Test 2 Flashcards
Second exam
1
Q
viruses that infect bacteria
A
bacteriophage
2
Q
three main shapes of bacteria
A
spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), spiral shaped (spirilla)
3
Q
bacteria make up the kingdom ______
A
Prokaryotae
4
Q
Prokaryotic cells contain ______
A
ribosomes
5
Q
Prokaryotic cells do not contain _______
A
No membrane-bound organelles. So, no nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes
6
Q
Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by two things: _______ and ______
A
cell membrane (plasma membrane) and cell wall
7
Q
Bacterial cell walls are composed of _______
A
peptidoglycan
8
Q
______ is in both Gram positive and Gram negative cell walls
A
peptidoglycan
9
Q
Gram positive bacteria stain this color
A
purple, because they retain the crystal violet stain
10
Q
Gram negative bacteria stain this color
A
pink, because they don’t retain the stain
11
Q
Gram ______________ have a thick peptidoglycan layer
A
Positive
12
Q
Gram _______ have two layers (thin peptidoglycan and thick outer membrane of carbohydrates bonded to lipids
A
Negative
13
Q
The antibiotic ______ interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis, therefore it works best on Gram _______ cells
A
penicillin, positive
14
Q
Some bacteria produce a ______ or slime layer that surrounds the cell and protects them during infection in a human body
A
capsule
15
Q
Four modes of motility of bacteria
A
Flagella, internal flagella (corkscrew), external slime, movement due to external stimuli (chemotaxis, phototaxis)
16
Q
How many protein parts make up a bacterial flagellum
A
40 protein parts coated for by its own gene in order to create a working flagellum.
17
Q
The three parts of a bacterial flagellum
A
Basal Body (produces the rotary motion), hook (connects it to the hollow filament), and the filament (several protein chains twisted into a helical structure)
18
Q
Describe the structure of a Eukaryotic flagellum
A
Slender, cylindrical stalk covered by an extension of the plasma membrane. The core of the stalk contains a group of microtubules arranged so that there are nine attached pairs of tubules around the circumference and two unpaired microtubules in the center. (9 + 2)
At the base of the stalk is the basal body, which has nine sets of 3 microtubules (9 +3)
19
Q
How many DNA molecules does a bacteria have, and where is it located
A
Bacteria have a single DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm (not surrounded by a nuclear envelope).
20
Q
Which DNA has protein associated with it, bacterial or eukaryotic?
A
Eukaryotic chromosomes have protein
21
Q
What are the small DNA circles in addition to the main bacterial DNA in bacteria
A
Plasmids, they replicate independently of the main DNA
22
Q
Why are plasmids important to bacteria?
A
They have genes that confer antibiotic resistance
23
Q
How do bacteria reproduce
A
binary fission (asexually)
24
Q
T or F, the fusion of gametes occurs in bacteria?
A
F - they reproduce asexually
25
How is genetic material exchanged between bacteria: Name 3 ways
Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
26
Fragments of DNA released by a broken cell are taken in by another cell
Transformation
27
A phage carries bacterial genes from one bacterial cell into another
Transduction
28
Two cells of different mating types come together, and genetic material is transferred from one to the other
Conjugation
29
This type of genetic exchange in bacteria involves contact between two cells
Conjugation
30
Conjugation has been studied the most in this type of bacteria
E. coli
31
These serve as conjugation bridges that pass from donor to recipient cell
F pili
32
MOst bacteria are heterotrophic or autotrophic?
Heterotrophic
33
______trophic must obtain organic compounds from other organisms (auto or hetero)
Hetero
34
What % of Bacteria and Archaebacteria are motile
50%
35
Chemical swtiches and connectors deciding which way it's going to rotate so that a bacteria moves toward the source
Chemotaxis
36
Light controls the motion of the motor so that the bacteria either move toward it or away
Phototaxis
37
2 examples of microscopic photoautotrophs
anabaena (blue green algae that fixes nitrogen) and nostoc colonies
38
Bacteria that are able to manufacture their own organic molecules (hetero or autotrophic)
Autotrophs
39
Autotrophs that obtain their energy from light
photoautotrophs
40
Autotrophs that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (such as sulfur compounds likeH2S)
chemoautotrophs
41
Examples of chemoautotrophs
Mussels and crabs at geothermal vents in the ocean
42
Examples of macroscopic photoautotrophs
Photosynthetic organisms like plants
43
Saprobes and parasites are two types of what?) (chemoheterotrophs or photoheterotrophs)
Chemoheterotrophs
44
This type of bacteria gets their energy from dead organic matter. They are the majority of heterotrophic bacteria.
saprotrophs or saprobes
45
Lactobacillus and E. coli are examples of what?
saprobes (and chemoheterotrophs)
46
This type of chemohetrotroph only reproduces in living things
parasite
47
what are two examples of a parasite
Rickettsia (gram - pleomorphic bacteria, transmits disease by bites) and Chlamydia (spherical with no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, most common STDs)
48
Use light for making atp but cant get the job done without an organic carbon source
photoheterotrophs - very strange
49
two photoheterotrophs
Rhodospirillum and Rhodomicrobium
50
This type of heterotroph are Gram negative rods, important to the ecosystem because they convert nitrogen into ammonium that can then be used to make protein
Nitrogen fixers
51
An example of nitrogen fixer
Rhizobium, associated with bean plants
52
What does this describe:
1. anaerobic heterotrophs – 1st life forms
methanogens of archaea - modern example obligate anaerobes poisoned by O2
facultative can use or not use O2
2. Photoautotrophs developed as soup was depleted
O2 as a toxin
living examples of photoautotrophs
3. O2 metabolism evolves among O2 detoxifiers
1st among photoautotrophs
-there are examples of O2 detoxifying anaerobes
-all photosynthetic organisms are aerobes
-most bacteria and extremophiles are
-molecular evidence suggests many bacteria lost photosynthetic capabilities
-fossil prokaryotes from 3.5 bil. yr.
Evolution and metabolic strategies
53
the Domain BActeria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya represent what?
Prokaryotic evolution based on genetic relationships - because the evidence from molecular biology has concluded that ancient prokaryotes split into two lineages early in the history of life. The modern descendants of these two ancient lines are the archaebacteria and the eubacteria
54
Which are more common, eubacteria or archaebacteria?
Eubacteria
55
Which inhabit very harsh environments more commonly, eubacteria or archaebacteria?
Archaebacteria
56
Methanogens, halobacteria, and thermoacidophiles are examples of what?
Archaebacteria
57
T or F, archaebacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls
F
58
Methanogens are the most common ____
archaebacteria
59
Methanogens are aerobic, T or F
F, they are strict anaerobes
60
rRNA sequences of archae are more similar to eukaryotes, T or F
T, some have histones, some do not
61
two examples of archaea
Crenoarchaeota – thermophiles
113 C, pH 2-3 at deep sea vent
Euryachaeota – halophiles and methanogens
62
5 clades of Bacteria (Eubacteria)
1. Proteobacteria -- gram (-) 5 subgroups, here are 2
a. Alpha -Rhizobium, Rickettsia, Agrobacterium, and the Protomitochondrion (bacteria that later was engulfed and became the mitochondrion)
b. gamma - Salmonella, E. coli - pathogens that tend to have endotoxins
2. Chlamydias – gram(-)
3. spirochetes - Treponema, Borrelia
4. Gram positive bacteria - Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium, Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat), Staphylococcus aureus, soil actinomycetes, many of these are pathogens that tend to have exotoxins
5. cyanobacteria - endosymbiont chloroplasts
63
Methanosarcina is an example of what type of bacteria? Eubacteria or Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
64
Prokaryotic benefits
Nitrogen fixation and cycling nutrients in the soil, Antibiotic production,
Yogurt, pickles, olives, sauerkraut, cheese
Industrial compounds such as acetone,
Bioremediation
65
Are the following characteristics from a Gram positive or Gram Negative cell wall:
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Plasma membrane
gram positive
66
Is the following description form a Gram positive or Gram negative cell wall:
Outer membrane of polysaccharides and lipoprotein
Thin peptidoglycan
plasma membrane
Gram Negative
67
These disease causing poisons are secreted by Gram positive bacteria
exotoxin
68
These fever causing substances are produced by Gram negative bacteria
endotoxin
69
Unicellular or simple multicellular organisms that posses a eukaryotic cellular organization are called ------------
Protists
70
The floating often microscopic organisms that are the base of food wabs in aquatic ecosystems are collectively called _______________
Plankton
71
Protista that ingest their food as animals do are informally called __________
Protozoa
72
This kingdom is the most diverse (most number of species)
Protista
73
This kingdom is polyphyletic (does not share a common ancestor)
Protista
74
amoebas move and obtain food by means of ______
pseudopodia
75
Foraminiferans secrete many-chambered shells called _____
tests
76
Some actinopods have long_______that protrude through pores in their skeletons
axopods
77
______ are unicellulare protozoa that are free-living or parasitic, move by means of flagella, and do not photosynthesize.
Flagellates
78
Paramecium and other ------ move by means of cilia
ciliates
79
The ciliates oftern display a sexual phenomenon called ----------
conjugation
80
The ______ are a group of parasitic protozoa that form spores at some stage in their life
Sporozoans
81
_____ are algae charfacterized by two flagella, on wrapped around the center of the cell like a belt and the other projecting behind the cell
Dinoflagellates
82
A dinoflagellate bloom is known as a __________
Red tide
83
The _______ are photosynthetic protist with shells composed of two halves that fit together like a Petri dish
Diatoms
84
Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids are found in green algae, _______, and plants
Euglenoids
85
the ______ ______ have pigmentation similare to the cyanobacteria
Green algae
86
Agar and carrageenan are economically improtant products derived from ______ _______
Red algae
87
The multicellular bodies of ____ _____ are differentiated into blades stipes, holdfasts and gas-filled floats
Brown algae
88
The feeding stage of plasmodial slime molds is a multinicleate ______
plasmodium
89
The ______ ______ ______ behave as unicellular organisms until reproduction, when the aggregate to form a slug
cellular slime molds
90
Water molds reproduce asexually by forming biflagellate ______, and sexually by forming ______
zoospores, oospores
91
Three types of protists showing how broad the diversity is
```
1. Diplomonads
2. Euglena
- kinetoplastid
Trypanosoma
3. Alveolata – subsurface cavities
a. Dinoflagellates: corkscrew flagella
b. Apicomplexans: Plasmodeium anopheles
```
92
Diplomonads lack functional mitochondria, T or F
T, they have mitosomes, but not traditional mitochondria
93
T or F Diplomonads have two nuclei
T
94
Diplomonads cause this disease ______
Giardiasis (intestinal disease caused by Giardia Lamblia)
95
Euglena has characteristics of both plants and animals, T or F
T, it can carry out photosynthesis
96
Euglena have how many flagella?
2, One long and whiplike and one so short that it does not protrude outside of the cell
97
The _______ are a group which are related to the euglenids.
kinetoplastids
98
Name 3 kinetoplastids that cause disease
1. African typanosomes (African sleeping sickness),
2. Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease),
3. Leishmania species (leishmaniasis).
99
an organelle with a large massed DNA in the Kinetoplastid group
kinetoplast
100
Superphylum within Eukarya with cavities
Alveolata
101
_____ is the most diverse group of heterotrophic protists with 7000 species
Alveolata
102
Name two Alveolata
a. Dinoflagellates: corkscrew flagella
| b. Apicomplexans: Plasmodeium anopheles
103
Life cycle of Plasmodium anopheles and the anopheles mosquito
```
Anopheles mosquitos
- inject haploid sporocytes
- merozoites: some divide
-mosquito picks up
- gametocytes in mosquito
- zygotes
- several spp of Plasmodeium cause malaria
```
104
______are the most complex protists
ciliophora
105
______possess mitochondria that controls meiosis
ciliophora
106
some ______ possess micronuclei
ciliophora
107
In ciliophora, old ____ degenerate, replaced by new
macronuclei
108
How do ciliophora reproduce
Ciliates reproduce asexually by division: the micronucleus undergoes mitosis, while in most ciliates the macronucleus simply pinches apart into two. However, ciliates also reproduce sexually, through conjugation. Conjugation is often induced by lack of food. Two ciliates of opposite mating types come close together and form a cytoplasmic bridge between the two cells; the micronuclei divide by meiosis, the macronuclei disintegrate, and the conjugating cells exchange haploid micronuclei over the cytoplasmic connection. They then separate, reform new macronuclei from their micronuclei, and divide. This may not sound very sexy, but remember that the essence of sexual reproduction is forming a new organism from the combined genetic material of parents. After conjugation, each ciliate partner has acquired new genetic material, and divides to give rise to progeny with a new combination of genes. This is essential to the survival of ciliate lineages; most ciliates cannot reproduce indefinitely by asexual fission, and eventually die out if prohibited from conjugating.
109
This group (clade) of Protists contain the brown & gold algae, kelps, diatoms, and water molds. Their flagella have fibers in them.
Stramenopila
110
Another name for water mold is ______
oomycetes
111
the scientific name for diatoms is
bascillariophyta
112
Gold algae are also called _____
crysophyta
113
Brown algae are also called ____
phaeophyta
114
Red algae are also called _____
rhodophyta
115
Laminaria is a member of the ______
phaeophyta
116
Laminaria's common name is _____
kelp
117
Describe the life cycle of laminaria
The life cycle of Laminaria has heteromorphic alternation of generations which differs from other brown algae. At meiosis the male and female zoospores are produced separately, then germinate into male and female gametophytes. The female egg matures in the oogonium until the male sperm fertilizes it. Life-Cycle: The most apparent form of Laminaria is its sporophyte phase, a structure composed of the holdfast, the stipe, and the blades. While it spends its time predominately in the sporophyte phase, it alternates between the sporophyte and its microscopic gametophyte phase. Slides have a picture of the life cycle
118
______ is another name for green algae
chlorophyta
119
_______ is another name for red algae
Rhodophyta
120
____________is the red pigment in rhodophyta
phycobilin
121
chlamydomonas, which can cause blindness, is a member of this phylum
chlorophyta
122
slime molds are in this group
mycetozoa
123
Name 3 pseudopodial protists
amoeba, actinopods, foraminifera
124
The shell of the psuedopods is called the ____
test
125
How many species of plants are there?
280,000
126
What are these the four main groups of:
bryophytes, pteridophytes,
gymnosperms, angiosperms
Plants
127
What are these?
1. rosettes of cellulose producing proteins
in cell membrane
2. peroxisomes containing antiphotorespiration enzymes
3. similar rRNA
evidence and shared features between plants and
reputed evolutionary origins charophycean algae
128
What are the 8 characteristics of true plants?
1. multicellular
2. cell walls of cellulose
3. chloroplasts of double membrane structure
4. growth from apical meristems
5. multicellular embryos
6. alternation of generation
7. sporangia produce spores walled in sporopollenin
8. terrestrial plants have
a. water conservation
b. vascular system
c. secondary compounds – alkaloids , phenolics- , terpenes-
129
```
What are these characteristics of:
nonvascular plants -
gametophytes
rhizoids
leaves
fertilization:
sporophytes grow from
larger female gametophytes
```
Bryophytes
130
This is an axample of a bryophyte
sphagnum (peat moss)
131
HOw much water weight can sphagnum hold?
20x their weight
132
T or F bryophytes dominated for 100 years according to the fossil record
False. 100 million years
133
Bryophyta and hepatophyta are both considered bryophytes, T or F
T. Bryophyta is the phylum, bryophyte is the general type
134
T or F bryophytes are vascular
F non-vascular
135
Liverworts hornworts and mosses are this type of plane
bryophytes, all are nonvascular
136
Two specialized vascular tissues that were an important adaptation found in ferns and their allies but not in algae and bryophytes
xylem and phloem for support and conduction
137
Tree ferns in the tropics may grow tall because of this
60 ft tall because vascular tissue allows plants to transport water minerals and dissolved sugars large distances.
138
cycling from a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage
alternation of generations
139
Haploid portion of the life cycle is called ______. It gives rise to haploid gametes by ______.
gametophyte generation, mitosis
140
When two gametes fuse, the diploid portion is called the _________. It produces haploid spores following _______
sporophyte generation. Meiosis
141
4 characteristics of vascular plants
- have true lignified conducting tubules in the roots, stems, and leaves
- sporophyte is independent of the gametophyte
- fossils date to 400 mil yr
- sporophyte is the dominant life stage
142
2 characteristics of ferns (pterophyta)
- homosporous spores produce bisexual gametophytes
| - spores produced in sporangia, grouped in the spori of the sporophyte
143
how many different types of ferns are there
12000
144
which generation is dominant in the fern life cycle - sporophyte or gametophyte
Sporophyte
145
three other pterophytes besides fern
a. sphenophytes (Pterophyta) - horsetails
b. Psilophytes (Pterophyta) - whisk ferns
c. Lycophyta - club mosses
146
Describe the life cycle of a fern
1. homosporous spores produce bisexual gametophytes (prothallus)
2. Egg is produced and held by the archegonium
3. sperm is produced and held by the antheridium
4. Flagellated sperm swim through a thin film of water, and after one sperm fertilizes the egg, a diploid qygote grows by mitosis into a multicellulare embryo. (zygote, enters the diploid sporophyte phase)
5. Young sporophyte emerges from gametophyte
6. development of the sporophyte (rhizome)
7. Fronds grow, with underside covered with spores produced in sporangia, grouped in the spori of the sporophyte
8. Sporangia open and release spores (haploid gametophyte generation)
9. Spores germinate and develop into the gametophyte
147
How to remember the xylem and phloem
water zips up the xylem, food flows down the phloem
148
Where do gymnosperms produce seed
exposed on a stem or in a cone
149
Where do flowering plants produce seeds
enclosed within a fruit
150
What is the dominant generation in mosses, gametophyte or sporophyte?
Gametophyte
151
The only group of living plants to possess microphylls is the _____
club mosses
152
______ are thought to have evolved from stem branches
megaphylls
153
______ ________ have vascularized stems by lack true roots and leaves
whisk ferns
154
general information on seed plants
gametophyte is reduced
extremely miniaturized male cone female cone
gametophyte contains embryonic sporophyte
155
Conifers, cycads, gingkoes, and gnetophytes are collectively called ______
Gymnosperms
156
Most conifers are ______ and have male and female reproductive parts at different locations on the same plant
Heterosporous
157
The immature male gametophyte of pines is called a _______ ________
pollen grain
158
The transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female reproductive structure is known as ______________
pollenation
159
_______ were the first plants t o have a mode of reproduction totally adapted for life on land
Gymnosperms
160
male cones are larger or smaller than female
smaller
161
male cones produce______
microspores
162
female cones produce ____________
megaspores
163
T or F it may take years to bring gametes together
T
164
Female cones mature through ____ growing seasons
2. first season scales develop and
receive pollen, pollen draws toward
megaspore as sap dries and scales close. Second season - megaspore mother cell meiotically
divides to produce the megaspore
(3 degenerate) that divides into two
cells that become the female gametophyte
165
microsporocytes in microsporangium of the male cones meiotically divide producing pollen grains with 4 cells (male gametophyte). What are the 4 cells?
- two cells are associated with the pollen tube
| - two cells are generative, one degenerates, one produces two sperm cells.
166
fertilization occurs in the second year after scales close to protect the developing gametophytes.
- 15 mo. Pollen tube arrives at a the archegonium.
- zygote develops into embryo, seed wing is from scale membrane.
+
- many pine cones remain closed until age or fire opens them.
- scales of yews and junipers are fleshy, berrylike.
167
What fossil trees were found on Ellesmere island in Arctic Canada?
Metasequoia
168
What old gymnosperm trees are found on campus outside of the SAC
Gingko
169
Where did the fossils come from in Jurassic park
Fossilized amber, a tree resin from gymnosperm
170
The two classes of flowering plants are ____ and _____
monocots and dicots
171
The phylum of flowering plants is _______
Anthophyta or angiosperms
172
This class of flowering plants the ______ includes the palms, grasses, and orchids
monocots
173
The most diverse and successful group of plants is the ____ _____
flowering plants
174
The _____ include oaks, roses, cati, blueberries, and sunflowers
dicots
175
Which is more divers and has more species, dicots or monocots?
dicots.
176
The nutritive tissue in flowering plant seeds that is formed as a result of double fertilization is called ______
endosperm
177
The pistil has three sections, the _____, _____, and _____
Stigma, style and ovary
178
The ______ flower has stamens or carpels, but not both
imperfect (perfect has both)
179
Angiosperms have these three types of xylem cells
tracheids tapered
vessel elements attached end to end
fiber cells
180
The only gymnosperm with a vessel element is the _____
Amborella of South Pacific
181
The _____ is the female reproductive organ of the flower, in the center
carpel
182
The _____ are the outermost part of the flower
sepals
183
The collective term for all of the sepals of the flower are the ______
calys
184
The stamen is comprised of the _____ and ______
Anther and filament
185
The ______ are extinct seeldess vascular plants that had megaphylls and "modern" woody tissue
Progymnosperms
186
Label a fruit from the outside in (like a peach or a plum)
exocarp (skin), mesocarp (flesh), endocarp (stone of the pit), seed (inside of the stone)
187
exocarp, mesocard, endocarp make up the ____
pericarp
188
3 types of fruit
Drupe, berry, pom
189
life cycle of angiosperms
. 1. pollen
2. pollination
3. fertilization
190
Double fertilization
. pollen grain on stigma
- pollen tubes vary
- tube nucleus has the egg and two polar nuclei
- mature male gametophyte = tube + tube nucleus + 2 sperm
union of sperm and ovule
- pollen tube reaches from stigma to ovule
- double fertilization (one sperm fertilizes egg
other sperm unites with 2 polar nuclei yields
3N endosperm a major portion of seed
nutrition in monocots, not dicots)
- ovary matures
- apomixis can occur in some plants (dandelions, citrus trees, blackberries) embryo develops from a diploid cell in the ovule rather than from a diploid zygote from the union of two haploid gametes
Diploid cell of ovule form an embryo
- parthenocarpic fruit have no seeds - Fruit develops without fertilization so seeds fail to develop
191
seedless vascular plants are the_______
Ferns and their allies, Pterophyta
192
The sporophyte and the gametophyte are on the same plant in the _________
mosses (bryophyte)
193
The sporophyte and the gametophyte are on separate plants on the _______
ferns (pterophytes)
194
Life cycle of bryophytes
Leafy gametophyte plants have antheridia (sperm) at the tip of the gametophytes as well ar archegonia (eggs)at the tips of others.
they combine to fertilize the zygote
Leads to an embryo
The sporophyte develops at the tip of the gametophyte after sexual reproduction occurs
The sporophyte has capsules at the tip that contain cells that undergo meiosis (spores form)
Spores are released
Spores germinate forming the protonema
Gametophytes develop (haploid)
195
Gametophytes are the ______stage of plants (haploid or diploid)
haploid
196
_______ require water as a transport mechanism during fertilization
bryophytes
197
________ resemble algae because they have one chloroplast in each cell
hornworts (other bryophytes have disc like chloroplasts)
198
T or F, other vascular plants descended from the mosses
F. vascular plants did not have mosslike ancestors
199
two basic types of leaf are the ______ and _______
microphyll and megaphyll
200
Ferns have retained the primitive fertilization technigue of using water as a transport medium, T or F
T
201
Rhizome, roots and fronds exist as part of the ______ cycle of ferns (sporophyte or gametophyte)?
sporophyte
202
This stage of ferns have the prothallus (sporophyte or gametophyte)
gametophyte
203
the ______generation is dominant in ferns
sporophyte
204
The _______ generation is dominant in mosses
gametophyte
205
Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts and fruits are referred to as _____ because each is composed of several different tissues
organs
206
Three main tissue types in plants are the ------,-------, and ------
Dermal, Vascular, Ground
207
______ tissue provides a covering for the plant body
Dermal
208
______tissue is responsible for conduction of various substances in cluding water, minerals, and food (dissolved sugar). It also strengthens and supports the plant.
Vascular
209
______tissue consists of three tissues that exhibit a variety of functions including photosynthesis, storage, and support
ground
210
Pith and Cortex are part of the _____tissue system
ground
211
Xylem and phloem are part of the _______ tissue system
vascular
212
______ roots have a solid mass in the center of the root
Dicot
213
_____ roots consist of pith
MOnocot
214
_______ roots lack a vascular cambrium and do not have secondary growth (wood and bark)
Monocot
215
________ roots develop secondary tissues
Woody Dicots
216
T or F there are no woody monocots
T
217
____ plants go from seed to death in 1 yr
Annual
218
_____ plants grow for 1 yr, then go dormant, then flower/seed the next year
Biennial
219
_____plants come back every year
perennial
220
_____ ______ are associated with plant growth
apical meristems
221
the root _____ is unlignified, flexible point of growth
tip
222
the root _____ covers and protects the root tip
cap
223
the zone of _____ has a quiescent center and pushes through the soil to adult size
elongation
224
------ produces dermal tissue
protoderm
225
______ produces vascular tissue
procambium
226
Three types of procambium
endoderm, cortex, pericycle
227
_____ cells are thin walled, flexible, nonspecialized, no secondary cell wall with metabolic functions of sturcture, storage, photosynthesis
parenchyma
228
_____ cells are uneven thickness, no secondary cell wall, provides support without resisting growth
collenchyma
229
_____ cells have lignin (makes , thick cell wall, makes wood tough)
Schlerenchyma
