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Introduction to Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

the process of aquiring through experience new and relatively enduring informations or behaviors

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2
Q

classical conditioning

A

expect adn prepare for significant events

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3
Q

operant conditioning

A

learn to repeat acts that bring rewards and avoid acts that bring unwanted results

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4
Q

cognitive learning

A

learn new behavior by observing ecents and through language

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5
Q

association

A

our mind connecting ecents that occur in sequences

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6
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response

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7
Q

respondant behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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8
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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9
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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10
Q

Pavlov’s Experiments

A

Dog experimentation with food

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11
Q

Neutral Stimuli

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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12
Q

unconditional Response

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearne naturally occuring response to an US

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13
Q

Unconditioned JStimulus

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that nconditionally triggers an UR

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14
Q

conditioned response

A

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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15
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

in classical conditioning, an origionally irrelevant stimuluant that, after association with a US, comes trigger a CR

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16
Q

acquisition

A

the initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and an US so that the NS begins triggering the Cr

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17
Q

extinction

A

the dimishing of a CR

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18
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished CR

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19
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response

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20
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distingished between a CS and stimuli that do not signal an US

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21
Q

law of effect

A

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likey

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22
Q

operant chamber

A

AKA Skinners box

a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food

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23
Q

reinforcement

A

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

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24
Q

shaping

A

reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

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25
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

signal that a response will be reinforced

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26
Q

positive reinforcer

A

any stimulus that when PRESENTED after a response strenghtens the response

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27
Q

negative reingforcer

A

any stimulus that when REMOVED after a response strengthens the response

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28
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

unlearned

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29
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a reinforcer, aslo known as a secondary reinforcer

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30
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

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31
Q

continuous reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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32
Q

partial reinforcement schedule

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time

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33
Q

fixed- ratio shcedule

A

reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response onlly after a specified number of response

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34
Q

variable-ratio schedulue

A

reinforcement schedule thtat reinforces a response after an unpredicatable number of responses

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35
Q

fixed-interval schedule

A

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

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36
Q

variable-interval schedule

A

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

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37
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

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38
Q

positive punishment

A

administer an aversive stimulu

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39
Q

negative punishment

A

withdraw a rewarding stimulus

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40
Q

memeory

A

the persistance of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieveal of information

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41
Q

recall

A

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

fill in the blank

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42
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously leared

multiple choice

43
Q

relearning

A

a meausre of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learnng material again

44
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

45
Q

storage

A

the proccess of retaining encoded informaion over time

46
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory storage

47
Q

parallel processing

A

tthe processing of many aspects of problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

48
Q

connectionism

A

views memories as products of interconnected neural networks

49
Q

Atkinsons’ Shiffrin’s memory model (3)

A

sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

50
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of a short term memory that adds consvious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spactial informations and of information retrieved from long term memory

51
Q

explicit memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and ‘declare’

52
Q

efforful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

53
Q

automatice processing

A

unconscious processing of incidental information

54
Q

implicit processing

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of consious recollection

55
Q

we automatically process three things…

A

space, time, frequency

56
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memeory of a visual stimuli

57
Q

echoic ememory

A

a momentarly sensory memory of a auditory stimuli

58
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, managable units

59
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

60
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributedstudy or practice to yeild better long term tetention than is achieved through masses study

61
Q

testing effect

A

enhanced memory after retriecing rather than simply reading information

62
Q

shallow precessing

A

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words

63
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words

yeilds best retention

64
Q

semantic memeory

A

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our 2 conscious memory systems

65
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit memort of personally experienced events; one of 2 consivious memory systems

66
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center location in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage

67
Q

memory consolidation

A

the neural storage of a long-term memory

68
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

69
Q

long-term potentialion

A

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

70
Q

priming

A

the activation, unconsciouly of particular associations in memory

71
Q

mood-congruent memories

A

the tendency to recall expieriences that are consistant with one’s current good or bad mood

72
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the recency adn primacy effect

73
Q

antergrade amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

74
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrrieve information from one’s past

75
Q

proactive interference

A

the forward acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

76
Q

retrocactive interference

A

the backward acting disruptive effect of how learning on the recall of old information

77
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes form conscious anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

78
Q

reconsolidation

A

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentionally altered before being stored again

79
Q

misinformation effect

A

when misleading information has corrupted one’s memeory

80
Q

source amnesia

A

attributing to the wrong source and event we have experienced

81
Q

deja vu

A

that eerie senese ‘ive experienced this before’

82
Q

intelligence

A

the mental potential to learn frome xperience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

83
Q

general intellegence gg

A

a general intelligance factor that according to spencer, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every teask on a n intellegence test

84
Q

Gardner’s 8 Intelligences

A

naturalist, linguistics, locig-mathmatical, musical, spatial, body-kinesthtic, intrapersonal,interpersonal

85
Q

savant syndrome

A

an condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability as an exceptional skill that is specific

86
Q

sternberg’s 3 intelligences

A

analytical, creative, practical

87
Q

emotional intelligence

A

the ability to preceive, understand manage, and use emotions

88
Q

4 abilities of emotional intelligence

A

percieving, understanding, managing, and using emotions

89
Q

intelligence test

A

a method for assessing an individuals mental apttitueds and comparing them with those of others

90
Q

aptitude test

A

a test designed to predict a person’s future preformance

91
Q

achievement test

A

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

92
Q

mental age

A

a meausre of intelligence test preformance devised by Binet

93
Q

stanford-binet

A

the ameican revision of binets original intelligence test

94
Q

intelligence quotent IQ

A

IQ = MA/CA x 100

95
Q

wechster adult intelligence scals WAIS

A

contains verbal and nonbverbal tests

96
Q

a psychological test must be….

A

standadized, reliable, valid

97
Q

content validity

A

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of intecenost

98
Q

predictive validity

A

the sucess with which a test predicts the behavior it’s designed to predict

99
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

100
Q

fulid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily adn abstractly

101
Q

intellectual disability

A

a condition of limited mental ability

102
Q

down syndrome

A

acondition of mild to severe intellectual disibility and assocaited physically disorders caused by ane xtra copy of chromosome 21

103
Q

heritablility

A

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

104
Q

stereotype threat

A

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Introduction to Psychology (3 decks)

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