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Behavioral Genetics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior

A

How one feels and how they act

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2
Q

Genetics

A

What makes up DNA, Heredity patterns

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3
Q

Fields of research

A

Biology, psychology, chemistry, anthropology sociology health professions

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4
Q

Physical effects of genes

A

Protein synthesis, creating physical structures i.e. height, hair

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5
Q

Gene Variation-physical effects

A

Distinct features, mostly non-consequential, sometimes benefits reproductive survival(gets passed on)
Humans are near evolutionary ceiling but that could change in the future

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6
Q

Behavioral effects of genes

A

Some physical structures (neurons, glial cells) directly control behavior

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7
Q

Behavioral effects of gene variation

A

Produce distinct behavior, occurs over generations

I.e. dogs pointing, herding (selective breeding of natural traits)

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8
Q

Effects of environment

A

Genes don’t work in isolation
Behavior tuned by environmental cues
“Intelligence” (use of genetics to advantage) comes from extensive cue exposure

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9
Q

Generic features influencing the environment

A

Male vs female social expectations - testosterone increases aggression = diff. Treatment
Down’s syndrome features influence social interaction

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10
Q

Mid 1800s

A

Darwin, Mendel, Galton(father of BG), great start

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11
Q

Late 1800:

A

Slow, lack of technology

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12
Q

Early 1900s

A

Nazi eugenics

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13
Q

Mid 1900s

A

Skepticism about motives

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14
Q

Late 1900s

A

Research boosted by technology

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15
Q

Current perspectives on BG

A

Cusp of great discoveries
Human genome project “complete”
Genetic engineering advancing, genetic therapy exploration

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16
Q

Parallels with behavioral pharmacology

A

Similar path from “science fiction” to being routine (current for BP, future for BG)

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17
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Large molecule of nucleotides

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18
Q

Deoxy (DNA)

A

Missing oxygen atom from sugar

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19
Q

Nucleotides

A

Sugar, base, phosphate group

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20
Q

4 bases of DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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21
Q

DNA backbone

A

Phosphates binding sugar molecules
Bases attached to sugar molecule
Base sequence vital in many regions (genes)
Single gene strand may contain 40,000,000 bases

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22
Q

Adenine pairing (in DNA)***

A

Thymine

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23
Q

Thymine Pairing

A

Adenine

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24
Q

Guanine pairing

A

Cytosine

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25
Cytosine pairing
Guanine
26
Slightly angled bonding causes _________
Helical shape
27
Rosalind Franklin
Probably the first to visualize/photograph the double helix, wasn’t credited
28
The blueprint for life
Base sequences direct protein construction
29
Proteins are the basis for_____, ______, and ________
Tissues, cells, and organs
30
Possible functions of proteins
Receptors, enzymes(effect speed/duration of chemical reactions)
31
Self replicating nature of DNA
Replicated during cell division (daughter cells are clones of parent cells, is a chance that something gets tweaked) Utilize free floating components Components synthesized by cell from carbs + amino acids DNA is self perpetuating in living organisms
32
Helicase
Unwinds double helix
33
Ribonucleic acid
Same as DNA EXCEPT: different bases (adenine, URACIL, cytosine, guanine)
34
“Construction workers of life” (RNA)
Uses DNA blueprint to build proteins | mRNA assembled in nucleus -> transcription (unwinding of DNA) -> RNA polymerase (enzyme) draws in bases,
35
Transcription
Unwinding of DNA
36
RNA pairings
A-U C-G G-C T-A
37
Start/stop codons
Define length of DNA transcribed (primary transcript mRNA)
38
Exons
Spliced together (exist nucleus) instructions for proteins
39
Introns
Cut out, unnecessary, in nucleus
40
RNA Splicing
Initial mRNA has introns and Exons | Splicing separates introns and exons
41
Chromosome structure
Long strands of intertwined dna | Centomere-no genetic info
42
Arms of the chromosome
P - small arm (petite) Q -larger arm Telomere - outer region
43
Chromosome bands
Cryogenic bands -dark bands Sub bands -lighter bands Identification when exposed to dye Genes identified using landmarks
44
Chromosome number
23 in humans 22 autosomes(same) 1 sex chromosome pair
45
Chromosome viewed with
Karyotyope
46
Cell division
Mitosis (non sex cells) 2 identical to parent | Gametes -meiosis - 4 w/half dna
47
Chromosome in non humans
``` Mice -20 Rats 21 Dogs 39 Ferns 100s Complexity not due to number ```
48
Allele
Alternate form of gene
49
Genes in humans
20000-75000
50
Proteome
All proteins an organism can synthesize
51
Reason humans have large proteins
Alternative splicing
52
Proteins made up of
Amino acid strings
53
% of functional dna
15%
54
Protein is produced at
Ribosome
55
Ribosomes located on
Rough ER
56
Proteins modified at
Golgi apparatus
57
Electrical gradient
Maintained electrical imbalance
58
Voltage sensitive channels
Propagate signal (domino effect) initial opening by neurotransmitter
59
Ligan sensitive channels
Start VSC via neurotransmitters
60
Membrane made up of
Lipid bilayer (2heads 2 tails)
61
Suffix -cane on drug effects
Sodium channels
62
Base negative charge controlled by
Large negatively charged proteins (organelles)
63
Ionotropic receptor sites
Fast, stimulate receptor open ion channel
64
Matabotropic receptors sites
2 messenger system, slow, long lasting (ie pregnancy)
65
Excitation
Depolarization (coffee)
66
Inhibition
Hyperpolarization -make cell more negative, harder to function, depressant
67
Synapse
Neurotransmitter release - deactivation
68
Neurotransmitters deactivated by
Reuptake Enzyme deactivation Autoreceptor stimulation
69
Sodium potassium pump
K+ back into cell Na- out
70
Ligan sensitive channels (Cl-)
Cl- makes cell less likely to fire
71
Agonists
``` Enhance neurotransmitters** Increase release of NT Block enzyme breakdown Block reuptake (SSRI) Block presynaptic autoreceptors ```
72
Antagonists
Block post synaptic receptors Decrease release of neurotransmitters Simulate presynaptic auto-receptors
73
Neuroprotectants
Emerging field of research on exitotoxicity, must occur pre symptom, reducing excitation may reduce cell death
74
Excitotoxicity
Primary cause of cel death
75
Pharmacogenomics
Gene scanning, tailoring drug choice to genome, take guess work out of drug choice , gene is allows early intervention

Behavioral Genetics (3 decks)

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