Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 102 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

Second exam

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

viruses that infect bacteria

A

bacteriophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three main shapes of bacteria

A

spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacillus), spiral shaped (spirilla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bacteria make up the kingdom ______

A

Prokaryotae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain ______

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not contain _______

A

No membrane-bound organelles. So, no nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by two things: _______ and ______

A

cell membrane (plasma membrane) and cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacterial cell walls are composed of _______

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

______ is in both Gram positive and Gram negative cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain this color

A

purple, because they retain the crystal violet stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gram negative bacteria stain this color

A

pink, because they don’t retain the stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Gram ______________ have a thick peptidoglycan layer

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gram _______ have two layers (thin peptidoglycan and thick outer membrane of carbohydrates bonded to lipids

A

Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The antibiotic ______ interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis, therefore it works best on Gram _______ cells

A

penicillin, positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Some bacteria produce a ______ or slime layer that surrounds the cell and protects them during infection in a human body

A

capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Four modes of motility of bacteria

A

Flagella, internal flagella (corkscrew), external slime, movement due to external stimuli (chemotaxis, phototaxis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How many protein parts make up a bacterial flagellum

A

40 protein parts coated for by its own gene in order to create a working flagellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The three parts of a bacterial flagellum

A

Basal Body (produces the rotary motion), hook (connects it to the hollow filament), and the filament (several protein chains twisted into a helical structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the structure of a Eukaryotic flagellum

A

Slender, cylindrical stalk covered by an extension of the plasma membrane. The core of the stalk contains a group of microtubules arranged so that there are nine attached pairs of tubules around the circumference and two unpaired microtubules in the center. (9 + 2)
At the base of the stalk is the basal body, which has nine sets of 3 microtubules (9 +3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many DNA molecules does a bacteria have, and where is it located

A

Bacteria have a single DNA molecule located in the cytoplasm (not surrounded by a nuclear envelope).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which DNA has protein associated with it, bacterial or eukaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes have protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the small DNA circles in addition to the main bacterial DNA in bacteria

A

Plasmids, they replicate independently of the main DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are plasmids important to bacteria?

A

They have genes that confer antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do bacteria reproduce

A

binary fission (asexually)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T or F, the fusion of gametes occurs in bacteria?

A

F - they reproduce asexually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is genetic material exchanged between bacteria: Name 3 ways

A

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Fragments of DNA released by a broken cell are taken in by another cell

A

Transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A phage carries bacterial genes from one bacterial cell into another

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Two cells of different mating types come together, and genetic material is transferred from one to the other

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

This type of genetic exchange in bacteria involves contact between two cells

A

Conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Conjugation has been studied the most in this type of bacteria

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

These serve as conjugation bridges that pass from donor to recipient cell

A

F pili

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MOst bacteria are heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

______trophic must obtain organic compounds from other organisms (auto or hetero)

A

Hetero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What % of Bacteria and Archaebacteria are motile

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Chemical swtiches and connectors deciding which way it’s going to rotate so that a bacteria moves toward the source

A

Chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Light controls the motion of the motor so that the bacteria either move toward it or away

A

Phototaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

2 examples of microscopic photoautotrophs

A

anabaena (blue green algae that fixes nitrogen) and nostoc colonies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Bacteria that are able to manufacture their own organic molecules (hetero or autotrophic)

A

Autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Autotrophs that obtain their energy from light

A

photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Autotrophs that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals (such as sulfur compounds likeH2S)

A

chemoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Examples of chemoautotrophs

A

Mussels and crabs at geothermal vents in the ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Examples of macroscopic photoautotrophs

A

Photosynthetic organisms like plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Saprobes and parasites are two types of what?) (chemoheterotrophs or photoheterotrophs)

A

Chemoheterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

This type of bacteria gets their energy from dead organic matter. They are the majority of heterotrophic bacteria.

A

saprotrophs or saprobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lactobacillus and E. coli are examples of what?

A

saprobes (and chemoheterotrophs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This type of chemohetrotroph only reproduces in living things

A

parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are two examples of a parasite

A

Rickettsia (gram - pleomorphic bacteria, transmits disease by bites) and Chlamydia (spherical with no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, most common STDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Use light for making atp but cant get the job done without an organic carbon source

A

photoheterotrophs - very strange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

two photoheterotrophs

A

Rhodospirillum and Rhodomicrobium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

This type of heterotroph are Gram negative rods, important to the ecosystem because they convert nitrogen into ammonium that can then be used to make protein

A

Nitrogen fixers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

An example of nitrogen fixer

A

Rhizobium, associated with bean plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does this describe:
1. anaerobic heterotrophs – 1st life forms

methanogens of archaea - modern example				obligate anaerobes poisoned by O2
facultative can use or not use O2   

2.  Photoautotrophs developed as soup was depleted
	O2 as a toxin
	living examples of photoautotrophs	

3.  O2 metabolism evolves among O2 detoxifiers
    1st among photoautotrophs
	-there are examples of O2 detoxifying anaerobes
	-all photosynthetic organisms are aerobes
	-most bacteria and extremophiles are
	-molecular evidence suggests many bacteria lost 		photosynthetic capabilities
	-fossil prokaryotes from 3.5 bil. yr.
A

Evolution and metabolic strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

the Domain BActeria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya represent what?

A

Prokaryotic evolution based on genetic relationships - because the evidence from molecular biology has concluded that ancient prokaryotes split into two lineages early in the history of life. The modern descendants of these two ancient lines are the archaebacteria and the eubacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which are more common, eubacteria or archaebacteria?

A

Eubacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which inhabit very harsh environments more commonly, eubacteria or archaebacteria?

A

Archaebacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Methanogens, halobacteria, and thermoacidophiles are examples of what?

A

Archaebacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

T or F, archaebacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Methanogens are the most common ____

A

archaebacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Methanogens are aerobic, T or F

A

F, they are strict anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

rRNA sequences of archae are more similar to eukaryotes, T or F

A

T, some have histones, some do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

two examples of archaea

A

Crenoarchaeota – thermophiles
113 C, pH 2-3 at deep sea vent
Euryachaeota – halophiles and methanogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

5 clades of Bacteria (Eubacteria)

A
  1. Proteobacteria – gram (-) 5 subgroups, here are 2
    a. Alpha -Rhizobium, Rickettsia, Agrobacterium, and the Protomitochondrion (bacteria that later was engulfed and became the mitochondrion)
    b. gamma - Salmonella, E. coli - pathogens that tend to have endotoxins
  2. Chlamydias – gram(-)
  3. spirochetes - Treponema, Borrelia
  4. Gram positive bacteria - Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium, Streptococcus pyogenes (strep throat), Staphylococcus aureus, soil actinomycetes, many of these are pathogens that tend to have exotoxins
  5. cyanobacteria - endosymbiont chloroplasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Methanosarcina is an example of what type of bacteria? Eubacteria or Archaebacteria

A

Archaebacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Prokaryotic benefits

A

Nitrogen fixation and cycling nutrients in the soil, Antibiotic production,
Yogurt, pickles, olives, sauerkraut, cheese
Industrial compounds such as acetone,
Bioremediation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Are the following characteristics from a Gram positive or Gram Negative cell wall:
Thick peptidoglycan layer
Plasma membrane

A

gram positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Is the following description form a Gram positive or Gram negative cell wall:
Outer membrane of polysaccharides and lipoprotein
Thin peptidoglycan
plasma membrane

A

Gram Negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

These disease causing poisons are secreted by Gram positive bacteria

A

exotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

These fever causing substances are produced by Gram negative bacteria

A

endotoxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Unicellular or simple multicellular organisms that posses a eukaryotic cellular organization are called ————

A

Protists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

The floating often microscopic organisms that are the base of food wabs in aquatic ecosystems are collectively called _______________

A

Plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Protista that ingest their food as animals do are informally called __________

A

Protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

This kingdom is the most diverse (most number of species)

A

Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

This kingdom is polyphyletic (does not share a common ancestor)

A

Protista

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

amoebas move and obtain food by means of ______

A

pseudopodia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Foraminiferans secrete many-chambered shells called _____

A

tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Some actinopods have long_______that protrude through pores in their skeletons

A

axopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

______ are unicellulare protozoa that are free-living or parasitic, move by means of flagella, and do not photosynthesize.

A

Flagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Paramecium and other —— move by means of cilia

A

ciliates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The ciliates oftern display a sexual phenomenon called ———-

A

conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

The ______ are a group of parasitic protozoa that form spores at some stage in their life

A

Sporozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

_____ are algae charfacterized by two flagella, on wrapped around the center of the cell like a belt and the other projecting behind the cell

A

Dinoflagellates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

A dinoflagellate bloom is known as a __________

A

Red tide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The _______ are photosynthetic protist with shells composed of two halves that fit together like a Petri dish

A

Diatoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids are found in green algae, _______, and plants

A

Euglenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

the ______ ______ have pigmentation similare to the cyanobacteria

A

Green algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Agar and carrageenan are economically improtant products derived from ______ _______

A

Red algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

The multicellular bodies of ____ _____ are differentiated into blades stipes, holdfasts and gas-filled floats

A

Brown algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

The feeding stage of plasmodial slime molds is a multinicleate ______

A

plasmodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

The ______ ______ ______ behave as unicellular organisms until reproduction, when the aggregate to form a slug

A

cellular slime molds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Water molds reproduce asexually by forming biflagellate ______, and sexually by forming ______

A

zoospores, oospores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Three types of protists showing how broad the diversity is

A 
1.  Diplomonads 
2.  Euglena
		- kinetoplastid
		  Trypanosoma

3. Alveolata – subsurface cavities
		a.  Dinoflagellates: corkscrew flagella
		b.  Apicomplexans: Plasmodeium  anopheles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Diplomonads lack functional mitochondria, T or F

A

T, they have mitosomes, but not traditional mitochondria

93
Q

T or F Diplomonads have two nuclei

A

T

94
Q

Diplomonads cause this disease ______

A

Giardiasis (intestinal disease caused by Giardia Lamblia)

95
Q

Euglena has characteristics of both plants and animals, T or F

A

T, it can carry out photosynthesis

96
Q

Euglena have how many flagella?

A

2, One long and whiplike and one so short that it does not protrude outside of the cell

97
Q

The _______ are a group which are related to the euglenids.

A

kinetoplastids

98
Q

Name 3 kinetoplastids that cause disease

A
  1. African typanosomes (African sleeping sickness),
  2. Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas’ disease),
  3. Leishmania species (leishmaniasis).
99
Q

an organelle with a large massed DNA in the Kinetoplastid group

A

kinetoplast

100
Q

Superphylum within Eukarya with cavities

A

Alveolata

101
Q

_____ is the most diverse group of heterotrophic protists with 7000 species

A

Alveolata

102
Q

Name two Alveolata

A

a. Dinoflagellates: corkscrew flagella

b. Apicomplexans: Plasmodeium anopheles

103
Q

Life cycle of Plasmodium anopheles and the anopheles mosquito

A 
Anopheles mosquitos
	- inject haploid sporocytes
	- merozoites:  some divide
	-mosquito picks up
	- gametocytes in mosquito
	- zygotes
	- several spp of Plasmodeium cause malaria
104
Q

______are the most complex protists

A

ciliophora

105
Q

______possess mitochondria that controls meiosis

A

ciliophora

106
Q

some ______ possess micronuclei

A

ciliophora

107
Q

In ciliophora, old ____ degenerate, replaced by new

A

macronuclei

108
Q

How do ciliophora reproduce

A

Ciliates reproduce asexually by division: the micronucleus undergoes mitosis, while in most ciliates the macronucleus simply pinches apart into two. However, ciliates also reproduce sexually, through conjugation. Conjugation is often induced by lack of food. Two ciliates of opposite mating types come close together and form a cytoplasmic bridge between the two cells; the micronuclei divide by meiosis, the macronuclei disintegrate, and the conjugating cells exchange haploid micronuclei over the cytoplasmic connection. They then separate, reform new macronuclei from their micronuclei, and divide. This may not sound very sexy, but remember that the essence of sexual reproduction is forming a new organism from the combined genetic material of parents. After conjugation, each ciliate partner has acquired new genetic material, and divides to give rise to progeny with a new combination of genes. This is essential to the survival of ciliate lineages; most ciliates cannot reproduce indefinitely by asexual fission, and eventually die out if prohibited from conjugating.

109
Q

This group (clade) of Protists contain the brown & gold algae, kelps, diatoms, and water molds. Their flagella have fibers in them.

A

Stramenopila

110
Q

Another name for water mold is ______

A

oomycetes

111
Q

the scientific name for diatoms is

A

bascillariophyta

112
Q

Gold algae are also called _____

A

crysophyta

113
Q

Brown algae are also called ____

A

phaeophyta

114
Q

Red algae are also called _____

A

rhodophyta

115
Q

Laminaria is a member of the ______

A

phaeophyta

116
Q

Laminaria’s common name is _____

A

kelp

117
Q

Describe the life cycle of laminaria

A

The life cycle of Laminaria has heteromorphic alternation of generations which differs from other brown algae. At meiosis the male and female zoospores are produced separately, then germinate into male and female gametophytes. The female egg matures in the oogonium until the male sperm fertilizes it. Life-Cycle: The most apparent form of Laminaria is its sporophyte phase, a structure composed of the holdfast, the stipe, and the blades. While it spends its time predominately in the sporophyte phase, it alternates between the sporophyte and its microscopic gametophyte phase. Slides have a picture of the life cycle

118
Q

______ is another name for green algae

A

chlorophyta

119
Q

_______ is another name for red algae

A

Rhodophyta

120
Q

____________is the red pigment in rhodophyta

A

phycobilin

121
Q

chlamydomonas, which can cause blindness, is a member of this phylum

A

chlorophyta

122
Q

slime molds are in this group

A

mycetozoa

123
Q

Name 3 pseudopodial protists

A

amoeba, actinopods, foraminifera

124
Q

The shell of the psuedopods is called the ____

A

test

125
Q

How many species of plants are there?

A

280,000

126
Q

What are these the four main groups of:
bryophytes, pteridophytes,
gymnosperms, angiosperms

A

Plants

127
Q

What are these?
1. rosettes of cellulose producing proteins
in cell membrane
2. peroxisomes containing antiphotorespiration enzymes
3. similar rRNA

A

evidence and shared features between plants and
reputed evolutionary origins charophycean algae

128
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of true plants?

A
  1. multicellular
  2. cell walls of cellulose
  3. chloroplasts of double membrane structure
  4. growth from apical meristems
  5. multicellular embryos
  6. alternation of generation
  7. sporangia produce spores walled in sporopollenin
  8. terrestrial plants have
    a. water conservation
    b. vascular system
    c. secondary compounds – alkaloids , phenolics- , terpenes-
129
Q 
What are these characteristics of:
nonvascular plants	- 
gametophytes
rhizoids
 leaves
fertilization:
sporophytes grow from 
larger female gametophytes
A

Bryophytes

130
Q

This is an axample of a bryophyte

A

sphagnum (peat moss)

131
Q

HOw much water weight can sphagnum hold?

A

20x their weight

132
Q

T or F bryophytes dominated for 100 years according to the fossil record

A

False. 100 million years

133
Q

Bryophyta and hepatophyta are both considered bryophytes, T or F

A

T. Bryophyta is the phylum, bryophyte is the general type

134
Q

T or F bryophytes are vascular

A

F non-vascular

135
Q

Liverworts hornworts and mosses are this type of plane

A

bryophytes, all are nonvascular

136
Q

Two specialized vascular tissues that were an important adaptation found in ferns and their allies but not in algae and bryophytes

A

xylem and phloem for support and conduction

137
Q

Tree ferns in the tropics may grow tall because of this

A

60 ft tall because vascular tissue allows plants to transport water minerals and dissolved sugars large distances.

138
Q

cycling from a multicellular haploid stage and a multicellular diploid stage

A

alternation of generations

139
Q

Haploid portion of the life cycle is called ______. It gives rise to haploid gametes by ______.

A

gametophyte generation, mitosis

140
Q

When two gametes fuse, the diploid portion is called the _________. It produces haploid spores following _______

A

sporophyte generation. Meiosis

141
Q

4 characteristics of vascular plants

A
  • have true lignified conducting tubules in the roots, stems, and leaves
  • sporophyte is independent of the gametophyte
  • fossils date to 400 mil yr
  • sporophyte is the dominant life stage
142
Q

2 characteristics of ferns (pterophyta)

A
  • homosporous spores produce bisexual gametophytes

- spores produced in sporangia, grouped in the spori of the sporophyte

143
Q

how many different types of ferns are there

A

12000

144
Q

which generation is dominant in the fern life cycle - sporophyte or gametophyte

A

Sporophyte

145
Q

three other pterophytes besides fern

A

a. sphenophytes (Pterophyta) - horsetails
b. Psilophytes (Pterophyta) - whisk ferns
c. Lycophyta - club mosses

146
Q

Describe the life cycle of a fern

A
  1. homosporous spores produce bisexual gametophytes (prothallus)
  2. Egg is produced and held by the archegonium
  3. sperm is produced and held by the antheridium
  4. Flagellated sperm swim through a thin film of water, and after one sperm fertilizes the egg, a diploid qygote grows by mitosis into a multicellulare embryo. (zygote, enters the diploid sporophyte phase)
  5. Young sporophyte emerges from gametophyte
  6. development of the sporophyte (rhizome)
  7. Fronds grow, with underside covered with spores produced in sporangia, grouped in the spori of the sporophyte
  8. Sporangia open and release spores (haploid gametophyte generation)
  9. Spores germinate and develop into the gametophyte
147
Q

How to remember the xylem and phloem

A

water zips up the xylem, food flows down the phloem

148
Q

Where do gymnosperms produce seed

A

exposed on a stem or in a cone

149
Q

Where do flowering plants produce seeds

A

enclosed within a fruit

150
Q

What is the dominant generation in mosses, gametophyte or sporophyte?

A

Gametophyte

151
Q

The only group of living plants to possess microphylls is the _____

A

club mosses

152
Q

______ are thought to have evolved from stem branches

A

megaphylls

153
Q

______ ________ have vascularized stems by lack true roots and leaves

A

whisk ferns

154
Q

general information on seed plants

A

gametophyte is reduced
extremely miniaturized male cone female cone
gametophyte contains embryonic sporophyte

155
Q

Conifers, cycads, gingkoes, and gnetophytes are collectively called ______

A

Gymnosperms

156
Q

Most conifers are ______ and have male and female reproductive parts at different locations on the same plant

A

Heterosporous

157
Q

The immature male gametophyte of pines is called a _______ ________

A

pollen grain

158
Q

The transfer of pollen grains from the male to the female reproductive structure is known as ______________

A

pollenation

159
Q

_______ were the first plants t o have a mode of reproduction totally adapted for life on land

A

Gymnosperms

160
Q

male cones are larger or smaller than female

A

smaller

161
Q

male cones produce______

A

microspores

162
Q

female cones produce ____________

A

megaspores

163
Q

T or F it may take years to bring gametes together

A

T

164
Q

Female cones mature through ____ growing seasons

A
  1. first season scales develop and
    receive pollen, pollen draws toward
    megaspore as sap dries and scales close. Second season - megaspore mother cell meiotically
    divides to produce the megaspore
    (3 degenerate) that divides into two
    cells that become the female gametophyte
165
Q

microsporocytes in microsporangium of the male cones meiotically divide producing pollen grains with 4 cells (male gametophyte). What are the 4 cells?

A
  • two cells are associated with the pollen tube

- two cells are generative, one degenerates, one produces two sperm cells.

166
Q

fertilization occurs in the second year after scales close to protect the developing gametophytes.

A
  • 15 mo. Pollen tube arrives at a the archegonium.
  • zygote develops into embryo, seed wing is from scale membrane.
    +
  • many pine cones remain closed until age or fire opens them.
  • scales of yews and junipers are fleshy, berrylike.
167
Q

What fossil trees were found on Ellesmere island in Arctic Canada?

A

Metasequoia

168
Q

What old gymnosperm trees are found on campus outside of the SAC

A

Gingko

169
Q

Where did the fossils come from in Jurassic park

A

Fossilized amber, a tree resin from gymnosperm

170
Q

The two classes of flowering plants are ____ and _____

A

monocots and dicots

171
Q

The phylum of flowering plants is _______

A

Anthophyta or angiosperms

172
Q

This class of flowering plants the ______ includes the palms, grasses, and orchids

A

monocots

173
Q

The most diverse and successful group of plants is the ____ _____

A

flowering plants

174
Q

The _____ include oaks, roses, cati, blueberries, and sunflowers

A

dicots

175
Q

Which is more divers and has more species, dicots or monocots?

A

dicots.

176
Q

The nutritive tissue in flowering plant seeds that is formed as a result of double fertilization is called ______

A

endosperm

177
Q

The pistil has three sections, the _____, _____, and _____

A

Stigma, style and ovary

178
Q

The ______ flower has stamens or carpels, but not both

A

imperfect (perfect has both)

179
Q

Angiosperms have these three types of xylem cells

A

tracheids tapered
vessel elements attached end to end
fiber cells

180
Q

The only gymnosperm with a vessel element is the _____

A

Amborella of South Pacific

181
Q

The _____ is the female reproductive organ of the flower, in the center

A

carpel

182
Q

The _____ are the outermost part of the flower

A

sepals

183
Q

The collective term for all of the sepals of the flower are the ______

A

calys

184
Q

The stamen is comprised of the _____ and ______

A

Anther and filament

185
Q

The ______ are extinct seeldess vascular plants that had megaphylls and “modern” woody tissue

A

Progymnosperms

186
Q

Label a fruit from the outside in (like a peach or a plum)

A

exocarp (skin), mesocarp (flesh), endocarp (stone of the pit), seed (inside of the stone)

187
Q

exocarp, mesocard, endocarp make up the ____

A

pericarp

188
Q

3 types of fruit

A

Drupe, berry, pom

189
Q

life cycle of angiosperms

A

. 1. pollen

   2. pollination
    3. fertilization
190
Q

Double fertilization

A

. pollen grain on stigma
- pollen tubes vary
- tube nucleus has the egg and two polar nuclei
- mature male gametophyte = tube + tube nucleus + 2 sperm
union of sperm and ovule
- pollen tube reaches from stigma to ovule
- double fertilization (one sperm fertilizes egg
other sperm unites with 2 polar nuclei yields
3N endosperm a major portion of seed
nutrition in monocots, not dicots)
- ovary matures
- apomixis can occur in some plants (dandelions, citrus trees, blackberries) embryo develops from a diploid cell in the ovule rather than from a diploid zygote from the union of two haploid gametes
Diploid cell of ovule form an embryo
- parthenocarpic fruit have no seeds - Fruit develops without fertilization so seeds fail to develop

191
Q

seedless vascular plants are the_______

A

Ferns and their allies, Pterophyta

192
Q

The sporophyte and the gametophyte are on the same plant in the _________

A

mosses (bryophyte)

193
Q

The sporophyte and the gametophyte are on separate plants on the _______

A

ferns (pterophytes)

194
Q

Life cycle of bryophytes

A

Leafy gametophyte plants have antheridia (sperm) at the tip of the gametophytes as well ar archegonia (eggs)at the tips of others.
they combine to fertilize the zygote
Leads to an embryo
The sporophyte develops at the tip of the gametophyte after sexual reproduction occurs
The sporophyte has capsules at the tip that contain cells that undergo meiosis (spores form)
Spores are released
Spores germinate forming the protonema
Gametophytes develop (haploid)

195
Q

Gametophytes are the ______stage of plants (haploid or diploid)

A

haploid

196
Q

_______ require water as a transport mechanism during fertilization

A

bryophytes

197
Q

________ resemble algae because they have one chloroplast in each cell

A

hornworts (other bryophytes have disc like chloroplasts)

198
Q

T or F, other vascular plants descended from the mosses

A

F. vascular plants did not have mosslike ancestors

199
Q

two basic types of leaf are the ______ and _______

A

microphyll and megaphyll

200
Q

Ferns have retained the primitive fertilization technigue of using water as a transport medium, T or F

A

T

201
Q

Rhizome, roots and fronds exist as part of the ______ cycle of ferns (sporophyte or gametophyte)?

A

sporophyte

202
Q

This stage of ferns have the prothallus (sporophyte or gametophyte)

A

gametophyte

203
Q

the ______generation is dominant in ferns

A

sporophyte

204
Q

The _______ generation is dominant in mosses

A

gametophyte

205
Q

Roots, stems, leaves, flower parts and fruits are referred to as _____ because each is composed of several different tissues

A

organs

206
Q

Three main tissue types in plants are the ——,——-, and ——

A

Dermal, Vascular, Ground

207
Q

______ tissue provides a covering for the plant body

A

Dermal

208
Q

______tissue is responsible for conduction of various substances in cluding water, minerals, and food (dissolved sugar). It also strengthens and supports the plant.

A

Vascular

209
Q

______tissue consists of three tissues that exhibit a variety of functions including photosynthesis, storage, and support

A

ground

210
Q

Pith and Cortex are part of the _____tissue system

A

ground

211
Q

Xylem and phloem are part of the _______ tissue system

A

vascular

212
Q

______ roots have a solid mass in the center of the root

A

Dicot

213
Q

_____ roots consist of pith

A

MOnocot

214
Q

_______ roots lack a vascular cambrium and do not have secondary growth (wood and bark)

A

Monocot

215
Q

________ roots develop secondary tissues

A

Woody Dicots

216
Q

T or F there are no woody monocots

A

T

217
Q

____ plants go from seed to death in 1 yr

A

Annual

218
Q

_____ plants grow for 1 yr, then go dormant, then flower/seed the next year

A

Biennial

219
Q

_____plants come back every year

A

perennial

220
Q

_____ ______ are associated with plant growth

A

apical meristems

221
Q

the root _____ is unlignified, flexible point of growth

A

tip

222
Q

the root _____ covers and protects the root tip

A

cap

223
Q

the zone of _____ has a quiescent center and pushes through the soil to adult size

A

elongation

224
Q

—— produces dermal tissue

A

protoderm

225
Q

______ produces vascular tissue

A

procambium

226
Q

Three types of procambium

A

endoderm, cortex, pericycle

227
Q

_____ cells are thin walled, flexible, nonspecialized, no secondary cell wall with metabolic functions of sturcture, storage, photosynthesis

A

parenchyma

228
Q

_____ cells are uneven thickness, no secondary cell wall, provides support without resisting growth

A

collenchyma

229
Q

_____ cells have lignin (makes , thick cell wall, makes wood tough)

A

Schlerenchyma

Biology 102 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions