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Introduction to Psychology > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

Module 1-5,7,9

1
Q

Psychology

A

the scientific study or behavior of mental process

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2
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • created the first laboratory in 1879

- structuralism psychology

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3
Q

First two schools of thought

A

structuralism and functionalism

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4
Q

structuralism

A

use introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

-Wundt, Titchener

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5
Q

functionalism

A

explored how mental and behavioral processes function (how they enable an organsim to adapt, survive, and flourish)
-William James, Charles Darwin

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6
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A
  • admitted into graduate program by William James in 1890
  • memory researcher
  • first female president of APA in 1905
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7
Q

Margret Flay Washburn

A
  • received first PhD in psychology
  • wrote ‘The Animal Mind’
  • second APA president
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8
Q

New Schools of thought

A

behavioralism, freudian psychology, humanistic psychology

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9
Q

behavioralism

A

view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process
-John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner

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10
Q

Freudian psychology

A

emphasized ways our unconscious thought processes and emotional response to childhood experiences effect our behavior
-John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner

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11
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

emphasized human growth potential

-Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

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12
Q

cognitive revolution

A

1960’s

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13
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition

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14
Q

Nature - Nurture

A

traits and behavior rising from the interaction of nature and nurture

  • Plato: nature
  • Aristotle: nurture
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15
Q

Natural Selection

A

principle that inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
-Charles Darwin

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16
Q

positive psychology

A

goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals thrive

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17
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

biological, psychological, social-culture

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18
Q

psychology subfields

A

basic research, applied research, counseling psychologist, clinical psychologists, psychiatrist, community psychologist

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19
Q

neurons

A

the basic building blocks of the nervous system

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20
Q

dendrites

A

receive messages

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21
Q

cell body

A

cells life support

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22
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, and glands

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23
Q

mylen seath

A

helps speed neural impulses

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24
Q

glial cells

A

support, nourish and protect neurons

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25
Q

neural impulse

A

a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

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26
Q

synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the recieving neuron

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27
Q

synaptic gap

A

the tingy gap at the junction of the synapse

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28
Q

agonist

A

increase neurotransmitter action

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29
Q

antagonist

A

molecule that inhibits or block a neurotransmitter

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30
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system - the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

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32
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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33
Q

sensory neuron

A

incoming info from sensory receptors - brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

motor neuron

A

outgoing info from brain and spinal cord - muscles and glands

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35
Q

interneurons

A

between sensory and motor - processes output info

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36
Q

Peripheral nervous system contains 2 systems. What are they?

A

somatic nervous system and autonamic system

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37
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls skeletal muscles

38
Q

autonamic nervous system

A

controls glands and internal organ muscles

39
Q

symathetic nervous system

A

part of autonamic nervous system

arouses body, mobolize energy - fight, freeze, flight

40
Q

parosympathetic nervous system

A

part of autonamic nervous system

calms body, conserves energy

41
Q

endocrine system

A

set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.

travels slower than the nervous system but lasts longer

42
Q

adrenal glands

A

sit above the kidney’s and secrete hormones that help arouse body in times of stress

43
Q

pituitary glands

A

regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

most influential and most important

44
Q

prenology

A

study of the brain by feeling spots on the head

45
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalogram

recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across brains surface

46
Q

PET

A

position emission tomography

detects where a radiative form of glucose goes while brain does a task

47
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of soft tissue

48
Q

fMRI

A

funcitonal MRI

reveals bloodflow and brain activity

49
Q

brainstem

A

the oldest part and central area of the brain.

automatic survival functions

50
Q

medulla

A

part of the brainstem

base of the brainstem

controls hearbeat and breathing

51
Q

Thalamus

A

part of the brainstem

sensory control center

on top of brainstem

52
Q

reticular formation

A

part of brainstem

nerve network that travels through the brainstem into the thalamus.

controls arousal

53
Q

cerebellum

A

part of the brainstem

“the little brain” at rear of brainstem

proceses sensory input, coordinate movement, enable nonverbal learning and memory

54
Q

pons

A

part of brainstem

help coordinate movement and sleep

55
Q

limbic system

A

neural system located below verebral hemispheres.

associated with emotions and drives

56
Q

amygdala

A

part of limbic system

2 small neural clusters

linked to agression and fear

57
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of limbic system

below the thalamus.

directs maintence activity ( drinking,body temp) and emotion and reward

58
Q

hippocampus

A

part of limbic system

helps process explict memories for storage

59
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the intricate fabic of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphers

body’s ultimate control and information processing center

60
Q

frontal lobes

A

part of cerebral cortex

just behind the forehead

speaking and muscle movements. making plans and judgements

61
Q

parietal lobes

A

part of vrebral cortez

top of head towards read

sensory input for touch and body position

62
Q

occipital lobes

A

part of crebral cortez

back of head

visual fields

63
Q

temporal lobes

A

part of crebral cortex

above ears

auditory areas

64
Q

motor cortex

A

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

sends outgoing messages

65
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

at front of parielal lobes.

registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

incoming messages

more sensitive the area, the larger the cortex area devoted to it

66
Q

association areas

A

not involved in primary motor or sensory functions

involved in learning, remembering, thinking, speaking

67
Q

plasticity

A

brains ability to change by reorganizing pathways

68
Q

neurogensis

A

formation of new neurons

69
Q

corpus callosum

A

large band of neural fibers connecting 2 brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

70
Q

split brain

A

condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers

71
Q

lobotomy

A

used as a treatment for severe mental disorders

walter freeman

72
Q

consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

73
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain actiity linked with cognition

74
Q

selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

coctail party affect

75
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

basketball and gorilla

76
Q

change blindess

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

change of pants

77
Q

dual processing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on seperate conscious and unconscious tracks

high road - conscious
low road - unconscious

78
Q

blindsight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

79
Q

parallel processing

A

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously

the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

80
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

81
Q

substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disiruption and pysical risk

82
Q

tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing drugs effects

83
Q

addiction

A

compulsie craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences

84
Q

withdrawl

A

the discomfort and distress that foloow disconinuing an addictive drug or behavior

85
Q

depressants

A

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

antogonist

alcohol, barbituaries, opiates

86
Q

barbiturates

A

depressant

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but imparing memory and judgement

87
Q

opiates

A

depressant

depresses neural activity, temporarily lessining pain and anxiety

88
Q

stimulant

A

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

atognoist

89
Q

amphetamines

A

stimulant

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated with energy and mood changes

90
Q

nicotine

A

stimulant

stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

91
Q

methamphetamine

A

stimulates CNS

reduces dopamine levels

92
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelic drugs, distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

similar to near-death experiences

Introduction to Psychology (3 decks)

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