Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Introduction to Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

learning

A

the process of aquiring through experience new and relatively enduring informations or behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

classical conditioning

A

expect adn prepare for significant events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

operant conditioning

A

learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cognitive learning

A

learn new behavior by observing ecents and through language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

association

A

our mind connecting ecents that occur in sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

respondant behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pavlov’s Experiments

A

Dog experimentation with food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Neutral Stimuli

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

unconditional Response

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearne naturally occuring response to an US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Unconditioned JStimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that nconditionally triggers an UR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

conditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, an origionally irrelevant stimuluant that, after association with a US, comes trigger a CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and an US so that the NS begins triggering the Cr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

extinction

A

the dimishing of a CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished CR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distingished between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

law of effect

A

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

operant chamber

A

AKA Skinners box

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

shaping

A

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
discriminative stimulus
signal that a response will be reinforced
26
positive reinforcer
any stimulus that when PRESENTED after a response strenghtens the response
27
negative reingforcer
any stimulus that when REMOVED after a response strengthens the response
28
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need unlearned
29
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a reinforcer, aslo known as a secondary reinforcer
30
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
31
continuous reinforcement schedule
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
32
partial reinforcement schedule
reinforcing a response only part of the time
33
fixed- ratio shcedule
reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response onlly after a specified number of response
34
variable-ratio schedulue
reinforcement schedule thtat reinforces a response after an unpredicatable number of responses
35
fixed-interval schedule
reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
36
variable-interval schedule
reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
37
punishment
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
38
positive punishment
administer an aversive stimulu
39
negative punishment
withdraw a rewarding stimulus
40
memeory
the persistance of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieveal of information
41
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier fill in the blank
42
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously leared multiple choice
43
relearning
a meausre of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learnng material again
44
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
45
storage
the proccess of retaining encoded informaion over time
46
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
47
parallel processing
tthe processing of many aspects of problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
48
connectionism
views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
49
Atkinsons' Shiffrin's memory model (3)
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
50
working memory
a newer understanding of a short term memory that adds consvious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spactial informations and of information retrieved from long term memory
51
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and 'declare'
52
efforful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
53
automatice processing
unconscious processing of incidental information
54
implicit processing
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of consious recollection
55
we automatically process three things...
space, time, frequency
56
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memeory of a visual stimuli
57
echoic ememory
a momentarly sensory memory of a auditory stimuli
58
chunking
organizing items into familiar, managable units
59
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
60
spacing effect
the tendency for distributedstudy or practice to yeild better long term tetention than is achieved through masses study
61
testing effect
enhanced memory after retriecing rather than simply reading information
62
shallow precessing
encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words
63
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words yeilds best retention
64
semantic memeory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our 2 conscious memory systems
65
episodic memory
explicit memort of personally experienced events; one of 2 consivious memory systems
66
hippocampus
a neural center location in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage
67
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long-term memory
68
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
69
long-term potentialion
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation
70
priming
the activation, unconsciouly of particular associations in memory
71
mood-congruent memories
the tendency to recall expieriences that are consistant with one's current good or bad mood
72
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the recency adn primacy effect
73
antergrade amnesia
an inability to form new memories
74
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrrieve information from one's past
75
proactive interference
the forward acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
76
retrocactive interference
the backward acting disruptive effect of how learning on the recall of old information
77
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes form conscious anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
78
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentionally altered before being stored again
79
misinformation effect
when misleading information has corrupted one's memeory
80
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source and event we have experienced
81
deja vu
that eerie senese 'ive experienced this before'
82
intelligence
the mental potential to learn frome xperience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
83
general intellegence gg
a general intelligance factor that according to spencer, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every teask on a n intellegence test
84
Gardner's 8 Intelligences
naturalist, linguistics, locig-mathmatical, musical, spatial, body-kinesthtic, intrapersonal,interpersonal
85
savant syndrome
an condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability as an exceptional skill that is specific
86
sternberg's 3 intelligences
analytical, creative, practical
87
emotional intelligence
the ability to preceive, understand manage, and use emotions
88
4 abilities of emotional intelligence
percieving, understanding, managing, and using emotions
89
intelligence test
a method for assessing an individuals mental apttitueds and comparing them with those of others
90
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future preformance
91
achievement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
92
mental age
a meausre of intelligence test preformance devised by Binet
93
stanford-binet
the ameican revision of binets original intelligence test
94
intelligence quotent IQ
IQ = MA/CA x 100
95
wechster adult intelligence scals WAIS
contains verbal and nonbverbal tests
96
a psychological test must be....
standadized, reliable, valid
97
content validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of intecenost
98
predictive validity
the sucess with which a test predicts the behavior it's designed to predict
99
crystalized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills
100
fulid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily adn abstractly
101
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability
102
down syndrome
acondition of mild to severe intellectual disibility and assocaited physically disorders caused by ane xtra copy of chromosome 21
103
heritablility
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
104
stereotype threat
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Introduction to Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions