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Biology 102 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

Animalia and Fungi

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1
Q

T or F Fungi are Eukaryotes

A

T

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2
Q

T or F Fungi are multicellular

A

T

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3
Q

Fungi are Heterotrophic, autotrophic, or photrophic

A

Heterotrophic

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4
Q

What to fungi have in their cell walls

A

most have chitin

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5
Q

6 phyla of fungi

A
  1. Chyridiomycota
  2. Microsporidia
  3. Zygomycota
  4. Glomeromycota
  5. Ascomycota
  6. Basidiomycota
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6
Q

Which fungi have flagellated spores?

A

Chytrids

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7
Q

Which is the only fungi with “rhizo” (root)

A

Chytrids

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8
Q

Which fungi have no mitochondria (use that of host cells)

A

Microsporidia

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9
Q

Which fungi are unicellular parasites (intracellular pathogens) with non-flagellated spores

A

microsporidians

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10
Q

Common bread mold fungi

A

Zygomycetes

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11
Q

Which fungi are decomposers + pathogens and have zygospores formed sexually

A

zygomycetes

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12
Q

which fungi are AM fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal)

A

Glomeromycetes

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13
Q

Which fungi are plant mutualists (givs water and nutrients and gets sugars)

A

Glomeromycetes

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14
Q

Which fungi have large multinucleate spores

A

Glomeromycetes

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15
Q

Which fungi have the most sopecies

A

Ascomycetes (64000 species)

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16
Q

Which fungi are sac fungi

A

Ascomycetes

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17
Q

Which fungi are used in pharma, food and pathogens

A

Ascomycetes

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18
Q

Which fungi have 2 nuclei (dikaryotic) and septate

A

Ascomycetes

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19
Q

Which fungi are club fungi

A

basidiomycetes

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20
Q

which fungi have basidia and basidiospores

A

basidiomycetes

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21
Q

how to fungi feed

A

osmotrophic nutrition: secretes enzymes out to digest (external digestion and then ingestion of digested products)

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22
Q

To maximize feeding, fungi have low contact with their substrate, t or f

A

F. There is large contact with substrate, the fungal body grows into the food (the food is the substrate)

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23
Q

Four parts of fungal bodies

A

Hyphae (thread like), mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores

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24
Q

hyphae grow from their tips or from their base?

A

Tips

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25
Q

What is the extensive feeding web with large surface to volume ratio

A

mycelium

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26
Q

what are the feeding web

A

mycelia

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27
Q

A mold consists of threads of cells called ______ which form a tangled mass called a (an)______

A

hyphae, mycelia

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28
Q

some hyphae are divided by walls called

A

septa

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29
Q

Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually by forming _____

A

spores

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30
Q

Hyphae that lack septa are ______

A

coenocytic

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31
Q

Rhizopus and other zygomycetes form sexual spores called _____

A

zygospores

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32
Q

A (an) _____ mycelium is self -sterile and mates only with an individual of a different mating type

A

heterothallic

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33
Q

In ascomycetes, asexual reproduction involves formation of spores called ______

A

conidia

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34
Q

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves production of spores known as _____ within saclike structures called ______

A

asci (or ascospore), ascocarp

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35
Q

Yeasts reproduce asexually, mainly by _____

A

budding

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36
Q

the familiar portion of a mushroom is actually a large fruiting body know as ____

A

basidiocarp or cap

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37
Q

the type of sexual spore produced by a mushroom is a _____

A

basidiospore

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38
Q

basidiospores develop on the _____ of a basidium, whereas ascospores develop _____ an ascus (outside or inside)

A

outside, inside

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39
Q

In a mushroom, basidia develop on the surface of vertical plates called _____

A

gills

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40
Q

deuteromycetes are also known as ______ _______

A

Imperfect fungi

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41
Q

Deuteromycetes have no _____stage of reproduction

A

Sexual

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42
Q

A ______ consists of a phototroph and a fungus that form a symbiotic relationship

A

Lichen

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43
Q

Ecologically, fungi serve as decomposers, or ______

A

saprotrophs

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44
Q

Mutualistic relationships between fungi and the roots of plants are known as _____

A

mycorrhizae

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45
Q

Special hyphae produced by parasitic fungi that can penetrate host cells are known as _____

A

Haustoria

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46
Q

_____ are the ecologically native bodies of fungi

A

mycelia

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47
Q

most mycelia are _____ (haploid or diploid)

A

haploid

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48
Q

Two types of asexual reproduction _____ and ____

A

Conidia within sporangia, and budding

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49
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur in zygomycota fungi

A

In Rhizopus, nonmotile spores (conidia) form in a sporangium. Sporangia are hyphae that grow upward and become spore sacs. Clusters of asexual spores develop within each sporangium and are released when the sporangium ruptures.

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50
Q

Describe the asexual process of budding

A

a small bud grows and eventually separates from the parent cell. Each bud can grow into a new yeast cell.

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51
Q

Yeasts are in the phylum _____

A

Ascomycetes

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52
Q

Yeasts are multi or unicellular

A

unicellular

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53
Q

Ascomycetes form the shape of a _____

A

cup

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54
Q

______ is the sharing of cytoplasm

A

plasmogamy

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55
Q

in sexual reproduction compatible _______fuse to form a _____ zygote

A

haploid hyphae, diploid

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56
Q

how does asexual reproduction occure in ascomycota

A

conidia pinch off from conidiophores

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57
Q

How does asexual reproduction occur in basidiomycota

A

Trick question - it is uncommon

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58
Q

How does asexual reproduction occure in deuteromycota

A

conidia

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59
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in deuteromycota

A

Trick question - it doesn’t

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60
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in ascomycetes

A

ascospores fuse to form a dikaryotic structure. Asci form from this structure. the two nuclei fuse followed by meiosis and mitosis.

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61
Q

How does sexual reproduction occur in basidiomycetes

A

basidiospores give rise to primary mycelium. These are monokaryotic cells. the hyphae are divided by septa but the septa are perforated and allow cytoplasmic streaming between cells. When a hypha encounters another monokaryotic hypha of a different mating type, the two hyphae fuse. The two haploid nuclei remain separate within each cell. A secondary mycelium with dikaryotic hyphae is produced, in which each cell contains two haploid nuclei. The haploid nuclei of the dikaryotic cells fuse only on the gills to form diploid cells. Meiosis occurs, forming 4 haploid nuclei that move to the outer edge of the basidium, becomes a basidiospore.

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62
Q

4 characteristics of animals

A

Ability to ingest food
Multicellular
heterotrophic eukaryotes
metazoa (phylum)

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63
Q

T or F Animals have a cell wall

A

F. Therefore, no fixed shape with stability and rigidity

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64
Q

_____ ______and _____ ______ assume the function of a cell wall in animals

A

Structural proteins, intercellular junctions

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65
Q

_____ _____ and _____ are two specialized cell types only found in animals

A

muscle cells and neurons (both associated with coordinated locomotion

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66
Q

the _____ (diploid or haploid) condition is predominant in animals

A

Diploid “animalia abhor haploidy”

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67
Q

mostly ____ (sexual or asexual) reproduction in animals

A

sexual

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68
Q

First stage of animal development

A

zygote undergoes cleavage (mitotic division without growth between successive divisions, so the bigger the egg cell, the more mitosis it can undergo)

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69
Q

Progression of animal development

A

Zygote, blastula, gastrula, larva, adult

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70
Q

_______ is the process of transformation when an immature form is morphologically distinct from an adult animal

A

metamorphosis

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71
Q

these genes play a role in the development of all animal embryos

A

hox

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72
Q

____ and _____ are two types of symmetry in animals

A

radial and bilateral

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73
Q

Examples of animals with radial symmetry

A

Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones) and adult echinoderms (sea stars)

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74
Q

Examples of animals with bilateral symmetry

A

most animals (humans, dogs, fish) - divided by only one plane passing through the midline of the body.

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75
Q

_______ and _______ are the two types of tissues in animals

A

Diploblastic (endoderm, ectoderm), triploblastic (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)

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76
Q

muscles come from _____

A

mesoderm (so do bones and circulatory system)

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77
Q

Three types of body cavities

A

coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate

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78
Q

Nematodes and flatworms are examples of this type of body cavity

A

acoelomates

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79
Q

meaning of acoelomate (“—– ——”)

A

“without cavity”

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80
Q

Roundworms and rotifers have this type of body cavity

A

pseudocoelomate

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81
Q

pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is not completely lined with _____

A

mesoderm

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82
Q

coelomates can be further divided into _____ and _____

A

protostomes and deuterostomes

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83
Q

protostomes means “_____ ______”

A

First, the mouth

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84
Q

What develops first in the protostome blastopore, the mouth or the anus?

A

mouth

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85
Q

the _____ develops as the first opening in the blastopore for the deuterostomes

A

anus

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86
Q

examples of deuterostomes

A

echinoderms, hemicrodates, chordates

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87
Q

Examples of protostomes

A

arthropods, annelids, mollusks

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88
Q

Deuterostomes have ______cleavage (spiral or radial)

A

radial

89
Q

protostomes have ____ cleavage (spiral or radial)

A

spiral

90
Q

Protostomes have (determinate or indeterminate) cleavage

A

determinate

91
Q

deuterostomes have (determinate or indeterminate) cleavage

A

indeterminate

92
Q

Schizocoely is a characteristic of ____ stomes (proto or deutero)

A

proto

93
Q

enterocoely is a characteristic of (proto or deuterostome)

A

deutero

94
Q

in _____ cleavage, if the first four cells of an embryo are separated, each cell develops into only a fixed quarter of the larva

A

determinate

95
Q

in ______ cleavage, if the first four cells are separated, each cell is capable of forming a complete, though small, larva

A

indeterminate

96
Q

if the mesoderm splits and the split widens into a cavity that becomes the coelom, it is called _____

A

schizocoely (so the protostomes are schizocoelomates)

97
Q

if the mesoderm forms as “outpocketings” of the developing gut, it is called ____

A

enterocoely (deuterostomes)

98
Q

sponges are in the phylum _____, which means “to have pores”

A

Porifera

99
Q

Sponges form definite tissues, t or f

A

f, its cells are loosely associated, but a division of labor exists among the several types of cells that make it up. com specilize in nutrition, support, or reproduction.

100
Q

Eumetazoa, all animals with true ____

A

tissues

101
Q

Most animals are _____

A

bilateria

102
Q

three groups of bilateria

A

Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa

103
Q

Subkingdon Parazoa lack —– and —-

A

tissues and mouths

104
Q

Porifera adults are motile, t or f

A

F, sessile

105
Q

porifera adults have this symetry

A

radial

106
Q

porifera feed by _____ -____

A

filter feeding

107
Q

Four cell types in porifera

A

Epidermal, porocytes, amoebocytes, choanocytes

108
Q

two ways of reproduction in sponges

A

asexual by regenration, sexual by :
hermaphroditic
Amoebocytes or choanocytes differentiate into sperm and egg
sperm fertizie eggs inside other sponges
flagellated larvae released into water column

109
Q

Subkingdom Eumetazoa possess _____ ______

A

true tissues

110
Q

Two branches of Eumetazoa

A

Radiata, Bilateria

111
Q

3 Characteristics of Radiata

A

Radial symmetry, diploblastic development, no body cavity (acoelomate)

112
Q

Two phyla of Radiata

A

Cnidaria, Ctenophora

113
Q

three descriptions of the form of cnidaria

A

single opening (mouth) to gastrovascular cavity
mesoglea (jelly)
“musculature” controlled by nerve net

114
Q

Greek meaning of cnidaria “____ _____”

A

“sea nettles”

115
Q

Stinging cells of cnidaria are _____

A

cnidocytes

116
Q

Two orientations of cnidaria

A

polyp - sessile, mouth faces up

medusa - planktonic, mouth faces down

117
Q

Characteristics of cnidaria tentacles

A

surround mouth

contain cnidocytes

118
Q

life cycle of cnidaria

A

sperm and egg cells released into water column

May involve alternating polyps and medusae

119
Q

4 cnidarian classes

A

Hydrozoa (hydra and relatives)
Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Cubozoa (box shaped medusa stage
Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals)

120
Q

Phylum _____ includes the comb jellies

A

Ctenophora

121
Q

ctenophores are _____ symetrical

A

biradially (form 2 equal halves by cutting through the body two ways)

122
Q

Flatworms belong to the phylum ____

A

platyhelminthes

123
Q

Platyhelminthes exhibit _____ symmetry

A

bilateral

124
Q

Platyhelminthes are in the branch ____

A

bilateria

125
Q

two characteristics of Bilateria

A

Unidirectional movement, cephalization (brain)

126
Q

Bilateria exhibit _____blastic development

A

Triplo

127
Q

Bilateria have what type of body

A

coelomate

128
Q

3 groups of bilateria

A

lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia

129
Q

commonalities of lophotrochozoa

A

molecular data, some with lophophore: ring of tentacles around the mouth, some with trochophore larva

130
Q

5 phyla in Lophotrochozoa

A 
Platyhelminthes
Syndermata
Lophophorate
mollusca
annelida
131
Q

3 things that platyhelminthes possess

A

incomplete digestive system (lacking in parasitic species)
distinct nervous system
rudimentary excretory system

132
Q

taxonomic classes of platyhelminthes

A

Turbellaria: free living flatworms,
Trematoda and monogenea - flukes,
Cestoidea - tapeworms

133
Q

Describe the digestive system of syndermata

A

complete, “tube within a tube” alimentary canal, - separate mouth and anus; gut diversification
directional movement of food and more efficient digestion

134
Q

two groups of syndermata

A

Rotifera and acanthocephala

135
Q

3 characteristics of rotifers

A

Free-living, freshwater, pseudocoelomate
Microscopic
Some reproduce pathenogenic species

136
Q

spiny headed worms are _____

A

acanthocephala

137
Q

_____ lack their own gut, so the are vertegrate gut parasites

A

Acanthocephala

138
Q

Lophophorate phyla are protostomes, t or f

A

F, they are deuterostomes. The mouth forms second

139
Q

Lophophores are ____ feeders

A

suspension

140
Q

lophophores have ____ that surround their mouth and are ciliated

A

tentacles

141
Q

Lophopores have a u-shaped ____ and an _____ outside whorl of tentacles

A

alimentary, anus

142
Q

lophophores are coelomate, T or F

A

F, pseudocoelomate

143
Q

two lophophore are ____ and _____

A

Brachiopoda (hinged cell)

Ectoprocts (bryozoan) - often colonial

144
Q

____ are among the best known of the invertebrates

A

mollusks

145
Q

Mollusks are part of the phylum ______

A

mollusca

146
Q

three basic body parts of a mollusk

A

mantle
muscular foot
visceral mass

147
Q

There is segmentation in the mollusks. t or f

A

F. No segmentation

148
Q

Examples of molluscan diversity

A 
Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
poly/placo/phora (many/plate/to carry)
Class gastropoda (snails, slugs)
Class bivalve (clams, musssels)
Class cephalopoda (octopus, squid)- predatory (loligo)
149
Q

mollusca have ____ larva in many aquatic forms

A

trochophore (spherical with a band of cilia)

150
Q

Annelids have ____ larva in many aquatic forms

A

Trochophore

151
Q

Annelida are _____ worms

A

segmented

152
Q

Each segment in annelida has its own —-, ——, and —–

A

musculature, excretory, and nerves

153
Q

Annelida has a ____ (simple or complex) digestive system

A

complex

154
Q

Annelida has an open or closed circulatory system

A

closed

155
Q

Annelids have a ____ skeleton

A

hydrostatic

156
Q

3 Annelida classes

A

Polychaeta
Oligochaeta
Hirudinea

157
Q

Polychaeta means _____ ____

A

Many bristles

158
Q

Oligo chaeta means _____ ______

A

Few bristles

159
Q

Hirudinea have no septa, T or F

A

T (they have anterior and posterior suckers ) blood suckers (leeches)

160
Q

paddle shaped appendages on polychaeta are called ____

A

parapodia

161
Q

oligochaeta have eyes, T or F

A

F (polychaeta have eyes)

162
Q

Ecdysozoans possess an _____

A

exoskeleton

163
Q

Exosketeon protects from ____,____,____,____

A

Abrasion, pathogens, predators, parasites

164
Q

Exoskeletons provide _____

A

Scaffolding

165
Q

Disadvantages of an exoskeleton are that is inhibits _____,______,______

A

gas exchange, movement, and growth

166
Q

Solutions for the disadvantages of an exoskeleton are ____,_____, and _____

A

Appendages, flexible joints, and shedding

167
Q

Two ecdysozoan phyla are _____ and _____

A

nematoda and arthropoda

168
Q

3 characteristics of nematoda

A

Relatively small worms, round in cross section, unsegmented, tapered at ends, pseudocoelomate

169
Q

_____ ______ is a model organism in the nematode phylum

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

170
Q

_____ ______ is a parasite of pigs in the nematode phylum

A

Trichinella spiralis

171
Q

4 characteristics of reproduction in nematodes

A

usually sexual
dioecious
internal fertilization
resistant zygotes

172
Q

How many species of nematodes are there

A

25000

173
Q

how many species of arthropoda are there

A

1,000,000

174
Q

Arthropods have a hard, light exoskeleton made of ____

A

chitin

175
Q

Arthropods have a ____ body

A

segmented

176
Q

The structural devision of the body of arthropods is _____:____,____,____

A

Tagma: head thorax, abdomen

177
Q

Arthropods have a(n) ____ (open or closed) circulatory system

A

open

178
Q

What are the three extant grouops of arthropods

A

Chelicerate
Myriapoda
Pancrustaceans

179
Q

The groups of arthropods are distinguished by the ____,____ and_____ of appendages on tagmata

A

Types, number, arrangement

180
Q

T or F, Chelicerate have antenna

A

F

181
Q

How many tagmata on Chelicerates

A

2

182
Q

Name the 2 tagmata on Chelicerates

A

Prosoma (cephalothorax)

Poisthosoma (abdomen)

183
Q

Three examples of chelicerates

A

Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Arachnica (spiders, scorpions, ticks)

184
Q

Myriopoda appendages are uniramous or biramous

A

uniramous (single series of segments attached end to end)

185
Q

Describe the head of myriapoda

A

(1 pair of Pre oral segments, 2 pair of postoral segments)

186
Q

Describe the trunk of the myriapoda

A

vermiform with 15+ segments

187
Q

Describe the cuticle of the myriapoda

A

unwaxed; respiration

188
Q

two characteristics of order chilopoda (centipedes)

A

Fast-moving, carnivorous, first pair of legs modified for prey capture (maxillipedes)

189
Q

Two characteristics of the order Diplopoda (millipedes

A

Slow moving, deposit feeders (herbivores)

2 pairs of legs

190
Q

Pancrustacea make up over _____% of all described arthropod species

A

87%

191
Q

Two notable groups of pancrustacea

A

crustacea, hexapoda

192
Q

4 defining characteristics of Crustacea

A

Biramous appendages
2 pr antennae
3+pr. mouthparts
walking legs on thorax

193
Q

Crustacea are primarily marine or freshwater

A

marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial

194
Q

Three groups of crustacea

A

Decapoda
Copepoda
Barnacles

195
Q

4 defining characteristics of Hexapoda

A

Three body parts
Six walking legs
1 pr. Preoral, 3 pr Post-oral appendages
Most with wings on thoras (only group with powered flight)

196
Q

How many hexapoda have been described?

A

750,000 - perhaps 4 million await description

197
Q

Why so many hexapoda

A

Leading hypothesis is flight capability:
Predator avoidance, dispersal ability
feeding specialization

198
Q

How to remember the classification system

A

King Philip Came Over From Germany Slowly (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

199
Q

How to remember the 9 animal phyla

A

Prince Charles Plays Needles Music And Always Eats Cucumbers (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata)

200
Q

The deuterostomes have ____ and _____ cleavage

A

Radial and indeterminate (an isolated blastomere can develop into a normal organism)

201
Q

The blastopore forms at gastrulation for the deuterostomes becomes the _____

A

anus first, then mouth second

202
Q

Two deuterostome phyla

A

Echinodermata

Chordata

203
Q

Echinoderms are always radially symmetrical T or F

A

F, they begin life as bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose to radially symmetrical adults

204
Q

Chordata are primarily bilateral symmetric, T or F

A

T, with a few member become radially symmetric maturation

205
Q

Phylum Echinodermata is exclusively marine, T or F

A

T

206
Q

Echnoderm have ____ symmetry

A

radial

207
Q

Echinoderm have _____ skeleton (internal or external)

A

internal, calcified plates covered by epidermis

208
Q

What is the water vascular system used for in echnodermata (3 things)

A

Locomotion
prey capture
gas exchange

209
Q

5 classes of echnoderms

A

Crinoidea (crinoids): filter feeders: adulta can swim
Ophiuroidea (brittlestars): grazers, filter feeders
Asteroidea (sea stars): predators
Echinoidea (sea Urchins: herbivores
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers): filter feeders

210
Q

How many species of echnoderms are there?

A

6,500

211
Q

How many species of Chordata are there?

A

57,000

212
Q

4 chracteristics of chordata

A

Notochord,
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Muscular post-anal tail

213
Q

The _____ is a stiff yet flexible rod providing skeletal support that is replaced in chordates

A

Notochord

214
Q

The _____ are below the dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

Viscera

215
Q

Three Subphyla of chordata

A

Urochordata, Cephalocordata, Vertebrata

216
Q

the _____ are tunicates or sea squirts

A

urochordata

217
Q

The subphylum ______ are sessile adults with the notochord lost in metamorphosis and a pharyngeal basket for filter feeding

A

urochordta

218
Q

the subphylum ____ are lancelets with a notochord in adult: and phayngeal basket

A

Cepholocordata

Biology 102 (3 decks)

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