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Final Flashcards

1
Q

Schizophrenia -features

A

Disorganized inappropriate behavior
Delusions hallucinations disjointed speech/thought etc.
symptoms severe enough to cause social impairment

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2
Q

Schizophrenia -prevalence

A

About 1% of population over 18
About 1/2 closely supervised in home/group setting
About 1/4 homeless; imprisoned, or institutionalized
About 1/5 live independently usually with some restrictions
Severity rather than number effected

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3
Q

Schizophrenia- Genetics

A

Many respond to neuroleptics leading to dopamine hypothesis which hasn’t been supported with genetics

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4
Q

Schizophrenia candidate genes

A

Neurorregulin (NRG1)
- glutamate receptors could regulate mesolimbic dopamine activity
Dystobrevin binding protein (DTNBP1)
- dendrite growth- likely glutamate transmission
Less than direct link to dopamine

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5
Q

Schizophrenia dopamine system activation

A

Overactive, drug treatment slows this down

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6
Q

Schizophrenia-heritability

A 
No evidence for single gene type
Concordance MZ(48%) DZ(17%) other sibs (9%) suggests environmental influence
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7
Q

Schizophrenia possible environment causes

A

Birth complications
Influenza
Time of year
Raised by a schizophrenic parent doesn’t incr are incidence

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8
Q

Autism -features

A

Incomplete development of symbolic (imaginative) play
Language skill deficits (social interaction)
Not necessarily intellectual impairment
Symptoms before 3 years

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9
Q

Autism prevalence

A 
.2-.6% of population (ASD about 1-1.5%)
Dramatic increase recently 
Cases increasing or criteria changing?
4:1 male to female for mild 
2:1 male to female for severe
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10
Q

Autism - systems

A

Many (none of above on test)

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11
Q

Autism genetics

A

Many genes implicated
Most interesting effect early development
Focus on genes affect cognitive ability
ASD characterized by social skills/ communication deficits
s skills may be a “cognitive” ability

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12
Q

Autism heritability

A

In spite of elusive genes heritability high
Concordance mz(60-90%) dz/sibs(10%)
Strong genetics little environment
Autistic adults rarely have children creating literature void

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13
Q

Anorexia

A

Fear of weight gain (cognitive component)

Sometimes treated with cognitive therapy

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14
Q

Anorexia health risks

A

Rental dysfunction, amenorrhea, cardiac problems

10-20% morbidity only 1/2 patients recover completely

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15
Q

Bulimia nervousa

A

Inappropriate compensatory behaviors

Purging vs nonpurging

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16
Q

Anorexia prevalence

A

1% U.S. population over 90% affected are female

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17
Q

Bulimia prevalence

A

1-3%

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18
Q

Eating disorder occupation prevalence

A

Skaters, LD runners, gymnast, fashion, dancing
Sorority members greater risk
High school wrestlers research (not Eating disorder)

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19
Q

Eating disorder genetics

A

Serotonin agonists most effective treatment
Couple of candidate genes
No evidence for 5 HT receptor subtypes
Specific serotonin receptors implicates (serotonin 2 receptors) others not
Depression (5HT disorder has decreased eating as symptom

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20
Q

Eating disorders -estrogen

A

Estrogen receptor beta (ER) gene implicated

Estrogen response is reasonable considering sex differences and age if onset

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21
Q

Eating disorder heritability -genes

A 
Anorexia mz (50%) dz <10% 
Bulimia mz (23%) dz (<9%)
Possibly 2 variations of one disorder
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22
Q

Eating disorder heritability - environment

A

Non shared - career choice, spirts, social group

Shared cultural influences

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23
Q

Addiction

A

Chronic compulsive craving for an emotional response
Beyond drugs sex gambling eating…
cognitive impairment in reward seeking?

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24
Q

Addiction syndrome

A

Basis for compulsive behavior is non specific - genetics involved
Environment dictates how compulsionis satisfies

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25
Addictive behavior - prevalence
``` 15% report compulsive nicotine use 4% meet criteria for alc dependence Illegal drug use likely somewhat less than alc Gambling estimates 1-3% Good/sex likely somewhat less Caffeine? 80% exhibit addictive patterns ```
26
Addictive behavior genetics
Endogenous reward system Dopamine mediated**** Enhanced by natural and unnatural rewards
27
Addictive behavior candidate genes
DAT1 gene - dopamine transporter protein DRD2 gene - d2 receptors - some alleles associated with increased addiction Both may have sane net effect on dopamine transmission
28
Opiod systems
OPRM1 gene -mu receptor subtype Linked to reward and sweet food in particular Receptors May mediate GABA influence on reward Some opiates inhibit GABA inhibition of dopamine release Inhibiting inhibition - net enhancement (foot off brake) Opiates, GABA, dopamine May all influence reward/addiction
29
Addictive behavior - heritability
Addiction studied as compulsive drug use Mz correlation .4 for excessive alc use dz.29 1st degree relative of alcohol abusers 2x more likely to abuse high Environment influence strong especially in adolescence
30
Mood disorder prevelande
11.5% at least one Depression 8.6 Dysthymia 6.2% Bipolar 1.6 %
31
Mood disorder sex differences
``` More women 2/3 Bc? Social factors Hormones HPA ```
32
HPA
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal Axis | Cortisol - stress hormone
33
Caspi and colleagues
Suggested 5HTt serotonin meta analysis didn’t find link
34
P11 protein
Functions include localizing proteins on cell surface (serotonin receptors) Under expressed in depressed brain tissue Knock out under expressed p11 exhibits depression symptoms (mice)
35
Nice depression symptoms (table 12.1
Add later
36
Mood disorders past serotonin
Norepinephrine SNERI effective in some depressed patients NE TRANSPORTER (NeT) gene implicated One NET allele linked to depression
37
CREB Protein
Broad range of functions high concentration in brain | CREB 1 gene linked to highly heritable depression but seen only in women
38
Mood disorder heritability
MZ 70+ DZ 20 Little effect of environment shared Unshared environment STRESS*** Depression high correlation to stressful events Decision making gene?** poor decision making linked to stress depressed people slow in making decisions
39
Anxiety disorders
DSM - 12 types Useful role in general Most common phobias
40
Anxiety disorder prevelance
Most common dysfunction NIMH - 1im6 In US Comorbidity common 2:1 female to male
41
Anxiety genetics
Most treatment target GABA Little evidence for GABA system basis Oxidative stress - free radicals (cell damage) implicated inmany types of disorder Genes regulating FR formation ID in rats
42
Anxiety heritability
Increased probability when parent diagnosed but not same disorder often
43
Personality disorders
10 types Persuasive maladaptive inflexible behavior pattern No psychotic Some are lesser versions of psychotic disorders Antisocial- own disorder not lesser form of anything
44
Personality disorder prevelance
15% u.S OCPD most common 4% antisocial
45
Antisocial PD
``` 60-90% among inmates 3:1 men to women Predisposing factor for criminal behavior? Linked to addictive behavior COMT gene allele linked Dopamine- pleasure / reward ```
46
Personality disorder genetics
Little research less urgency or debilitating
47
OCPD as starting point
Same alleles diff environment? Fewer OCD alleles? Unique combination alleles?
48
Health psychology
How principles of psych apply to physical health | More stress more sick/ more sick more psychological problems
49
Health psych relationships
direct: Elevated glucocorticoids in anxiety/ depression Elevated GC impair immune function Indirect: depression symptoms increase likelihood of illness
50
Physical to psychological
Cytokines - chemical signaling Pro inflammatory cytokines released during illness *** may trigger depression, presence without illness evoke depression symptoms Diseases associated with them often comorbid with depression Evolutionary - get sick antisocial until better
51
Figure 13.2***
Look at this
52
See chronosomes
Unique features disparate size and gene content in XY pairing
53
Y chromosome evolution***
Evolved from X Unique base sequence that couldn’t recombine died out when not essential Y 1/3 base sequence of X 95% of Y make specific
54
X linked recessive
More males effected Unpaired recessive expressed Females need 2 copies to express Affected father cannot pass to sons* Affected father. WILL pass to daughter ** Son of carrier mother 50% chance to express Color blindness
55
X linked dominant (rare) ***
All express phenotype Affected father cannot pass to son All daughters of affected father affected 50% from affected mother affected Aicardia syndrome - absence of corpus callosum
56
Y linked
Only males | Because y controls sperm unlikely to be passed on
57
Sexual chromosome deletions
Turner syndrome X only (XO syndrome)
58
Sex chromosome single addictions
Klinefelter syndrome -XXY | XYY syndrome **- super male syndrome, tall, low iq, bulbous fingers
59
Sex chromosome multiple additions
Happen but rare, more additions more rare
60
Genetic counseling history
Long used informally National society of genetic counselors NSGC 1979 American Board of Medical Genetics ABMG 1981 - sanction genetic counselors Journal of genetic counseling 1992 American board of genetic counseling ABGC 1993 from ABMG now certifies programs/counselors
61
Genetic counseling recommendations
``` Counsel possible parents about risk factors and genetic screening Benefits v risks Explain results Environmental alterations Other professions ie dieticians ```
62
Pharmacogenomics
When counseling not enough Recommendations for drug treatment Apply genetics to drug choices
63
Gene therapy
Counseling/pharmacogenomics not enough Genetic engineering - gene manipulation altering phenotype
64
Gene therapy
Directed at peripheral same methods apply to brain | Use of vector(retrovirus) -integrates own DNA into host nucleus leads to production of viral rna and new viral proteins
65
Gene therapy - current
Novel for neural functions Easier to apply to neurological (Parkinson’s, know genotype) than psychiatric (depression, know phenotype but not genotype)

Behavioral Genetics (3 decks)

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