Test 1 Flashcards
Hysterical Neurosis
Anna O experienced physical symptoms…vision disturbances…paralysis…headaches… for no apparent reason.
Significance:
- genesis of symptomology is the mind due to unresolved conflict
- only women can feel this
- free floating uterus
- wherever the uterus located itself is where the symptoms were
“talking cure”
- form of verbal catharsis
- cleansing or purifying
chimney sweeping
emotional release from semi-hypnotic conversations
pseudocyesis
false pregnancy
Repression
abrupt and involuntary removal from awareness any threatening impulse/event
motivated amnesia of memories that are unacceptable to an individual’s conscious ethical standards
Denial
Blocking of external events from entry into awareness.
Projection
attribution to another person, one’s own unacceptable thoughts…feelings…behaviors
Reaction formation
transformation on unacceptable or anxiety producing impulses into their opposites
identification with the regression
adopting the traits, beliefs, and mannerisms of a feared object
Displacement/displaced aggression
redirection of impulses, usually aggressive ones, onto a substitute target when the appropriate target is too threatening…
Introjection
incorporations into one’s own behavior and beliefs, the characteristics/traits of another
Compensation
working hard to overcome or compensate a real or imagined weakness
Intellectualization
focusing on non emotional details
What do all of the defense mechanisms have in common?
they are all unconscious and all try to modify reality
Anxiety
Emotional state that involves fear, worry, and physiological arousal
Generalized: Multiple causes, cannot specify what the cause is
Be sudden and overwhelming (panic attacks)
Manifest itself in the absence of the performance of a compulsive behavior
Adjustment Reactions
Disruption to person due to a know stressor
-examples: being pulled over by a cop makes your level of anxiety increase to a know stressor. Afterwards, the known stressor has gone away so the anxiety goes away.
Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by high levels of anxiety and conflict
Person may not know the source
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
- anxiety that is persistent across many situations and lasts for at least 6 months
- anxiety is not linked to and particular stimuli, but constantly present
Consequences of anxiety
poor performance on exams… social withdrawal… personal discomfort… high blood pressure… etc
Normal vs Abnormal anxiety
anxiety is considered normal and adaptive when it serves to improve peoples’ functioning or wellbeing. In contrast, abnormal anxiety is a chronic condition that impairs peoples’ functioning and interferes with their well-being.
Phobia (3)
-Persistent and irrational fears of specific objects, activities, or situations that have no justification in reality.
agoraphobia, social phobia, specific phobia
Agoraphobia
Individual avoids being away from home bc of a fear of being in situations in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing if panic symptoms occur.
Social Phobia
Person avoids only those situations in which they might come under the scrutiny of others.
Individuals avoid others bc of an irrational fear of behaving in an embarrassing way.
Demonstrate high levels of anxiety in social situations.
Specific phobias
all other phobias
Irrational persistent fear of specific objects or situations
Are the relief symptoms of catharsis temporary or permanent?
if temporary, why? No resolution conflict
Obsessive - compulsive disorder
Recurrent obsessions or compulsions
obsession
persistent idea, thought, image, or impulse that person cannot get rid of.
compulsion
behavior that person is driven to perform over and over
Splitting
object split into two parts: good breast/bad breast
child divides breast into to , good breast feeds me, bad breast makes me feel anger.
child wants to keep good breast safe but show anger to the bad breast because mom is not always there to feed child
Posttraumatic stress disorder
person experienced or witnessed traumatic event in which physical injury or life was threatened
event persistently re-experienced (disturbing dreams, flashbacks)
Person avoids stimuli associated with trauma
generally heightened levels of arousal (trouble sleeping, irritability, concentrating, exaggerated startle response)
symptoms last longer than a month
Personality Disorders
Presence of troublesome and persistent character traits that place person in conflict with social environment
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Feeling selfishness, aggressive, irresponsible behavior with a willingness to break the law, lie, cheat, or exploit others for personal gain
failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors
deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying for personal profit or pleasure
impulsivity…irritability and aggressiveness
reckless disregard for safety of self or others
lack of remorse
Histrionic personality disorder
- pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention
- interaction with others is often sexually seductive or provocative
- shallow expression of emotions
- shows self dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion
- considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are
Avoidance personality disorder
- Long standing pattern of feelings of inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to what other people think about them, and social inhibition
- is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
- is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations
- is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy
- views him/herself as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others
Dependent personality disorder
- characterized by a pervasive fear that leads to “clinging behavior”
- has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
- needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life
- has difficulty expressing disagreement with others
- feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone
Borderline states
episodic loss of contact withreality…delusions…hallucinations
Paranoid personality disorder
- pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives and interpreted as malevolent
- suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her
- is preoccupied with unjust doubts that loyalty and trustworthiness of friends or associates
- reluctant to confide in others bc of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her
- reads hidden or demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events
- has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity or spouse or sexual partner
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Long standing pattern of grandiosity, an overwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack of empathy toward others
- Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (exaggerates achievements and talents)
- is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, etc.
- requires excessive admiration
- strong sense of entitlement
- exploits/takes advantage of others
Mood disorders
depression and bi-polar disorder
Depression
- 12-17% of population suffer from depression
- persistent problem that is likely to recur- relapse rate: 90%
- prevalence of depression is increasing worldwide
- symptoms: lowering of mood, feelings of sadness, hopelessness…discouraged, impaired memory, slowed thought processes
Bipolar disorder
- Swings in mood between depression and mania (manic-depressive)
- symptoms:
- euphoria…excited…excessively happy
- increased self esteem
- grandiosity
- distractibility/shifting of attention (manic flight of ideas)
Schizophrenia
- serious set of disorders that involve a decline in functioning, along with symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and/or disturbed thought processes which must persist for at least 6 months
- auditory hallucinations are the most common
defense mechanisms
something that kicks in when the ego is threatened with too much, tension, anxiety, or trauma
countertransference
when the patient becomes a significant person in the analysist’s life. Reversed transference roll
transference
describes a situation where the feelings, desires, and expectations of one person are redirected and applied to another person. Most commonly, transference refers to a therapeutic setting, where a person in therapy may apply certain feelings or emotions toward the therapist.
Freud’s Radical Insight
- Personality and sexuality are interrelated
- person moves through 5 distinct stages of psychosexual development each of which has conflict and resolution that impact further development.
free association
whatever comes to mind, free unedited speech
speaking without thinking
Results in increase of information from patients
false connection
individuals are able to rearrange ideas into sequences that block conscious recognition of traumatic events / experiences / etc…
Mind has protective capacity to defend itself against anxiety… unacceptable thoughts… etc.
Overdetermination
occurs when a single-observed effect is determined by multiple causes, any one of which alone would be sufficient to account for (“determine”) the effect.
ID-First system of personality
- no collective will
- no judgements of right or wrong
- no judgements of good or evil
- governed by the pleasure principle
- primary goal: immediate discharge of tension
- wants what it wants…when it wants it…
reflex action and primary process
unconscious efforts
hallucinating or forming an image of an object that would satisfy its needs
What happens when the Id is unsuccessful in obtaining immediate gratification?
the Ego emerges
Ego-Second system of personality
- governed by the reality principle
- mediator between person and world
- mediator between id and superego
- we learn delayed gratification-what is this?
- primary goal: finds ways to satisfy Id’s needs without violation the values of the Superego
secondary processes
The secondary process functions through the ego’s action of looking for an object in the real world that matches the mental image created by the id’s primary process.
In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the secondary process discharges the tension between the ego and the id that is caused by unmet urges or needs.
Superego-Final System of personality
- Primary goal:
- inhibit/deny id urges/impulses
- strive for perfection
- Represents societies restraints
- moral agent of personality-what does this mean?
- strives for perfect
- makes judgements of right and wrong
two components of the superego and how do they come to be?
ego ideal: the part of us that rewards us for doing something good or not doing something bad
conscience: composed of the rules for which behaviors are considered bad.
- how do they come to be?
- introjection/internalization of societies rules, laws, norms, values, etc. etc. etc
How does the superego accomplish its goal?
- reward person for moral behavior
- punish person for unacceptable thoughts, deeds, and actions….
1st stage: Oral
-from birth thru approx. 18 months
1st stage: Oral
- from birth thru approx. 18 months
- where is libido? Mouth
- primary source of pleasure is derived from oral cavity…
- Pleasure and anger expressed orally
2nd stage: anal
- 18 months- 3 years old
- major issue-toileting
- child learns conformity…
- control-self and by others
- with it comes privilege…freedom…responsibility
- positive outcomes: productivity…generosity…creativity…child moves toward self-mastery and competence
- negative outcomes: obsessive…compulsive…orderly…stingy…obstinate
- society must win, but it cannot destroy my will
- mom and dad know what’s best for me
- how does child express anger…defiance…etc?: anally=how so? Mom pissed you off? Going to “poop mom off”
3rd stage: phallic
- 3 to ⅚ years of age
- realization that there is a difference between little boys and little girls
- what it means to be a man as opposed to what it means to be a woman
- desires mom, dad Is in the way
- castration anxiety (notices girls don’t have penises)
3rd stage: phallic
- 3 to ⅚ years of age
- realization that there is a difference between little boys and little girls
- what it means to be a man as opposed to what it means to be a woman
- desires mom, dad Is in the way, identifies with dad but ends up switching object choice to someone outside of the family
- castration anxiety (notices girls don’t have penises)
Female child vs male child
- Penis envy-power…privilege…associated with those that have one…
- blames mom for not having a penis, its the mom’s fault
- whoever has a penis has power and privilege
- Why is she so attached to father? What does she gain from that relationship
- attached to dad because he has a phallus
- begins to experience what life would be like if she had a phallus/ was a man
- Resolution:
- identification=mom
- object choice=dad
- reaffirms heterosexual orientation (sitting between them)
4th stage: Latency
-6 years of age to puberty
Strong sexual urges become dormant? Why
-Superego-shame…disgust…guilt…
- What happens to urges/ drives?
- channeled into other arenas
5th stage: genital
- puberty through adulthood
- Reemergence of sexual impulses
- Focus-Relationships…Vocational interests…etc…etc…etc
- Final outcome-transformation of narcissistic infant to the socialized adult
Engaging the child’s self interest
the child doesn’t want to be there, thinks that they could be doing something other than being there
children like to play games, would make them want to go back there more
Making the child analyzable?-3 preparatory phases
Engaging the child’s self interest
Establishing the analysts Usefulness
Establishing the Analysts power and the child’s vulnerability
Establishing the Analysts power and the child’s vulnerability
- have to recognize that you are the patient and he or she is the adult, they are not peers
- help talks to parents to lessen punishment
- he/she is seen as a person with power
fixation
when person is stick at a stage in which they were wither over or under gratified
If a child Is over gratified what can happen?
the child may become too dependent
What are the 4 processes of dreams?
condensation
displacement
visual representation
secondary revision
condensation
condensing something, making it smaller and more manageable
displacement
replacing one idea with another, false connections the minds ability to rearrange ideas so they are not accessible
visual representation
the transformation of abstract concepts into visual images
secondary revision
to take all the information that has been edited and put it into a coherent form so it makes sense
Who was the father of Ego Psychology?
Heinz
This patient of freud’s helped develop free association, false connection, and overdetermination
Frau Emmy
Freud’s patient who was devoted to her father, goes for a walk with her boyfriend, comes back father is dead, she becomes consumes with guilt and begins to feel the symptoms of her father
Fraulen Elizabeth
attachment of emotional energy onto an object or idea
cathexis
an attachment of emotions onto oneself. expression of an emotional impulse to
anti-cathexis
conflict free sphere
with regard to ego psychology, a region of the ego that grows and operates without producing interior discord. Commonly referred to as the conflict-free area.
CONFLICT-FREE SPHERE: “Most people have no problems, even in adolescence, with the conflict-free sphere of their ego.”
defense mechanism
something that kicks in when the ego is threatened with too much, tension, anxiety, or trauma
