Test 3 Flashcards
Animalia and Fungi
1
Q
T or F Fungi are Eukaryotes
A
T
2
Q
T or F Fungi are multicellular
A
T
3
Q
Fungi are Heterotrophic, autotrophic, or photrophic
A
Heterotrophic
4
Q
What to fungi have in their cell walls
A
most have chitin
5
Q
6 phyla of fungi
A
- Chyridiomycota
- Microsporidia
- Zygomycota
- Glomeromycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
6
Q
Which fungi have flagellated spores?
A
Chytrids
7
Q
Which is the only fungi with “rhizo” (root)
A
Chytrids
8
Q
Which fungi have no mitochondria (use that of host cells)
A
Microsporidia
9
Q
Which fungi are unicellular parasites (intracellular pathogens) with non-flagellated spores
A
microsporidians
10
Q
Common bread mold fungi
A
Zygomycetes
11
Q
Which fungi are decomposers + pathogens and have zygospores formed sexually
A
zygomycetes
12
Q
which fungi are AM fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizal)
A
Glomeromycetes
13
Q
Which fungi are plant mutualists (givs water and nutrients and gets sugars)
A
Glomeromycetes
14
Q
Which fungi have large multinucleate spores
A
Glomeromycetes
15
Q
Which fungi have the most sopecies
A
Ascomycetes (64000 species)
16
Q
Which fungi are sac fungi
A
Ascomycetes
17
Q
Which fungi are used in pharma, food and pathogens
A
Ascomycetes
18
Q
Which fungi have 2 nuclei (dikaryotic) and septate
A
Ascomycetes
19
Q
Which fungi are club fungi
A
basidiomycetes
20
Q
which fungi have basidia and basidiospores
A
basidiomycetes
21
Q
how to fungi feed
A
osmotrophic nutrition: secretes enzymes out to digest (external digestion and then ingestion of digested products)
22
Q
To maximize feeding, fungi have low contact with their substrate, t or f
A
F. There is large contact with substrate, the fungal body grows into the food (the food is the substrate)
23
Q
Four parts of fungal bodies
A
Hyphae (thread like), mycelium, fruiting bodies, spores
24
Q
hyphae grow from their tips or from their base?
A
Tips
25
What is the extensive feeding web with large surface to volume ratio
mycelium
26
what are the feeding web
mycelia
27
A mold consists of threads of cells called ______ which form a tangled mass called a (an)______
hyphae, mycelia
28
some hyphae are divided by walls called
septa
29
Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually by forming _____
spores
30
Hyphae that lack septa are ______
coenocytic
31
Rhizopus and other zygomycetes form sexual spores called _____
zygospores
32
A (an) _____ mycelium is self -sterile and mates only with an individual of a different mating type
heterothallic
33
In ascomycetes, asexual reproduction involves formation of spores called ______
conidia
34
Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves production of spores known as _____ within saclike structures called ______
asci (or ascospore), ascocarp
35
Yeasts reproduce asexually, mainly by _____
budding
36
the familiar portion of a mushroom is actually a large fruiting body know as ____
basidiocarp or cap
37
the type of sexual spore produced by a mushroom is a _____
basidiospore
38
basidiospores develop on the _____ of a basidium, whereas ascospores develop _____ an ascus (outside or inside)
outside, inside
39
In a mushroom, basidia develop on the surface of vertical plates called _____
gills
40
deuteromycetes are also known as ______ _______
Imperfect fungi
41
Deuteromycetes have no _____stage of reproduction
Sexual
42
A ______ consists of a phototroph and a fungus that form a symbiotic relationship
Lichen
43
Ecologically, fungi serve as decomposers, or ______
saprotrophs
44
Mutualistic relationships between fungi and the roots of plants are known as _____
mycorrhizae
45
Special hyphae produced by parasitic fungi that can penetrate host cells are known as _____
Haustoria
46
_____ are the ecologically native bodies of fungi
mycelia
47
most mycelia are _____ (haploid or diploid)
haploid
48
Two types of asexual reproduction _____ and ____
Conidia within sporangia, and budding
49
How does asexual reproduction occur in zygomycota fungi
In Rhizopus, nonmotile spores (conidia) form in a sporangium. Sporangia are hyphae that grow upward and become spore sacs. Clusters of asexual spores develop within each sporangium and are released when the sporangium ruptures.
50
Describe the asexual process of budding
a small bud grows and eventually separates from the parent cell. Each bud can grow into a new yeast cell.
51
Yeasts are in the phylum _____
Ascomycetes
52
Yeasts are multi or unicellular
unicellular
53
Ascomycetes form the shape of a _____
cup
54
______ is the sharing of cytoplasm
plasmogamy
55
in sexual reproduction compatible _______fuse to form a _____ zygote
haploid hyphae, diploid
56
how does asexual reproduction occure in ascomycota
conidia pinch off from conidiophores
57
How does asexual reproduction occur in basidiomycota
Trick question - it is uncommon
58
How does asexual reproduction occure in deuteromycota
conidia
59
How does sexual reproduction occur in deuteromycota
Trick question - it doesn't
60
How does sexual reproduction occur in ascomycetes
ascospores fuse to form a dikaryotic structure. Asci form from this structure. the two nuclei fuse followed by meiosis and mitosis.
61
How does sexual reproduction occur in basidiomycetes
basidiospores give rise to primary mycelium. These are monokaryotic cells. the hyphae are divided by septa but the septa are perforated and allow cytoplasmic streaming between cells. When a hypha encounters another monokaryotic hypha of a different mating type, the two hyphae fuse. The two haploid nuclei remain separate within each cell. A secondary mycelium with dikaryotic hyphae is produced, in which each cell contains two haploid nuclei. The haploid nuclei of the dikaryotic cells fuse only on the gills to form diploid cells. Meiosis occurs, forming 4 haploid nuclei that move to the outer edge of the basidium, becomes a basidiospore.
62
4 characteristics of animals
Ability to ingest food
Multicellular
heterotrophic eukaryotes
metazoa (phylum)
63
T or F Animals have a cell wall
F. Therefore, no fixed shape with stability and rigidity
64
_____ ______and _____ ______ assume the function of a cell wall in animals
Structural proteins, intercellular junctions
65
_____ _____ and _____ are two specialized cell types only found in animals
muscle cells and neurons (both associated with coordinated locomotion
66
the _____ (diploid or haploid) condition is predominant in animals
Diploid "animalia abhor haploidy"
67
mostly ____ (sexual or asexual) reproduction in animals
sexual
68
First stage of animal development
zygote undergoes cleavage (mitotic division without growth between successive divisions, so the bigger the egg cell, the more mitosis it can undergo)
69
Progression of animal development
Zygote, blastula, gastrula, larva, adult
70
_______ is the process of transformation when an immature form is morphologically distinct from an adult animal
metamorphosis
71
these genes play a role in the development of all animal embryos
hox
72
____ and _____ are two types of symmetry in animals
radial and bilateral
73
Examples of animals with radial symmetry
Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones) and adult echinoderms (sea stars)
74
Examples of animals with bilateral symmetry
most animals (humans, dogs, fish) - divided by only one plane passing through the midline of the body.
75
_______ and _______ are the two types of tissues in animals
Diploblastic (endoderm, ectoderm), triploblastic (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
76
muscles come from _____
mesoderm (so do bones and circulatory system)
77
Three types of body cavities
coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate
78
Nematodes and flatworms are examples of this type of body cavity
acoelomates
79
meaning of acoelomate ("----- ------")
"without cavity"
80
Roundworms and rotifers have this type of body cavity
pseudocoelomate
81
pseudocoelomates have a body cavity that is not completely lined with _____
mesoderm
82
coelomates can be further divided into _____ and _____
protostomes and deuterostomes
83
protostomes means "_____ ______"
First, the mouth
84
What develops first in the protostome blastopore, the mouth or the anus?
mouth
85
the _____ develops as the first opening in the blastopore for the deuterostomes
anus
86
examples of deuterostomes
echinoderms, hemicrodates, chordates
87
Examples of protostomes
arthropods, annelids, mollusks
88
Deuterostomes have ______cleavage (spiral or radial)
radial
89
protostomes have ____ cleavage (spiral or radial)
spiral
90
Protostomes have (determinate or indeterminate) cleavage
determinate
91
deuterostomes have (determinate or indeterminate) cleavage
indeterminate
92
Schizocoely is a characteristic of ____ stomes (proto or deutero)
proto
93
enterocoely is a characteristic of (proto or deuterostome)
deutero
94
in _____ cleavage, if the first four cells of an embryo are separated, each cell develops into only a fixed quarter of the larva
determinate
95
in ______ cleavage, if the first four cells are separated, each cell is capable of forming a complete, though small, larva
indeterminate
96
if the mesoderm splits and the split widens into a cavity that becomes the coelom, it is called _____
schizocoely (so the protostomes are schizocoelomates)
97
if the mesoderm forms as "outpocketings" of the developing gut, it is called ____
enterocoely (deuterostomes)
98
sponges are in the phylum _____, which means "to have pores"
Porifera
99
Sponges form definite tissues, t or f
f, its cells are loosely associated, but a division of labor exists among the several types of cells that make it up. com specilize in nutrition, support, or reproduction.
100
Eumetazoa, all animals with true ____
tissues
101
Most animals are _____
bilateria
102
three groups of bilateria
Deuterostomia
Lophotrochozoa
Ecdysozoa
103
Subkingdon Parazoa lack ----- and ----
tissues and mouths
104
Porifera adults are motile, t or f
F, sessile
105
porifera adults have this symetry
radial
106
porifera feed by _____ -____
filter feeding
107
Four cell types in porifera
Epidermal, porocytes, amoebocytes, choanocytes
108
two ways of reproduction in sponges
asexual by regenration, sexual by :
hermaphroditic
Amoebocytes or choanocytes differentiate into sperm and egg
sperm fertizie eggs inside other sponges
flagellated larvae released into water column
109
Subkingdom Eumetazoa possess _____ ______
true tissues
110
Two branches of Eumetazoa
Radiata, Bilateria
111
3 Characteristics of Radiata
Radial symmetry, diploblastic development, no body cavity (acoelomate)
112
Two phyla of Radiata
Cnidaria, Ctenophora
113
three descriptions of the form of cnidaria
single opening (mouth) to gastrovascular cavity
mesoglea (jelly)
"musculature" controlled by nerve net
114
Greek meaning of cnidaria "____ _____"
"sea nettles"
115
Stinging cells of cnidaria are _____
cnidocytes
116
Two orientations of cnidaria
polyp - sessile, mouth faces up
| medusa - planktonic, mouth faces down
117
Characteristics of cnidaria tentacles
surround mouth
| contain cnidocytes
118
life cycle of cnidaria
sperm and egg cells released into water column
| May involve alternating polyps and medusae
119
4 cnidarian classes
Hydrozoa (hydra and relatives)
Scyphozoa (jellyfish)
Cubozoa (box shaped medusa stage
Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals)
120
Phylum _____ includes the comb jellies
Ctenophora
121
ctenophores are _____ symetrical
biradially (form 2 equal halves by cutting through the body two ways)
122
Flatworms belong to the phylum ____
platyhelminthes
123
Platyhelminthes exhibit _____ symmetry
bilateral
124
Platyhelminthes are in the branch ____
bilateria
125
two characteristics of Bilateria
Unidirectional movement, cephalization (brain)
126
Bilateria exhibit _____blastic development
Triplo
127
Bilateria have what type of body
coelomate
128
3 groups of bilateria
lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterostomia
129
commonalities of lophotrochozoa
molecular data, some with lophophore: ring of tentacles around the mouth, some with trochophore larva
130
5 phyla in Lophotrochozoa
```
Platyhelminthes
Syndermata
Lophophorate
mollusca
annelida
```
131
3 things that platyhelminthes possess
incomplete digestive system (lacking in parasitic species)
distinct nervous system
rudimentary excretory system
132
taxonomic classes of platyhelminthes
Turbellaria: free living flatworms,
Trematoda and monogenea - flukes,
Cestoidea - tapeworms
133
Describe the digestive system of syndermata
complete, "tube within a tube" alimentary canal, - separate mouth and anus; gut diversification
directional movement of food and more efficient digestion
134
two groups of syndermata
Rotifera and acanthocephala
135
3 characteristics of rotifers
Free-living, freshwater, pseudocoelomate
Microscopic
Some reproduce pathenogenic species
136
spiny headed worms are _____
acanthocephala
137
_____ lack their own gut, so the are vertegrate gut parasites
Acanthocephala
138
Lophophorate phyla are protostomes, t or f
F, they are deuterostomes. The mouth forms second
139
Lophophores are ____ feeders
suspension
140
lophophores have ____ that surround their mouth and are ciliated
tentacles
141
Lophopores have a u-shaped ____ and an _____ outside whorl of tentacles
alimentary, anus
142
lophophores are coelomate, T or F
F, pseudocoelomate
143
two lophophore are ____ and _____
Brachiopoda (hinged cell)
| Ectoprocts (bryozoan) - often colonial
144
____ are among the best known of the invertebrates
mollusks
145
Mollusks are part of the phylum ______
mollusca
146
three basic body parts of a mollusk
mantle
muscular foot
visceral mass
147
There is segmentation in the mollusks. t or f
F. No segmentation
148
Examples of molluscan diversity
```
Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
poly/placo/phora (many/plate/to carry)
Class gastropoda (snails, slugs)
Class bivalve (clams, musssels)
Class cephalopoda (octopus, squid)- predatory (loligo)
```
149
mollusca have ____ larva in many aquatic forms
trochophore (spherical with a band of cilia)
150
Annelids have ____ larva in many aquatic forms
Trochophore
151
Annelida are _____ worms
segmented
152
Each segment in annelida has its own ----, ------, and -----
musculature, excretory, and nerves
153
Annelida has a ____ (simple or complex) digestive system
complex
154
Annelida has an open or closed circulatory system
closed
155
Annelids have a ____ skeleton
hydrostatic
156
3 Annelida classes
Polychaeta
Oligochaeta
Hirudinea
157
Polychaeta means _____ ____
Many bristles
158
Oligo chaeta means _____ ______
Few bristles
159
Hirudinea have no septa, T or F
T (they have anterior and posterior suckers ) blood suckers (leeches)
160
paddle shaped appendages on polychaeta are called ____
parapodia
161
oligochaeta have eyes, T or F
F (polychaeta have eyes)
162
Ecdysozoans possess an _____
exoskeleton
163
Exosketeon protects from ____,____,____,____
Abrasion, pathogens, predators, parasites
164
Exoskeletons provide _____
Scaffolding
165
Disadvantages of an exoskeleton are that is inhibits _____,______,______
gas exchange, movement, and growth
166
Solutions for the disadvantages of an exoskeleton are ____,_____, and _____
Appendages, flexible joints, and shedding
167
Two ecdysozoan phyla are _____ and _____
nematoda and arthropoda
168
3 characteristics of nematoda
Relatively small worms, round in cross section, unsegmented, tapered at ends, pseudocoelomate
169
_____ ______ is a model organism in the nematode phylum
Caenorhabditis elegans
170
_____ ______ is a parasite of pigs in the nematode phylum
Trichinella spiralis
171
4 characteristics of reproduction in nematodes
usually sexual
dioecious
internal fertilization
resistant zygotes
172
How many species of nematodes are there
25000
173
how many species of arthropoda are there
1,000,000
174
Arthropods have a hard, light exoskeleton made of ____
chitin
175
Arthropods have a ____ body
segmented
176
The structural devision of the body of arthropods is _____:____,____,____
Tagma: head thorax, abdomen
177
Arthropods have a(n) ____ (open or closed) circulatory system
open
178
What are the three extant grouops of arthropods
Chelicerate
Myriapoda
Pancrustaceans
179
The groups of arthropods are distinguished by the ____,____ and_____ of appendages on tagmata
Types, number, arrangement
180
T or F, Chelicerate have antenna
F
181
How many tagmata on Chelicerates
2
182
Name the 2 tagmata on Chelicerates
Prosoma (cephalothorax)
| Poisthosoma (abdomen)
183
Three examples of chelicerates
Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Arachnica (spiders, scorpions, ticks)
184
Myriopoda appendages are uniramous or biramous
uniramous (single series of segments attached end to end)
185
Describe the head of myriapoda
(1 pair of Pre oral segments, 2 pair of postoral segments)
186
Describe the trunk of the myriapoda
vermiform with 15+ segments
187
Describe the cuticle of the myriapoda
unwaxed; respiration
188
two characteristics of order chilopoda (centipedes)
Fast-moving, carnivorous, first pair of legs modified for prey capture (maxillipedes)
189
Two characteristics of the order Diplopoda (millipedes
Slow moving, deposit feeders (herbivores)
| 2 pairs of legs
190
Pancrustacea make up over _____% of all described arthropod species
87%
191
Two notable groups of pancrustacea
crustacea, hexapoda
192
4 defining characteristics of Crustacea
Biramous appendages
2 pr antennae
3+pr. mouthparts
walking legs on thorax
193
Crustacea are primarily marine or freshwater
marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial
194
Three groups of crustacea
Decapoda
Copepoda
Barnacles
195
4 defining characteristics of Hexapoda
Three body parts
Six walking legs
1 pr. Preoral, 3 pr Post-oral appendages
Most with wings on thoras (only group with powered flight)
196
How many hexapoda have been described?
750,000 - perhaps 4 million await description
197
Why so many hexapoda
Leading hypothesis is flight capability:
Predator avoidance, dispersal ability
feeding specialization
198
How to remember the classification system
King Philip Came Over From Germany Slowly (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
199
How to remember the 9 animal phyla
Prince Charles Plays Needles Music And Always Eats Cucumbers (Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata)
200
The deuterostomes have ____ and _____ cleavage
Radial and indeterminate (an isolated blastomere can develop into a normal organism)
201
The blastopore forms at gastrulation for the deuterostomes becomes the _____
anus first, then mouth second
202
Two deuterostome phyla
Echinodermata
| Chordata
203
Echinoderms are always radially symmetrical T or F
F, they begin life as bilaterally symmetrical but metamorphose to radially symmetrical adults
204
Chordata are primarily bilateral symmetric, T or F
T, with a few member become radially symmetric maturation
205
Phylum Echinodermata is exclusively marine, T or F
T
206
Echnoderm have ____ symmetry
radial
207
Echinoderm have _____ skeleton (internal or external)
internal, calcified plates covered by epidermis
208
What is the water vascular system used for in echnodermata (3 things)
Locomotion
prey capture
gas exchange
209
5 classes of echnoderms
Crinoidea (crinoids): filter feeders: adulta can swim
Ophiuroidea (brittlestars): grazers, filter feeders
Asteroidea (sea stars): predators
Echinoidea (sea Urchins: herbivores
Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers): filter feeders
210
How many species of echnoderms are there?
6,500
211
How many species of Chordata are there?
57,000
212
4 chracteristics of chordata
Notochord,
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Muscular post-anal tail
213
The _____ is a stiff yet flexible rod providing skeletal support that is replaced in chordates
Notochord
214
The _____ are below the dorsal hollow nerve chord
Viscera
215
Three Subphyla of chordata
Urochordata, Cephalocordata, Vertebrata
216
the _____ are tunicates or sea squirts
urochordata
217
The subphylum ______ are sessile adults with the notochord lost in metamorphosis and a pharyngeal basket for filter feeding
urochordta
218
the subphylum ____ are lancelets with a notochord in adult: and phayngeal basket
Cepholocordata
