strength in all directions.
160
During your lab you are asked to identify the pathological feature of spongy bone invading the eye socket that occurs in the interior upper surface of the eye sockets; you diagnose the condition as:
a. porotic hyperostosis, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia.
b. periosteal reaction, resulting from changes in diet.
c. ameloblasts, resulting from changes in diet and parasitic infection.
d. cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.
d.
cribra orbitalia, resulting from iron-deficiency anemia or parasitic infection.
161
Parasitic infections are a primary cause of _______ in many regions of the globe.
a. iron-deficiency anemia
c. treponematoses
b. Staphylococcus aureus
d. endemic disease
a.
iron-deficiency anemia
162
The core of the adaptive success characterized by population explosion was the result of:
a. a decreased food supply.
c. agriculture.
b. an increased food supply.
d. a sedentary lifestyle.
b.
an increased food supply.
163
By the close of the Pleistocene the human population numbered:
a. several thousand.
c. several million.
b. 7 billion.
d. 1 billion.
c.
several million.
164
Hunter-gatherers’ skeletons tend to show:
a. less osteoarthritis.
c. lower workload/activity.
b. higher levels of activity.
d. bones with lower density.
b.
higher levels of activity
165
Common types of plants exist mostly in areas of the world with temperate climates and they include a range of crops and their wild ancestors such as:
a. rye and rice.
c. wheat and barley.
b. sorghum and millet.
d. both a. and c.
d.
both a. and c.
