Test 3

Question 1

Correlational relationships

Answer 1

Significant and direct between variables

No cause and effect established

Question 2

Gene-environment correlation

Answer 2

Genetic predisposition plus environmental factors

Question 3

Gene environment correlational categories ***

Answer 3

Passive
Reactive
Active

Question 4

Passive correlation**

Answer 4

Inherited genes correlate to environment by chance

Depression genes in child who experienced family loss

Question 5

Reactive correlation**

Answer 5

Child inherits genes that evoke symptoms of depression

Other children react by avoid bc odd behavior

Question 6

Active correlation

Answer 6

Child inherits genes that evoke symptoms of depression

Seeks isolation/others with depressed behavior

Question 7

Genes v environment

Answer 7

Great debate that never was Watson give me a dozen infants was postering

Question 8

Correlation v interaction

Answer 8

Relationship unknown-correlation

Environment effects phenotype-interaction

Question 9

Heritability

Answer 9

Proportion of trait expression variation attributed to genetics
Statistical probability that a trait will be passed on

Question 10

Pedigree charts

Answer 10

Assess heritability best for qualitative
Trace inheritance over multiple generations
Best for Mendelian patterns
Dominant/recessive patterns become apparent

Question 11

Concordance rate

Answer 11

Likelihood that 2 individuals share a trait

Question 12

Animal studies

Answer 12

Good starting point 
Sometimes animal genes correspond to humans
Dogs (trait breeding b4 labs)
Worms 
Rodents 
Drosophila(fruit flies)

Question 13

Why fruit flies

Answer 13

Inespensive
Small/hardy
Short life
Large genetic database (used early on)
Many traits (stuck, drop dead, since, cheap date)

Question 14

Inbreeding

Answer 14

Identical genes
Repeated breeding reduced variability
About 10% similarity over several gens, usually go to 20+ to be safe

Question 15

1st generation inbred animals are

Answer 15

Offspring of brother/sister

Question 16

Why use inbred?

Answer 16

Diff between genetically identical groups attributed to environment
Diff between genetically diff attrib to genes when environment same
Diff within inbred group-mutation

Question 17

Wild type

Answer 17

Unaffected animals, the norm

Question 18

Transgenics

Answer 18

Artificial alteration of genome

Knock in/ knock out

Question 19

Limits to human research

Answer 19

No inbreed

Can’t control environment especially in development

Question 20

Getting around human problems

Answer 20

Twin studies (same genetics) rather than inbreeding

Question 21

Quantitative traits

Answer 21

Normally distributed
Normal is one SD from mean
IQ behavior inhibition scale (BIS) depression and exhaustion index (DEEX scale)

Question 22

G factor

Answer 22

General intelligence
Spearman
Psychometric theory
Spearman’s correlation coefficient

Question 23

Human intelligence

Answer 23

Strong evidence for genetic contribution
Twin studies .66-.68 correlation
Dizygotic .42-.62

Question 24

Brain structures and intelligence

Answer 24

Frontal lobe correlated with g

Question 25

Boldness trait

Answer 25

Songbirds bred to be bold

Question 26

Self rating scales for personality

Answer 26

Reliability high validity low | Consistent not necessarily right

Question 27

Sexual behavior

Answer 27

Normal distribution high to low | Multiple genes contribute

Question 28

DRD4 Allele influence

Answer 28

Arousal Desire Function

Question 29

Twin sexual behavior (mz)

Answer 29

High concordance for behavior

Question 30

Homosexual behavior

Answer 30

Separate but related to hetero behavior, polygenic continuum similar to hereto, creates range of bisexuality MZ 66% dz 30%

Question 31

Intellectual disability

Answer 31

Normal 85-115 | Disability below 70

Question 32

Int. Disable range

Answer 32

55-69 mile some skills/indepenence 40-54 moderate -motor impairments speech trouble, supervisor 25-39 severe extremely limited, close supervision Under 25 Comorbid medical conditions

Question 33

Int disable prevalence

Answer 33

3% Higher if just by iq Lower by stricter criteria

Question 34

Int disable causes

Answer 34

``` Teratogens (environment toxins) Birth complications Social factors Genetics Idiopathic -unknown ```

Question 35

Down syndrome

Answer 35

1 in 1000 born Trisomy 21 redundant info -complications Correlated with age of parents Trisomy caused by nondisjunction (fatal in other disorders)

Question 36

Other trisomy disorders (not DS)

Answer 36

``` Usually fatal, if not int. disable Edwards syndrome -trisomy 18 -fatal within year often, physical problems Patau syndrome Trisomy 13 Severe physical and mental dysfunction Death usually soon after birth ```

Question 37

Fragile x syndrome

Answer 37

Expanded triplet repeat 200+ CGG (30 normal) FMR1 long arm of x triplets expand over generations Subthreshold under 200 for unaffected parents 2x boys than girls (paired x silence effects) 1in4000 makes 1in8000females

Question 38

Rett Syndrome

Answer 38

Single gene mutation -long arm X chromosome MeCP2 gene Rett allele usually fatal in males Int disable mod to severe apparent 6-12 months Motor disruption social impairment respiratory issues

Question 39

PKU

Answer 39

Treatable** Single gene mutation Before treatment leaving cause of int disability

Question 40

Micro deletions

Answer 40

When innocuous go unnoticed | May contribute to int disability

Question 41

DiGeorge sundrome

Answer 41

``` Collection of symptoms 80% cases micro deletion of 22qll Smaller % microdeletions on 10/18 Int disable speech/language deficits Decreased muscle Cardiac malformation Cleft palette ```

Question 42

Prayer willi

Answer 42

From father microdeletion 15qll-q13

Question 43

Angleman syndrome

Answer 43

From mother 15q11-q13

Question 44

Genotype same phenotype different

Answer 44

Pradee willi and angleman

Question 45

Genotype different phenotype same

Answer 45

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 46

Int disability heritability

Answer 46

Less in mild ID | More in left tail then expected -more that can go wrong than improve

Question 47

X factor

Answer 47

Diseases inherited on X chromosome Makes May be more effected bc no compensating gene Females more affected bc fatal in males

Question 48

Some microdeletion May be integrated into genome

Answer 48

May be passed on | Some dominant pattern in DiGeorge syndrome

Question 49

Mendelian patters

Answer 49

``` PKU-recessive Neurofibermatosis 1(NF1) learning disability in some affected ```

Question 50

Dementia

Answer 50

Not a disease, characterizes other diseases

Question 51

Dementia prevalence ***

Answer 51

Alzheimer’s -1 half Vascular dementia 2nd common, strokes/mini strokes Parkinson’s-develop Levy bodies Lewy body dementia -comorbid PD and AHuntingtons Frontotemporal dementia-early onset pick disease (mid late 40s) Early onset Alzheimer’s -highly heritable, dominant pattern Multiple schlerosis (MS) glial loss w subsequent dementia

Question 52

Alzheimer’s (familial)

Answer 52

Dominant, single gene, early onset | PSEN1 (over half) PSEN2 APP 3 currently known

Question 53

Presenilin

Answer 53

Protein that directs signaling and protein positioning

Question 54

Alzheimer’s sporadic

Answer 54

Apolipo protein E (APOE) gene*** Abnormalities of APOE cause cholesterol accumulation associated with plaque development Risk of AD 3-4x more with one APOE allele 12-15x with 2

Question 55

Learning disability

Answer 55

Deficits in understanding or using spoken or written language Not necessarily with other cognitive deficits

Question 56

Learning disability prevalence

Answer 56

5-15% of population Children of parents w/o reading difficulty 5%dyslexia W/at least 1 parent dyslexic >30%

Question 57

Heritability in learning disability

Answer 57

``` Difficult b/c Disability I’ll defined Multiple genes Multiple cognitive processes Multiple measures possibly needed to measure deficits ```