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1
Q

Schizophrenia -features

A

Disorganized inappropriate behavior
Delusions hallucinations disjointed speech/thought etc.
symptoms severe enough to cause social impairment

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2
Q

Schizophrenia -prevalence

A

About 1% of population over 18
About 1/2 closely supervised in home/group setting
About 1/4 homeless; imprisoned, or institutionalized
About 1/5 live independently usually with some restrictions
Severity rather than number effected

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3
Q

Schizophrenia- Genetics

A

Many respond to neuroleptics leading to dopamine hypothesis which hasn’t been supported with genetics

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4
Q

Schizophrenia candidate genes

A

Neurorregulin (NRG1)
- glutamate receptors could regulate mesolimbic dopamine activity
Dystobrevin binding protein (DTNBP1)
- dendrite growth- likely glutamate transmission
Less than direct link to dopamine

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5
Q

Schizophrenia dopamine system activation

A

Overactive, drug treatment slows this down

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6
Q

Schizophrenia-heritability

A 
No evidence for single gene type
Concordance MZ(48%) DZ(17%) other sibs (9%) suggests environmental influence
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7
Q

Schizophrenia possible environment causes

A

Birth complications
Influenza
Time of year
Raised by a schizophrenic parent doesn’t incr are incidence

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8
Q

Autism -features

A

Incomplete development of symbolic (imaginative) play
Language skill deficits (social interaction)
Not necessarily intellectual impairment
Symptoms before 3 years

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9
Q

Autism prevalence

A 
.2-.6% of population (ASD about 1-1.5%)
Dramatic increase recently 
Cases increasing or criteria changing?
4:1 male to female for mild 
2:1 male to female for severe
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10
Q

Autism - systems

A

Many (none of above on test)

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11
Q

Autism genetics

A

Many genes implicated
Most interesting effect early development
Focus on genes affect cognitive ability
ASD characterized by social skills/ communication deficits
s skills may be a “cognitive” ability

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12
Q

Autism heritability

A

In spite of elusive genes heritability high
Concordance mz(60-90%) dz/sibs(10%)
Strong genetics little environment
Autistic adults rarely have children creating literature void

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13
Q

Anorexia

A

Fear of weight gain (cognitive component)

Sometimes treated with cognitive therapy

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14
Q

Anorexia health risks

A

Rental dysfunction, amenorrhea, cardiac problems

10-20% morbidity only 1/2 patients recover completely

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15
Q

Bulimia nervousa

A

Inappropriate compensatory behaviors

Purging vs nonpurging

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16
Q

Anorexia prevalence

A

1% U.S. population over 90% affected are female

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17
Q

Bulimia prevalence

A

1-3%

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18
Q

Eating disorder occupation prevalence

A

Skaters, LD runners, gymnast, fashion, dancing
Sorority members greater risk
High school wrestlers research (not Eating disorder)

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19
Q

Eating disorder genetics

A

Serotonin agonists most effective treatment
Couple of candidate genes
No evidence for 5 HT receptor subtypes
Specific serotonin receptors implicates (serotonin 2 receptors) others not
Depression (5HT disorder has decreased eating as symptom

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20
Q

Eating disorders -estrogen

A

Estrogen receptor beta (ER) gene implicated

Estrogen response is reasonable considering sex differences and age if onset

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21
Q

Eating disorder heritability -genes

A 
Anorexia mz (50%) dz <10% 
Bulimia mz (23%) dz (<9%)
Possibly 2 variations of one disorder
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22
Q

Eating disorder heritability - environment

A

Non shared - career choice, spirts, social group

Shared cultural influences

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23
Q

Addiction

A

Chronic compulsive craving for an emotional response
Beyond drugs sex gambling eating…
cognitive impairment in reward seeking?

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24
Q

Addiction syndrome

A

Basis for compulsive behavior is non specific - genetics involved
Environment dictates how compulsionis satisfies

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25
Q

Addictive behavior - prevalence

A 
15% report compulsive nicotine use 
4% meet criteria for alc dependence 
Illegal drug use likely somewhat less than alc 
Gambling estimates 1-3% 
Good/sex likely somewhat less 
Caffeine? 80% exhibit addictive patterns
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26
Q

Addictive behavior genetics

A

Endogenous reward system
Dopamine mediated**
Enhanced by natural and unnatural rewards

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27
Q

Addictive behavior candidate genes

A

DAT1 gene - dopamine transporter protein
DRD2 gene - d2 receptors - some alleles associated with increased addiction
Both may have sane net effect on dopamine transmission

28
Q

Opiod systems

A

OPRM1 gene -mu receptor subtype
Linked to reward and sweet food in particular
Receptors May mediate GABA influence on reward
Some opiates inhibit GABA inhibition of dopamine release
Inhibiting inhibition - net enhancement (foot off brake)
Opiates, GABA, dopamine May all influence reward/addiction

29
Q

Addictive behavior - heritability

A

Addiction studied as compulsive drug use
Mz correlation .4 for excessive alc use dz.29
1st degree relative of alcohol abusers 2x more likely to abuse high
Environment influence strong especially in adolescence

30
Q

Mood disorder prevelande

A

11.5% at least one
Depression 8.6
Dysthymia 6.2%
Bipolar 1.6 %

31
Q

Mood disorder sex differences

A 
More women 2/3
Bc?
Social factors
Hormones 
HPA
32
Q

HPA

A

Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal Axis

Cortisol - stress hormone

33
Q

Caspi and colleagues

A

Suggested 5HTt serotonin meta analysis didn’t find link

34
Q

P11 protein

A

Functions include localizing proteins on cell surface (serotonin receptors)
Under expressed in depressed brain tissue
Knock out under expressed p11 exhibits depression symptoms (mice)

35
Q

Nice depression symptoms (table 12.1

A

Add later

36
Q

Mood disorders past serotonin

A

Norepinephrine
SNERI effective in some depressed patients
NE TRANSPORTER (NeT) gene implicated
One NET allele linked to depression

37
Q

CREB Protein

A

Broad range of functions high concentration in brain

CREB 1 gene linked to highly heritable depression but seen only in women

38
Q

Mood disorder heritability

A

MZ 70+
DZ 20
Little effect of environment shared
Unshared environment
STRESS*
Depression high correlation to stressful events
Decision making gene? poor decision making linked to stress depressed people slow in making decisions

39
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

DSM - 12 types
Useful role in general
Most common phobias

40
Q

Anxiety disorder prevelance

A

Most common dysfunction
NIMH - 1im6 In US
Comorbidity common
2:1 female to male

41
Q

Anxiety genetics

A

Most treatment target GABA
Little evidence for GABA system basis
Oxidative stress - free radicals (cell damage) implicated inmany types of disorder
Genes regulating FR formation ID in rats

42
Q

Anxiety heritability

A

Increased probability when parent diagnosed but not same disorder often

43
Q

Personality disorders

A

10 types
Persuasive maladaptive inflexible behavior pattern
No psychotic
Some are lesser versions of psychotic disorders
Antisocial- own disorder not lesser form of anything

44
Q

Personality disorder prevelance

A

15% u.S
OCPD most common
4% antisocial

45
Q

Antisocial PD

A 
60-90% among inmates 
3:1 men to women 
Predisposing factor for criminal behavior?
Linked to addictive behavior 
COMT gene allele linked 
Dopamine- pleasure / reward
46
Q

Personality disorder genetics

A

Little research less urgency or debilitating

47
Q

OCPD as starting point

A

Same alleles diff environment?
Fewer OCD alleles?
Unique combination alleles?

48
Q

Health psychology

A

How principles of psych apply to physical health

More stress more sick/ more sick more psychological problems

49
Q

Health psych relationships

A

direct: Elevated glucocorticoids in anxiety/ depression
Elevated GC impair immune function
Indirect: depression symptoms increase likelihood of illness

50
Q

Physical to psychological

A

Cytokines - chemical signaling
Pro inflammatory cytokines released during illness *** may trigger depression, presence without illness evoke depression symptoms
Diseases associated with them often comorbid with depression
Evolutionary - get sick antisocial until better

51
Q

Figure 13.2***

A

Look at this

52
Q

See chronosomes

A

Unique features disparate size and gene content in XY pairing

53
Q

Y chromosome evolution***

A

Evolved from X
Unique base sequence that couldn’t recombine died out when not essential
Y 1/3 base sequence of X
95% of Y make specific

54
Q

X linked recessive

A

More males effected
Unpaired recessive expressed
Females need 2 copies to express
Affected father cannot pass to sons*
Affected father. WILL pass to daughter **
Son of carrier mother 50% chance to express
Color blindness

55
Q

X linked dominant (rare) ***

A

All express phenotype
Affected father cannot pass to son
All daughters of affected father affected
50% from affected mother affected
Aicardia syndrome - absence of corpus callosum

56
Q

Y linked

A

Only males

Because y controls sperm unlikely to be passed on

57
Q

Sexual chromosome deletions

A

Turner syndrome X only (XO syndrome)

58
Q

Sex chromosome single addictions

A

Klinefelter syndrome -XXY

XYY syndrome **- super male syndrome, tall, low iq, bulbous fingers

59
Q

Sex chromosome multiple additions

A

Happen but rare, more additions more rare

60
Q

Genetic counseling history

A

Long used informally
National society of genetic counselors NSGC 1979
American Board of Medical Genetics ABMG 1981 - sanction genetic counselors
Journal of genetic counseling 1992
American board of genetic counseling ABGC 1993 from ABMG now certifies programs/counselors

61
Q

Genetic counseling recommendations

A 
Counsel possible parents about risk factors and genetic screening 
Benefits v risks
Explain results 
Environmental alterations 
Other professions ie dieticians
62
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

When counseling not enough
Recommendations for drug treatment
Apply genetics to drug choices

63
Q

Gene therapy

A

Counseling/pharmacogenomics not enough
Genetic engineering
- gene manipulation altering phenotype

64
Q

Gene therapy

A

Directed at peripheral same methods apply to brain

Use of vector(retrovirus) -integrates own DNA into host nucleus leads to production of viral rna and new viral proteins

65
Q

Gene therapy - current

A

Novel for neural functions
Easier to apply to neurological (Parkinson’s, know genotype) than psychiatric (depression, know phenotype but not genotype)

Behavioral Genetics (3 decks)

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