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Introduction to Psychology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

developmental psychology

A

a branch of psychology that studies pysical, cognitive and social change through the life span

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2
Q

3 major issues in developmental psychology

A

nature vs nurture
continuity vs stages
stability vs change

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3
Q

zygote

A

the fertilized egg; develops into an embryo

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4
Q

embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilizaiton through the second month

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5
Q

fetus

A

the developing human organism from about 9 weeks after conception to birth

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6
Q

teratogens

A

agents that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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7
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome FAS

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking

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8
Q

habituation

A

decreasing responsiviness with repeated simulation

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9
Q

maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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10
Q

critical period

A

an optional period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimulu or experiences produces normal development

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11
Q

cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

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12
Q

schema

A

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

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13
Q

assimulation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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14
Q

accomodation

A

adopting our current understandings to incorporate new information

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15
Q

sensormotor stage

A

infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impression and motor activities

out of sight out of mind

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16
Q

object permanance

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not preceived

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17
Q

preoperational stage

A

a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

glasses of milk

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18
Q

conservation

A

properties such as mass, volume, and number reamin the same despite changes in the form of object

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19
Q

egocentrism

A

preoperational child’s difficulty taking anohters point of view

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20
Q

theory of mind

A

people’s ideas about their own and others mental states. about their feelings, perceptions and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

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21
Q

concrete operational stage

A

children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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22
Q

formal operational stage

A

people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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23
Q

adolescence

A

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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24
Q

puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

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25
Q

during puberity ___ is continuing to develop but ______ is behind.

A

frontal lobes and limbic system

26
Q

moral reasoning

A

the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong

27
Q

moral intuition

A

quick gut feelings

28
Q

moral action

A

actually executing the act

29
Q

proconventional morality

A

focuses on self-intrest

30
Q

postconventional morality

A

focuses on self defiened ethical principles

31
Q

conventional morality

A

focuses on upholding lawas and social rules

32
Q

infancy

A

trust vs misturst

33
Q

toddlerhood

A

autonomy vs shame

34
Q

preschool

A

initaitive vs guilt

35
Q

elementary

A

competence vs inferiority

36
Q

adolescence (_ vs _)

A

identity vs role confusion

37
Q

young adulthood

A

intamave bs isolation

38
Q

middle adulthood

A

generavity vs stagnation

39
Q

late adulthood

A

integrity vs despair

40
Q

identity

A

our sense of self according to Erkison the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

41
Q

social identity

A

the ‘we’ aspect of our self-concept.

the part of our answer to ‘who am i?’ that comes from our group memberships

42
Q

intimacy

A

ability to form close, loving relationships

a primary developmental task in young adulthood

43
Q

selection effect

A

kids seek out peers with similar attitudes

44
Q

cross-sectional study

A

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

45
Q

longitudinal study

A

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

46
Q

social clock

A

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

47
Q

2 basic aspects that dominate adulthood

A

intamacy and genrativity

48
Q

perception

A

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

top-bottom

49
Q

sensation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system recieve and represent stimulus energies from our environment

bottom-top

50
Q

bottom-up processing

A

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information

51
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences adn expectations

52
Q

What 3 steps are basic to our sensory systems?

A

recieve, transform, deliever

53
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another.

54
Q

absolute thresholds

A

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

55
Q

subliminal stimuli

A

signals below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

56
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associaitons, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory , or response

57
Q

difference threshold

A

the minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time. We experience this just as a notiable difference

increases with the size of stimulus

58
Q

Weber’s law

A

states that for an average person to percieve a difference, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

not a constant amount

59
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimuli

freedom to focus on informative changes

60
Q

perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

ex. tricky pictures - is the woman old or young?

Introduction to Psychology (3 decks)

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