Test 3 Flashcards
law of effect
- Edward Thorndike
- Behaviors immediately followed by favorable consequences are more likely to occur again.
- Behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences are less likely to occur again.
(symmetrical relationship exists between rewards and punishments)
law of contiguity
The principle that when two ideas or psychologically perceived events have once occurred in close association, they are likely to occur in close association again, the subsequent occurrence of one tending to elicit the other.
ex. If you think of a pen, you’ll also think about writing with it.
If you think of a bottle full of water, you will also think about drinking from it.
learning theories
classical and operant conditioning
learning theorists
- ivan pavlov and john b watson-classical conditioning
- b.f. Skinner-operant conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
causes automatic response (FOOD)
unconditioned response
response given when presented with UCS (SALIVATION)
neutral stimulus
not causing desired response (BELL)
Conditioned stimulus
initially a NS that following conditioning causes a conditioned response (BELL)
extinction
decrease in response due to repeated non-reinforcement
stimulus generalization
response to a new stimulus based on it similarity to the original stimulus
spontaneous recovery
after extinction occurs and a CS is introduced you will get a CR, ex: waiting a week or two to ring the bell again and getting a response
Operant vs CC
- CC-law of contiguity
- Operant-laws of contiguity and effect
- CC-behavior is non-contingent (independent)
- Operant-Behavior is contingent (dependent)
- CC-reinforcement presented prior to behavior
- operant-reward is presented after desired behavior until you do the right thing
Behavior/personality is learned
-function of rewards…punishments…repetition…
positive reinforcement
When added , will increase behavior
negative reinforcement
When removed from a situation will also increase behavior. ex) Brother beating little frankie, mother leaves which resumes the beatings from his big brother
primary reward/reinforcement
Something that is naturally rewarding ex: food
secondary reward/reinforcement
Initially not rewarding, but if it is continually paired with a primary reward, it will become rewarding (example: money + snickers)
punishment
Removal of something rewarding, or introduction of something that is aversive
Schedule of reward: continuous and partial
In continuous reinforcement, the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs.
In partial or intermittent reinforcement, the response is reinforced only part of the time.
When should the reward be given? Always?
Immediately after, but not always immediately after, to know that they should not be rewarded for bad behaviors, do not bang head for example
4 types of partial reinforcement
fixed/varied ratio
fixed/varied interval
fixed interval
amount of time between behavior and reward remains the same
varied interval
time changes
response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
Why is the schedule of reinforcement important?
resistance to extinction depending on what you are teaching, you want a certain goal, ex teaching quickly
fixed ratio
Every third correct response, you reward me.
fixed ratio
Every third correct response, you reward me.
a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.
varied ratio
the number of trials vary after a number of correct responses, varying how many correct responses before the reward
Vicarious Reinforcement
Vicarious Reinforcement is a learning process that was hypothesized in Social Learning Theory. It refers to the process of learning behaviors through observation of reward and punishment, rather than through direct experience. For example, children who have grown up with older brothers and sisters often learn about behavior and expectations through watching their siblings. When they see their sibling get rewarded for a certain action, they learn that they should also do the behavior.
Banduras social learning model
4 mental activities
- attend
- remember
- reproduce
- reinforce
self-regulatory processes
is a system of conscious personal management that involves the process of guiding one’s own thoughts, behaviors, and feelings to reach goals.
- Self observation
- standard of evaluation by person of his/her own behavior
- Self observation
- Judgements of excellence and goodness
- evaluation of persons behavior based on others standards
- Judgements of excellence and goodness
- Self reaction processes
- after judgements are made, person decided whether to reward or punish their
- Self reaction processes
Bandura believes learning is…
observed
Bandura began to look at personality as an interaction among three “things”:
the environment, behavior, and the person’s psychological processes.
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via…
observation, imitation, and modeling
Karen Horney’s Differences with Freud
- personality having 3 components (Id, Ego, Superego)
- no psychosexual stages
- did not believe that personality was the result of sexual tensions experienced through the 5 stages of psychosexual development
- social tensions were the source of personality development…need to feel safe… loved…etc…
- aim of drives was not to satisfy sexual instincts, but to provide safety from feelings of isolation, helplessness, fear, and hostility
- oedipus complex- penis envy and castration: desire to humiliate men…not possess/take their penis
- women strive to possess same rights…privileges…opportunities
basic anxiety
-A child’s feeling of being isolated and
helpless in a hostile world.
-Wants to be helpless/dependent, but can’t
-Wants to be angry/aggressive (basic hostility), but can’t
basic confidence
Horney said that healthy personality development resulted in basic confidence within a child’s personality. Basic confidence was instilled by genuine and predictable warmth, interest, and respect from parents or caregivers.
Maslow
- self-actualization
- Humanistic theorist
- Primary concern is present, not the past
- Goal of person: developing to one’s fullest potential
hierarchy of needs
physiological=water…sex…oxygen…food…shelter…sleep…exercise…etc.
safety= security…protection…stability…structure…law and order
belonging and love =establish relationships with people…family…groups
esteem= adequacy…mastery…competence…respect from others…etc
-elf-actualization =desire for self fulfillment
false consensus
False belief that how i think/feel about something is the way everyone else feels about it.
false uniqueness
My gifts and abilities are better than yours.
positivity bias
We tend to see others in a more positive way, courtesy will be extended to them as well
is the tendency for people to remember pleasant items more accurately than unpleasant ones.
Reliability
refers to the repeatability of findings. If the study were to be done a second time, would it yield the same results? If so, the data are reliable. If more than one person is observing behavior or some event, all observers should agree on what is being recorded in order to claim that the data are reliable.
Validity
refers to the credibility or believability of the research. Are the findings genuine? Is hand strength a valid measure of intelligence? Almost certainly the answer is “No, it is not.” Is score on the SAT a valid predictor of GPA during the first year of college? The answer depends on the amount of research support for such a relationship.
Objective personality tests
- Assessment methods that use a restricted response format (ordinal scale ratings or true/false questions), and which contain extensively tested validity scales to determine whether the person taking the test is responding truthfully.
- MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory
- 567 questions-measure 9 types of abnormal behavior ranging from depression to schizophrenia
Projective personality tests
assess what a person projects onto others…why is this important? By projecting onto an ambiguous stimulus, we learn of the individuals own traits, needs, and conflicts.
- Rorschach test-ambiguous inkblot configurations
- Thematic apperception test (TAT)
- series of pictures-task is to create stories
- stories reflect personal themes…conflicts…problems…and characters that are important in the persons world
- incomplete sentences tests
- what bothers me is that…
- other people…
- Draw-a-person stick figure: arm size, leg size
- house-tree-person ex:test making sure the person isnt bigger than the house
- draw your family
