Chapter 3, 4 and 5

Question 1

1.	Somatic cells include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
lung cells.
c.
skin cells.
b.
gametes.
d.
neurons.

Answer 1

b.

gametes.

Question 2

2.	Prokaryotes first appeared:
a.
10,000 years ago.
c.
3.5 bya.
b.
1 mya.
d.
65 mya.

Answer 2

c.

3.5 bya.

Question 3

3.	\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ DNA is heteroplasmic, meaning it can differ among different parts of a person’s body.
a.
Nuclear
c.
Ribosomal
b.
All
d.
Mitochondrial

Answer 3

d.

Mitochondrial

Question 4

4.	Nucleotide bases in nuclear DNA include all of the following EXCEPT:
a.
thymine.
c.
uracil.
b.
adenine.
d.
cytosine.

Answer 4

c.

uracil.

Question 5

5.	The following are complementary bases in DNA:
a.
adenine and thymine.
c.
guanine and thymine.
b.
adenine and cytosine.
d.
guanine and uracil.

Answer 5

a.

adenine and thymine.

Question 6

6.	DNA replication produces:
a.
four identical daughter cells.
c.
two single strands of DNA.
b.
two identical copies of itself.
d.
four single strands of DNA.

Answer 6

b.

two identical copies of itself.

Question 7

7. In mammals, the male parent’s gametes determine the sex of his offspring because:
   a.
   the X chromosome originates only from females.
   b.
   sperm are more powerful than eggs.
   c.
   the Y chromosome is present in males only.
   d.
   the X chromosome determines sex.

Answer 7

c.

the Y chromosome is present in males only.

Question 8

8.	Gametes are:
a.
diploid.
c.
produced during mitosis.
b.
haploid.
d.
somatic.

Answer 8

b.

haploid.

Question 9

9.	Haplotypes are:
a.
not likely to recombine during crossovers.
b.
likely to recombine during crossovers.
c.
genes that code for similar things.
d.
genetic material that come from one parent only.

Answer 9

a.

not likely to recombine during crossovers.

Question 10

10. Down syndrome can occur:
    a.
    as a result of translocation during mitosis.
    b.
    because of nondisjunction, which yields an extra chromosome.
    c.
    most frequently in the offspring of women under the age of 40.
    d.
    most frequently in the offspring of men under the age of 40.

Answer 10

b.

because of nondisjunction, which yields an extra chromosome.

Question 11

11. In his work on pea plants, Mendel found that plant height was inherited independently of the type or color of the seed coat. This finding:
    a.
    applies only to genes on the same chromosome.
    b.
    demonstrates the law of independent assortment.
    c.
    explains gene linkage.
    d.
    explains inheritance only in simple organisms.

Answer 11

b.

demonstrates the law of independent assortment.

Question 12

12. DNA is important for protein synthesis because it:
    a.
    is the biological code for the production of hormones and enzymes.
    b.
    serves as a template to which amino acids are attached in protein production.
    c.
    provides the code to produce proteins.
    d.
    transfers information from RNA to proteins.

Answer 12

all of the above??

Question 13

13.	Proteins consist of:
a.
genes.
c.
chains of DNA nucleotides.
b.
RNA plus mRNA.
d.
chains of amino acids.

Answer 13

d.

chains of amino acids.

Question 14

14.	Transcription:
a.
occurs in the nucleus.
b.
occurs in the ribosome.
c.
results in the production of proteins.
d.
results in the transformation of mitochondria.

Answer 14

a.

occurs in the nucleus.

Question 15

15.	RNA differs from DNA in that it uses:
a.
uracil instead of adenine.
c.
guanine instead of uracil.
b.
uracil instead of guanine.
d.
uracil instead of thymine.

Answer 15

d.

uracil instead of thymine.

Question 16

16. Transfer RNA:
    a.
    seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons.
    b.
    contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids.
    c.
    brings amino acids together to form polypeptide chains.
    d.
    all of the above

Answer 16

d.

all of the above

Question 17

17.	The gene responsible for lactose persistence among adults in Europe is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gene.
a.
structural
c.
regulatory
b.
dominant
d.
Hox

Answer 17

c.

regulatory

Question 18

18. Hoxgenes:
    a.
    appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.
    b.
    function only in fruit flies.
    c.
    control which amino acids get plugged into polypeptide chains.
    d.
    control the development of language in humans.

Answer 18

a.

appear to function in similar ways across diverse groups of organisms.

Question 19

19.	Meiosis results in the production of:
a.
two gametes.
c.
a single gamete.
b.
four gametes.
d.
none of the above

Answer 19

b.

four gametes.

Question 20

20.	Homeotic (Hox) genes are:
a.
structural genes.
b.
responsible for the development and location of key body parts.
c.
responsible for determining the sex of offspring.
d.
not used during embryonic development.

Answer 20

b.

responsible for the development and location of key body parts.

Question 21

21.	Human ABO blood types are determined by:
a.
regulatory genes.
c.
multiple genes.
b.
multiple alleles.
d.
homeotic genes.

Answer 21

b.

multiple alleles.

Question 22

22. Microsatellites are:
    a.
    small satellite transmitters used in genetic research.
    b.
    useful for determining group but not individual identification.
    c.
    highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.
    d.
    known from Watson and Crick’s 1950’s research.

Answer 22

c.

highly individualized repetitive stretches of nuclear DNA.

Question 23

23.	An individual that is homozygous at the locus that determines ABO blood type may have any of the following EXCEPT type \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ blood.
a.
AB
c.
A
b.
O
d.
B

Answer 23

a.

AB

Question 24

24.	Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of:
a.
AA.
c.
AB.
b.
AO.
d.
OO.

Answer 24

b.

AO

Question 25

25.	The presence of a recessive allele:
a.
can always be determined from the phenotype.
b.
can be masked in the phenotype.
c.
is expressed in the phenotype alongside a dominant allele.
d.
can never be expressed in the phenotype.

Answer 25

b.

can be masked in the phenotype.

Question 26

26. The expression of polygenic traits is:
    a.
    never determined by the influence of environmental factors.
    b.
    determined by genes at several loci.
    c.
    determined by multiple genes at one locus.
    d.
    determined solely by the influence of environmental factors.

Answer 26

b.

determined by genes at several loci.

Question 27

27.	A trait’s heritability is the proportion of its variation that:
a.
is genetic.
b.
cannot be explained.
c.
is the product of genes and environment.
d.
results from the environment alone.

Answer 27

a.

is genetic.

Question 28

28.	In 2004, the Human Genome Project published a human genome map indicating that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ genes are responsible for the human body’s proteins.
a.
100,000
c.
20,000–25,000
b.
50,000
d.
200,000–250,000

Answer 28

c.

20,000–25,000

Question 29

29. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
    a.
    allows us to use genetic methods to explore the origins and movements of populations.
    b.
    is used to amplify tiny sequences of DNA for study.
    c.
    allows us to study small amounts of DNA available in ancient skeletons.
    d.
    all of the above

Answer 29

d.

all of the above

Question 30

30. Genetic analysis of haplotypes and variants among living and precontact Native Americans indicates that Native Americans:
    a.
    underwent a huge decline in genetic diversity after Columbus’s arrival in the New World.
    b.
    living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.
    c.
    have a genetic structure and haplogroups that are quite recent.
    d.
    living today appear to be more diverse genetically than their ancient ancestors.

Answer 30

b.

living today appear to be as diverse genetically as their ancient ancestors thousands of years ago.

Question 31

31. Somatic cells are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
    a.
    each includes a nucleus at some stage of its development.
    b.
    they are used in multiple tissues throughout the body.
    c.
    each contains half a copy of an organism’s DNA.
    d.
    each contains a complete copy of all of an organism’s DNA.

Answer 31

c.

each contains half a copy of an organism’s DNA.

Question 32

32.	Homologous chromosomes:
a.
are genetically identical.
b.
carry genetic information that influences the same traits.
c.
are inherited only from the mother.
d.
are members of different pairs.

Answer 32

b.

carry genetic information that influences the same traits.

Question 33

33.	DNA:
a.
is single stranded.
c.
directs cellular function.
b.
contains six different nucleotide bases.
d.
contains the base uracil.

Answer 33

c.

directs cellular function.

Question 34

34.	Chromosome number is reduced during:
a.
mitosis.
c.
translation.
b.
recombination.
d.
meiosis.

Answer 34

d.

meiosis.

Question 35

35.	Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) differs from ribonucleic acid (RNA) in that it:
a.
was studied during Darwin’s lifetime.
b.
is the so-called recipe for all biological characteristics and functions in animals.
c.
was discovered by Mendel.
d.
is stored in ribosomes.

Answer 35

b.

is the so-called recipe for all biological characteristics and functions in animals.

Question 36

36.	If two alleles influencing the expressed phenotype for a trait are equally expressed, this is an
example of:
a.
polymorphism.
c.
pleiotropy.
b.
codominance.
d.
Mendelian inheritance.

Answer 36

b.

codominance

Question 37

37.	In his experiments with garden peas, Mendel found that one physical unit is inherited from the father and one from the mother. This provided evidence for:
a.
Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
b.
Thomas Hunt Morgan’s ideas of mutation.
c.
Mendel’s law of segregation.
d.
Mendel’s concept of nondisjunction.

Answer 37

c.

Mendel’s law of segregation.

Question 38

38.	A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity. This is likely the result of a mutation:
a.
on the sex chromosomes.
c.
in HSV-1.
b.
in aHoxgene.
d.
none of the above

Answer 38

b.

in aHoxgene.

Question 39

35. In the days races were thought to be valid, static categories, Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races:
    a.
    Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
    b.
    Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
    c.
    Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
    d.
    Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.

Answer 39

c.

Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.

Question 40

2.	Together, all of the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals are known as a:
a.
gene pool.
c.
clinal distribution.
b.
population.
d.
polymorphism.

Answer 40

a.

gene pool.

Question 41

3. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:
   a.
   strong selection pressure on the trait(s) being studied.
   b.
   a significant mutation rate from generation to generation.
   c.
   gene flow that is equal both into and out of the population.
   d.
   no gene flow, mutation, or natural selection.

Answer 41

d.

no gene flow, mutation, or natural selection.

Question 42

4.	While conducting research with a small population in South America you note that an overwhelming majority of individuals exhibit signs of a specific genetic abnormality. This is most likely the result of:
a.
natural selection.
c.
extinction.
b.
the founder effect.
d.
gene flow.

Answer 42

b.

the founder effect.

Question 43

8.	When individuals of the same species are reproductively isolated, genetic differences may accumulate in sufficient number so that new species could emerge. Such an event would be an example of:
a.
microevolution.
c.
equilibrium.
b.
the founder effect.
d.
macroevolution.

Answer 43

d.

macroevolution.

Question 44

6.	In certain species of nonhuman primates there are groups where only one dominant female has access to mates. The other females must wait until the opportunity to mate presents itself. This will have direct impacts on “fitness,” influencing which of the following?
a.
reproductive success
c.
strength
b.
aggressiveness
d.
age at death

Answer 44

a.

reproductive success

Question 45

12.	The ABO and MN blood-type frequencies of the Dunkers differ significantly from those of current American and German populations due to:
a.
genetic drift.
c.
gene flow.
b.
natural selection.
d.
mutation.

Answer 45

a.

genetic drift.

Question 46

16.	Mutations in DNA found in which cells are most likely to have significant evolutionary consequences?
a.
sex cells (gametes)
c.
skin pigment cells
b.
red blood cells
d.
brain cells

Answer 46

a.
sex cells (gametes)

Question 47

17. Australian aborigines are an endogamous society. This means that marriage and reproduction take place within the group, leading to:
    a.
    increased genetic diversity through genetic drift.
    b.
    migration without gene flow.
    c.
    more genetic diversity than would be observed in an exogamous society.
    d.
    decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.

Answer 47

d.

decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.

Question 48

10.	The southern migration of which African people may have led to a significant increase in the incidence of malaria?
a.
Masai
c.
Efe
b.
Turkana
d.
Bantu

Answer 48

d.

Bantu

Question 49

11.	Which of the following is NOT a genetic disorder that decreases susceptibility to malaria?
a.
G6PD deficiency (favism)
c.
Huntington’s chorea
b.
sickle-cell anemia
d.
thalassemia

Answer 49

c.

Huntington’s chorea

Question 50

23.	Studies of Galapagos finches have found that at certain points in time all finches on the island have either wide beaks or sharp narrow beaks. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ selection.
a.
directional
c.
disruptive
b.
natural
d.
stabilizing

Answer 50

c.

disruptive

Question 51

13.	Another name for the evolutionary force called gene flow is:
a.
the “founder effect.”
c.
“admixture.”
b.
“disruptive selection.”
d.
“transposition.”

Answer 51

c.

“admixture.”

Question 52

14.	Which of the evolutionary forces is most likely to decrease variation between populations?
a.
gene flow
c.
mutation
b.
the founder effect
d.
natural selection

Answer 52

a.

gene flow

Question 53

15.	The clinal decrease in type B blood from East Asia to Western Europe is probably the result of:
a.
the founder effect.
c.
mutation.
b.
stabilizing selection.
d.
gene flow.

Answer 53

d.

gene flow.

Question 54

32.	An individual who displays the disease sickle-cell anemia must have inherited the deleterious allele from both phenotypically normal parents. This individual is therefore:
a.
homozygous, with two dominant alleles.
b.
homozygous, with two recessive alleles.
c.
heterozygous, with one dominant and one recessive allele.
d.
haplozygous.

Answer 54

b.

homozygous, with two recessive alleles.

Question 55

33.	The mutation known as trisomy 21, in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is present, is more commonly known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ syndrome.
a.
Turner
c.
Klinefelter’s
b.
Down
d.
Williams

Answer 55

b.

Down

Question 56

18.	A point mutation that does NOT result in a change to the amino acid coded for is said to be a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ mutation.
a.
spontaneous
c.
selective
b.
synonymous
d.
stabilizing

Answer 56

b.

synonymous

Question 57

IQ test scores are influenced by

a. diet
b. overall health
c. cultural background
d. stress, hormonal cycle and mood
e. all of the above

Answer 57

e. all of the above

Question 58

20.	Over a period of two generations, the frequency of green dung beetles in a population shifts from 75% to 71% while the frequency of brown dung beetles within this population shifts from 25% to 29%. This is an example of:
a.
minievolution.
c.
millievolution.
b.
microevolution.
d.
nanoevolution.

Answer 58

b.

microevolution.

Question 59

Jim scored 131 on a properly administered IQ test. He will likely have no difficulty getting “A”s &
“B”s in most college courses, if he is willing to spend 3 hours study time per unit a week studying outside the class.
a. True b. False

Answer 59

a. True

Question 60

22.	Spontaneous mutation is the result of:
a.
unknown causes.
c.
toxic chemicals.
b.
x-rays.
d.
UV radiation.

Answer 60

a.

unknown causes.

Question 61

Dizygotic twins…

1. Have the same genotype but not phenotype
2. Have the same phenotype but not genotype
3. Are not related
4. Have the same genotype commonality as older and younger sibs
5. Both 1 and 4

Answer 61

5. Both 1 and 4

Question 62

Karyotypes is/are a/an

1. abnormal chromosome
2. hereditary syndrome
3. standardized arrangement ofchromosomes
4. mutation
5. mRNA molecule

Answer 62

3. standardized arrangement ofchromosomes

Question 63

25.	A random change in allele frequencies over time is known as:
a.
genetic drift.
c.
admixture.
b.
gene flow.
d.
gene migration.

Answer 63

a.

genetic drift.

Question 64

26.	The absence of the A and B alleles in Native American populations is a result of:
a.
natural selection.
c.
the founder effect.
b.
gene flow.
d.
mutation.

Answer 64

c.

the founder effect.

Question 65

34.	Familial hypercholesterolemia, an autosomal dominant disease, is five times more frequent in the Afrikaner population of South Africa than in the original population of Europe from which the ancestors to the Afrikaners immigrated. This represents an example of:
a.
natural selection.
c.
the founder effect.
b.
bottleneck.
d.
kin selection.

Answer 65

c.

the founder effect.

Question 66

28.	What effect does natural selection have on population variation?
a.
It increases variation.
b.
It decreases variation.
c.
It both increases and decreases variation.
d.
It does not affect variation.

Answer 66

b.

It decreases variation.

Question 67

30.	Fitness trade-off refers to selection favoring which genotype?
a.
homozygous dominant
c.
heterozygous
b.
homozygous recessive
d.
No genotype is favored.

Answer 67

c.

heterozygous

Question 68

31. A genetic study conducted over two generations found that the frequencies of genotypes in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation, genotype frequencies remained the same. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can assume:
    a.
    negative assortative mating has maintained gene frequencies.
    b.
    mutations have likely occurred, resulting in the same frequency.
    c.
    mating in this population is random.
    d.
    the population is small and we cannot detect change.

Answer 68

c.

mating in this population is random.

Question 69

35. A genetic study conducted over multiple generations found that the frequency of genotypes in the first generation were AA: 0.36, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.16. In the second generation, genotype frequencies shifted to AA: 0.16, Aa: 0.48, aa: 0.36. According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, we can assume:
    a.
    random mating has altered gene frequencies.
    b.
    gene flow has possibly shifted the gene frequencies.
    c.
    mating in this population must be nonrandom mating.
    d.
    both b. and c.

Answer 69

d.

both b. and c.

Question 70

36.	A study of Galapagos finches after a long period of drought found that all species of finch on one of the islands had wide beaks well adapted to breaking open seeds. The type of evolution that leads to this phenotype distribution is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ selection.
a.
directional
c.
disruptive
b.
natural
d.
stabilizing

Answer 70

a.

directional

Question 71

37.	Frameshift mutations are more likely to have an impact at the phenotypic level because they:
a.
are the result of a change in a single nucleotide.
b.
are the result of exposure to radiation.
c.
produce a protein having no function.
d.
are mobile pieces of DNA.

Answer 71

c.

produce a protein having no function

Question 72

38.	In a classroom taste test for PTC the genotype frequency was determined to be P =0.35 and Q =0.65. After applying the Hardy-Weinberg equation, the percentage of genotypes was found to be as follows:
a.
p2=0.12; 2pq =0.46; q2=0.42.
b.
p2=0.35; 2pq =0.00; q2=0.65.
c.
p2=0.12; 2pq =0.65; q2=0.23.
d.
p2=0.20; 2pq =0.20; q2=0.60.

Answer 72

a.

p2=0.12; 2pq =0.46; q2=0.42.

Question 73

2. Franz Boas:
   a.
   was a strong supporter of the race concept.
   b.
   created racial categories based on living populations in the United States.
   c.
   showed that U.S.-born children had the same head shapes as their immigrant parents.
   d.
   showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

Answer 73

showed that U.S.-born children had different head shapes than their immigrant parents.

Question 74

3. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach:
   a.
   discovered the existence of three races.
   b.
   categorized skulls into five racial types.
   c.
   used blood types and skin colors to create a racial taxonomy for humans.
   d.
   showed that skull shape changed over time.

Answer 74

categorized skulls into five racial types.

Question 75

4. R. C. Lewontin found that human “races” have no taxonomic significance. He demonstrated this through:
   a.
   research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.
   b.
   research indicating that race categories accounted for a very small percentage of variation found across human populations.
   c.
   the examination of variation in multiple human skull characteristics.
   d.
   research that examined genetic diversity across different species of mammals.

Answer 75

a.

research indicating that most genetic variation is found among human races.

Question 76

5. A cline:
   a.
   is continuous variation that follows a continuum.
   b.
   is variation that falls into discrete categories.
   c.
   describes the pattern of occurrence of trisomy 18.
   d.
   was used to describe human variation as early as the Renaissance.

Answer 76

d.

was used to describe human variation as early as the Renaissance.

Question 77

6. The long limb measurements of Turkana pastoralists indicate that the population:
   a.
   is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen’s rule.
   b.
   represents the variability that results from Wolff’s law of skeletal replacement.
   c.
   has body proportions that are not well adapted to warmer climates.
   d.
   is well adapted for life at high latitudes, as Allen’s rule predicts for pastoralist populations.

Answer 77

a.

is on the continuum of variation observed in Allen’s rule.

Question 78

7. The American economist David Seckler incorrectly hypothesized that:
   a.
   growth accelerates and decelerates according to various life stages.
   b.
   undernourished populations experience accelerated growth and development.
   c.
   there is a relationship between genes and the environment.
   d.
   shortness in height is an adaptation to reduced food supplies.

Answer 78

d.

shortness in height is an adaptation to reduced food supplies.

Question 79

8. The prenatal stage in humans is divided into:
   a.
   trimesters.
   b.
   the neonatal period versus after the end of lactation.
   c.
   infancy, childhood, the juvenile period, puberty, adolescence, and adulthood.
   d.
   the neonatal period, infancy, the juvenile period, puberty, and adolescence.

Answer 79

a.

trimesters.

Question 80

9.	Which of the following biological processes involves a reduction in homeostasis?
a.
senescence
c.
prenatal development
b.
Wolff’s law
d.
adult stage of development

Answer 80

a.

senescence

Question 81

10.	Multiple biological traits:
a.
do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.
b.
are race specific.
c.
help with biological profiling.
d.
do not exist in humans.

Answer 81

a.

do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.

Question 82

10.	Multiple biological traits:
a.
do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.
b.
are race specific.
c.
help with biological profiling.
d.
do not exist in humans.

Answer 82

a.

do not lead to clear-cut racial classifications.

Question 83

11. Stressors during the prenatal stage include:
    a.
    a vegetarian diet of greens, fruits, and dairy products.
    b.
    smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
    c.
    heavy exercise like running and swimming.
    d.
    lack of exercise.

Answer 83

b.

smoking, alcohol, and drugs.

Question 84

12. Children living at high altitudes develop a larger chest cavity by adulthood than children living at lower altitudes. This is an example of:
    a.
    environmental adaptations that occur at the individual level.
    b.
    acclimatization at the individual level.
    c.
    developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages.
    d.
    inheritance of increases in lung volume by high-altitude populations.

Answer 84

c.

developmental adaptations that occur at the level of the individual during critical life stages.

Question 85

13. Infancy:
    a.
    runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.
    b.
    runs from three to seven years, generally postweaning.
    c.
    is also called the “neonatal” period.
    d.
    includes three months before birth and three months after birth.

Answer 85

a.

runs from the second month after birth to the end of lactation, usually by the end of the third year.

Question 86

14. Although Allen’s and Bergmann’s rules often explain body shape and morphology, we occasionally see variations from the correct patterns. This sometimes indicates that:
    a.
    the long-term association between body shape and climate is an example of acclimatization.
    b.
    body shape and morphology do not reflect both evolutionary and developmental processes.
    c.
    the association between body shape and morphology does respond to environmental stressors.
    d.
    the association between body shape, morphology, and the environment is not a result of natural selection.

Answer 86

a.

the long-term association between body shape and climate is an example of acclimatization.

Question 87

15. Allen’s rule indicates that humans will have:
    a.
    larger lungs in hot environments and smaller lungs in cold environments.
    b.
    smaller bodies in cold environments and larger bodies in hot environments.
    c.
    longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments.
    d.
    taller bodies in cold environments and shorter bodies in hot environments.

Answer 87

c.

longer limbs in hot environments and shorter limbs in cold environments.

Question 88

16.	Sexual maturation or puberty is marked by:
a.
menarche in girls.
b.
similar body size in boys and girls.
c.
a short-term rapid increase in brain growth.
d.
adult social roles.

Answer 88

a.

menarche in girls.

Question 89

17. The obesity pandemic is primarily due to:
    a.
    the increased ability to produce and consume inexpensive, high-fat foods.
    b.
    a lack of physical exercise.
    c.
    a combination of lower calories and more exercise.
    d.
    the production of high-calorie, low-fat foods even though people still have a high exercise level.

Answer 89

a.

the increased ability to produce and consume inexpensive, high-fat foods.

Question 90

18.	When epiphyses fuse to the diaphyses:
a.
long bone growth is slowed.
b.
full adult height is attained.
c.
the adolescent growth spurt begins.
d.
the diaphyses continue to grow but the epiphyses stop growing.

Answer 90

b.

full adult height is attained.

Question 91

19.	The postnatal stage includes:
a.
the first, second, and third trimesters.
b.
menarche and senescence.
c.
the growth or development of the deciduous teeth, motor skills, and cognitive abilities.
d.
the human growth cycle from the embryo stage.

Answer 91

c.

the growth or development of the deciduous teeth, motor skills, and cognitive abilities.

Question 92

20. Genetic adaptation:
    a.
    occurs at the population level via natural selection.
    b.
    occurs at the individual level during childhood.
    c.
    occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
    d.
    involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.

Answer 92

a.

occurs at the population level via natural selection.

Question 93

21. Developmental (or ontogenetic) adaptation:
    a.
    occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
    b.
    occurs at the individual level during childhood.
    c.
    involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
    d.
    occurs at the population level via natural selection.

Answer 93

b.

occurs at the individual level during childhood.

Question 94

22. Acclimatization:
    a.
    occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
    b.
    occurs at the individual level during childhood.
    c.
    involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
    d.
    occurs at the population level via natural selection.

Answer 94

a.

occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.

Question 95

23. Cultural adaptation:
    a.
    occurs at the population level via natural selection.
    b.
    occurs at the individual level during childhood.
    c.
    involves using material culture or learned practices to make living possible in certain settings.
    d.
    usually occurs in adults, not children.

Answer 95

c.

involves using material culture or learned practices to make living possible in certain settings.

Question 96

24. Functional adaptations:
    a.
    are important population-level genetic changes.
    b.
    occur at the individual level only during childhood.
    c.
    involve using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
    d.
    are biological adjustments within an individual’s lifetime, including developmental adaptations and acclimatization.

Answer 96

d.

are biological adjustments within an individual’s lifetime, including developmental adaptations and acclimatization.

Question 97

25. The maintenance of homeostasis:
    a.
    is a key feature of most levels of any organism’s biology.
    b.
    involves the study of populations in their natural environments.
    c.
    involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
    d.
    involves the replication of environmental conditions and human responses to those conditions.

Answer 97

a.

is a key feature of most levels of any organism’s biology.

Question 98

26. Homeostasis may be studied indirectly by:
    a.
    observing living populations as they engage in various activities in various settings.
    b.
    experimentally manipulating or replicating environmental conditions and observing human responses.
    c.
    identifying the genome of a given population of humans.
    d.
    observing differences in such measures as body temperature across human groups.

Answer 98

a.

observing living populations as they engage in various activities in various settings.

Question 99

28. Melanin:
    a.
    is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation.
    b.
    is a chemical that decreases the possibility of a tan.
    c.
    occurs at high rates in individuals with light skin tone.
    d.
    develops more with age.

Answer 99

a.

is advantageous because it provides protection from solar radiation.

Question 100

29. For women with very low body weight, high amounts of exercise can result in:
    a.
    increased female fertility.
    b.
    increased ovarian function.
    c.
    a reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.
    d.
    higher rates of conception than in women who do not exercise.

Answer 100

c.

a reduced ability to conceive relative to women who do not exercise.

Question 101

30.	Relative to people with a history of living in temperate climates, the Inuit and other cold-adapted populations:
a.
have lower BMRs.
b.
consume more carbohydrates.
c.
reduce peripheral body temperatures to maintain core temperatures.
d.
have short limbs and large bodies.

Answer 101

d.

have short limbs and large bodies.

Question 102

31.	Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause:
a.
skin cancer.
c.
rickets.
b.
hypoxia.
d.
hypothermia.

Answer 102

a.

skin cancer.

Question 103

32. Sexual dimorphism refers to the:
    a.
    onset of menarche.
    b.
    reduction in bone growth rate with the fusion of epiphyses.
    c.
    difference in sexual characteristics before versus after puberty.
    d.
    difference in physical attributes of males and females.

Answer 103

d.

difference in physical attributes of males and females.

Question 104

33. Wolff’s law:
    a.
    is the principle that the lengths of limb bones are related to environmental conditions.
    b.
    applies to the maintenance of the entire endocrine system.
    c.
    states that after puberty there will be almost no further remodeling of bone when it is under stress.
    d.
    refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.

Answer 104

d.
refers to the homeostatic balance leading to bone mass being produced where it is needed and removed where it is not needed.

Question 105

34. Hypoxia has been shown to be an agent of natural selection in that Tibetan women:
    a.
    at high altitudes had fewer surviving children.
    b.
    with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.
    c.
    with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had fewer surviving children.
    d.
    have poor nutrition.

Answer 105

b.

with alleles for high oxygen saturation in their hemoglobin had more surviving children.

Question 106

35. In the days races were thought to be valid, static categories, Friedrich Blumenbach categorized humans into the following races:
    a.
    Negroids, Caucasoids, and Mongoloids.
    b.
    Mongoloids, Negroids, Inuit, and Caucasoids.
    c.
    Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.
    d.
    Mongoloids, Negroids, Malays, Europeans, and Caucasoids.

Answer 106

c.

Mongoloids, Malays, Ethiopians, American Indians, and Caucasoids.

Question 107

36. Adolescence includes:
    a.
    stability in physiology, behavior, and cognition.
    b.
    a decline in function of tissue and many organs.
    c.
    eruption of dentition and increased brain growth.
    d.
    the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.

Answer 107

d.

the development of secondary sex characteristics and interest in adult social, sexual, and economic behaviors.

Question 108

37.	Rickets is the result of:
a.
a lack of vitamin D.
c.
high UV exposure.
b.
a lack of melanin.
d.
severe air pollution.

Answer 108

a.

a lack of vitamin D.

Question 109

38.	Natural selection favored alleles for light skin in:
a.
Africa.
c.
South America.
b.
Europe.
d.
Australia.

Answer 109

b.

Europe.

Question 110

39.	Which is a major contributor to the success of our species?
a.
high fecundity
c.
human adaptability
b.
body variation
d.
skin tone variation

Answer 110

c.

human adaptability

Question 111

IQ test scores are influenced by

a. diet
b. overall health
c. cultural background
d. stress, hormonal cycle and mood
e. all of the above

Answer 111

e. all of the above

Question 112

IQ Test scores are

1. good for predicting college success
2. good for language skills but not math
3. influenced by numerous factors including genetics
4. are meaningless
5. are impossible to understand

Answer 112

top 3

Question 113

IQ tests

a. are a measure of intelligence
b. are measured/scored relative to a largenumber of people who took the test
c. are biased in favor of white males ofthe higher social classes
d. give scores influenced by health and diet
e. all of the above but “a”

Answer 113

e. all of the above but “a”

Question 114

Jim scored 131 on a properly administered IQ test. He will likely
have no difficulty getting “A”s &
“B”s in most college courses, if he is willing to spend 3 hours study time per unit a week studying outside the class.
a. True b. False

Answer 114

a. True

Question 115

Monozygotic twins

1. are derived from one sperm & one ovum
2. may be bro/bro, sis/sis or bro/sis
3. possess the same genotype
4. a & b only
5. a & c only

Answer 115

5. a & c only

Question 116

Dizygotic twins…

1. Have the same genotype but not phenotype
2. Have the same phenotype but not genotype
3. Are not related
4. Have the same genotype commonality as older and younger sibs
5. Both 1 and 4

Answer 116

5. Both 1 and 4

Question 117

Karyotypes is/are a/an

1. abnormal chromosome
2. hereditary syndrome
3. standardized arrangement ofchromosomes
4. mutation
5. mRNA molecule

Answer 117

3. standardized arrangement ofchromosomes

Question 118

The basis of race is

1. exclusively a social concept
2. exclusively a biological phenomenon
3. both 1 & 2
4. only valid when comparing blood types
5. none of the above

Answer 118

1. exclusively a social concept

Question 119

9. Happiness is effected in a positive way in all but which of the following:
   a. a sense of humor
   b. a meaningful job
   c. health
   d. an intimate relationship
   e. being outgoing

Answer 119

c. health

Question 120

Happiness is effected in a positive way in all but which of the following:

a. setting and working toward goals
b. a high level of income
c. optimism
d. having some form of faith
e. being active

Answer 120

b. a high level of income