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Behavioral Genetics > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Behavior

A

How one feels and how they act

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2
Q

Genetics

A

What makes up DNA, Heredity patterns

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3
Q

Fields of research

A

Biology, psychology, chemistry, anthropology sociology health professions

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4
Q

Physical effects of genes

A

Protein synthesis, creating physical structures i.e. height, hair

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5
Q

Gene Variation-physical effects

A

Distinct features, mostly non-consequential, sometimes benefits reproductive survival(gets passed on)
Humans are near evolutionary ceiling but that could change in the future

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6
Q

Behavioral effects of genes

A

Some physical structures (neurons, glial cells) directly control behavior

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7
Q

Behavioral effects of gene variation

A

Produce distinct behavior, occurs over generations

I.e. dogs pointing, herding (selective breeding of natural traits)

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8
Q

Effects of environment

A

Genes don’t work in isolation
Behavior tuned by environmental cues
“Intelligence” (use of genetics to advantage) comes from extensive cue exposure

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9
Q

Generic features influencing the environment

A

Male vs female social expectations - testosterone increases aggression = diff. Treatment
Down’s syndrome features influence social interaction

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10
Q

Mid 1800s

A

Darwin, Mendel, Galton(father of BG), great start

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11
Q

Late 1800:

A

Slow, lack of technology

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12
Q

Early 1900s

A

Nazi eugenics

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13
Q

Mid 1900s

A

Skepticism about motives

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14
Q

Late 1900s

A

Research boosted by technology

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15
Q

Current perspectives on BG

A

Cusp of great discoveries
Human genome project “complete”
Genetic engineering advancing, genetic therapy exploration

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16
Q

Parallels with behavioral pharmacology

A

Similar path from “science fiction” to being routine (current for BP, future for BG)

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17
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Large molecule of nucleotides

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18
Q

Deoxy (DNA)

A

Missing oxygen atom from sugar

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19
Q

Nucleotides

A

Sugar, base, phosphate group

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20
Q

4 bases of DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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21
Q

DNA backbone

A

Phosphates binding sugar molecules
Bases attached to sugar molecule
Base sequence vital in many regions (genes)
Single gene strand may contain 40,000,000 bases

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22
Q

Adenine pairing (in DNA)***

A

Thymine

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23
Q

Thymine Pairing

A

Adenine

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24
Q

Guanine pairing

A

Cytosine

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25
Q

Cytosine pairing

A

Guanine

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26
Q

Slightly angled bonding causes _________

A

Helical shape

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27
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

Probably the first to visualize/photograph the double helix, wasn’t credited

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28
Q

The blueprint for life

A

Base sequences direct protein construction

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29
Q

Proteins are the basis for_____, ______, and ________

A

Tissues, cells, and organs

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30
Q

Possible functions of proteins

A

Receptors, enzymes(effect speed/duration of chemical reactions)

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31
Q

Self replicating nature of DNA

A

Replicated during cell division (daughter cells are clones of parent cells, is a chance that something gets tweaked)
Utilize free floating components
Components synthesized by cell from carbs + amino acids
DNA is self perpetuating in living organisms

32
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds double helix

33
Q

Ribonucleic acid

A

Same as DNA EXCEPT: different bases (adenine, URACIL, cytosine, guanine)

34
Q

“Construction workers of life” (RNA)

A

Uses DNA blueprint to build proteins

mRNA assembled in nucleus -> transcription (unwinding of DNA) -> RNA polymerase (enzyme) draws in bases,

35
Q

Transcription

A

Unwinding of DNA

36
Q

RNA pairings

A

A-U
C-G
G-C
T-A

37
Q

Start/stop codons

A

Define length of DNA transcribed (primary transcript mRNA)

38
Q

Exons

A

Spliced together (exist nucleus) instructions for proteins

39
Q

Introns

A

Cut out, unnecessary, in nucleus

40
Q

RNA Splicing

A

Initial mRNA has introns and Exons

Splicing separates introns and exons

41
Q

Chromosome structure

A

Long strands of intertwined dna

Centomere-no genetic info

42
Q

Arms of the chromosome

A

P - small arm (petite)
Q -larger arm
Telomere - outer region

43
Q

Chromosome bands

A

Cryogenic bands -dark bands
Sub bands -lighter bands
Identification when exposed to dye
Genes identified using landmarks

44
Q

Chromosome number

A

23 in humans
22 autosomes(same)
1 sex chromosome pair

45
Q

Chromosome viewed with

A

Karyotyope

46
Q

Cell division

A

Mitosis (non sex cells) 2 identical to parent

Gametes -meiosis - 4 w/half dna

47
Q

Chromosome in non humans

A 
Mice -20
Rats 21
Dogs 39
Ferns 100s
Complexity not due to number
48
Q

Allele

A

Alternate form of gene

49
Q

Genes in humans

A

20000-75000

50
Q

Proteome

A

All proteins an organism can synthesize

51
Q

Reason humans have large proteins

A

Alternative splicing

52
Q

Proteins made up of

A

Amino acid strings

53
Q

% of functional dna

A

15%

54
Q

Protein is produced at

A

Ribosome

55
Q

Ribosomes located on

A

Rough ER

56
Q

Proteins modified at

A

Golgi apparatus

57
Q

Electrical gradient

A

Maintained electrical imbalance

58
Q

Voltage sensitive channels

A

Propagate signal (domino effect) initial opening by neurotransmitter

59
Q

Ligan sensitive channels

A

Start VSC via neurotransmitters

60
Q

Membrane made up of

A

Lipid bilayer (2heads 2 tails)

61
Q

Suffix -cane on drug effects

A

Sodium channels

62
Q

Base negative charge controlled by

A

Large negatively charged proteins (organelles)

63
Q

Ionotropic receptor sites

A

Fast, stimulate receptor open ion channel

64
Q

Matabotropic receptors sites

A

2 messenger system, slow, long lasting (ie pregnancy)

65
Q

Excitation

A

Depolarization (coffee)

66
Q

Inhibition

A

Hyperpolarization -make cell more negative, harder to function, depressant

67
Q

Synapse

A

Neurotransmitter release - deactivation

68
Q

Neurotransmitters deactivated by

A

Reuptake
Enzyme deactivation
Autoreceptor stimulation

69
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

K+ back into cell Na- out

70
Q

Ligan sensitive channels (Cl-)

A

Cl- makes cell less likely to fire

71
Q

Agonists

A 
Enhance neurotransmitters**
Increase release of NT
Block enzyme breakdown
Block reuptake (SSRI)
Block presynaptic autoreceptors
72
Q

Antagonists

A

Block post synaptic receptors
Decrease release of neurotransmitters

Simulate presynaptic auto-receptors

73
Q

Neuroprotectants

A

Emerging field of research on exitotoxicity, must occur pre symptom, reducing excitation may reduce cell death

74
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

Primary cause of cel death

75
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

Gene scanning, tailoring drug choice to genome, take guess work out of drug choice , gene is allows early intervention

Behavioral Genetics (3 decks)

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