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PSY HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVEL > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Body growth in middle childhood (6-11yrs old)

A
  • A lot of brain growth
  • might not see the changes
  • a lot more subtle
  • brain development mainly
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2
Q

Common health problems in middle childhood

A

Vision- myopia (near sightedness). (Most likely discovered because this is when they’re first going to school) (mid-high income)

Hearing- otitis media (middle ear infection). Hearing loss related. Low income children get it 20% more, more common for low income)

Malnutrition- improper nutrition. Obesity

Illnesses- exposed to stuff in school

Injuries- more common when more independent. 85% reduced risk when wearing a helmet (take safety precautions). Head injuring is the leading cause of brain injury or death (same with car accidents)

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3
Q

Health risks for obese children

A
  • more likely to be overweight adults

- lifelong health risks

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4
Q

Causes of obesity in middle childhood

A
  • overweight parents
  • low ses
  • parent’s feeding practices
  • low physical activity (need recess in schools)
  • TV (kids particularly susceptible to external stimuli action toward food advertisements)
  • cultural food environment
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5
Q

TV viewing and body fat gains

A

TV correlates with body fat gains

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6
Q

Illness in middle childhood

A

-high rates first two years of school
-chronic conditions
Asthma
Severe chronic illnesses

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7
Q

Asthma

A 
-bronchial tubes very sensitive to stimuli 
Cold, infection, pollution, stress 
Wheezing, coughing, breathing problems 
-increasingly common 
-heredity, environment increases risk
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8
Q

Fatal injuries in middle childhood and adolescence leading cause of death

A

1) Car accidents

2) Bike accidents

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9
Q

Cognitive development

A

Piaget: concrete operational stage -thought becomes more logical, flexible

Working memory is closer to ses levels
Cortisol - stress levels
Picnic, her son, another younger boy-rain, like the rain- worms come out- where? The sky. Logical idea, but incorrect. Beginning of concrete operational stage

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10
Q

Defining and measuring intelligence

A
  • why do we want to measure intelligence?
  • should we try to measure intelligence?
  • what makes a good test?
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11
Q

Average IQ and what to do with higher IQ children

A

Average IQ- 100

Higher IQ- need enrichments

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12
Q

IQ scores today

A
  • points earned for each correct answer
  • total score compared to other people your age
  • average score at each age level is assigned IQ of 100
  • intelligence quotient, or IQ reflects one’s relative standing within population of one’s age
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13
Q

Howard gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

1) linguistic
2) logical- mathematical
3) musical
4) spatial
5) bodily-kinesthetic
6) naturalistic
7) interpersonal
8) intrapersonal

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14
Q

Linguistic

A
  • good vocabulary and recalling comprehension
  • poets, journalists, attorneys
  • “to be or not to be, that is the question” Shakespeare
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15
Q

Logical-mathematical

A
  • skill at arithmetic and certain kinds of reasoning
  • scientific thinking
  • temple grandin (humane animal slaughter)
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16
Q

Musical

A
  • abilities involving rhythm, tempo, and sound identification
  • Elvis Presley
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17
Q

Spatial

A
  • understanding of relationships between objects

- frank Lloyd wright

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18
Q

Bodily-kinesthetic

A
  • skill at dancing, athletics, and hang eye coordination

- Armanti Edwards

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19
Q

Naturalistic

A
  • ability to see patterns in nature

- Rachel Carson author of silent spring

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20
Q

Interpersonal

A
  • ability to understand other’s feelings

- Oprah Winfrey

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21
Q

Intrapersonal

A
  • self-knowledge
  • Virginia wolf
  • knowing yourself, knowing what you need
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22
Q

Creativity

A

Divergent thinking tests measure creativity
Divergent thinking: the ability to think along many paths to generate multiple solutions to a problem
Creative behavior requires divergent thinking that is appropriate for a given situation or problem

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23
Q

Characteristics necessary for creativity

A
  • Willingness to take risks
  • Think outside of the box
  • Motivation to pursue creative works for internal, not external drive
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24
Q

Creativity and intelligence

A
  • Correlation between scores in IQ tests and creativity tests are modest
  • Creativity tests require broad divergent thinking while traditional IQ tests assess convergent thinking
  • Narrow down possible solutions
  • Wisdom= intelligence and creativity in the same person
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25
Q

Gender

A
  • stereotypes- 18mos (men-rough, sharp) (women-soft, round)

- influences

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26
Q

Theories of gender identity

A
  • social learning theory (wear a dress, feel feminine
  • cognitive development (I feel feminine, so I wear a dress)
  • gender schema (combo of both)
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27
Q

Gender schemas and behavior

A
  • gender schematic child (thinking about gender)

- gender a-schematic child (not thinking about gender)

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28
Q

Gender typing in middle childhood

A
  • Gender stereotypes
  • gender identity
  • influence of culture and social factors
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29
Q

Gender identity

A
  • self evaluations impact adjustment

- gender typicality (feel like you fit in)

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30
Q

How can we reduce gender stereotyping?

A

Dad’s cooking
Mom’s grilling
Avoid language that carries gender stereotypes call out gender discrimination

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31
Q

Erikson

A

-industry vs inferiority (cooperate with others, hard work)

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32
Q

Self concept

A

-changes during mid-childhood

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33
Q

Hierarchical structure of self-esteem (ages 6-7)

A

School, relationships, sports, and appearance

General self esteem drops in first yrs of elementary school

4th grade- self esteem starts to rise

Most linked to appearance (self esteem)

Positive relationship to things we spend our time on and self esteem

Kids good at school- most likely to stick with school

High school self esteem more liked

Low self esteem across the board- more anxiety, depression (antisocial behavior)

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34
Q

What two countries score highest in academic achievement

A

China and Japan

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35
Q

Self esteem

A

Girls tend to score lower than boys

African Americans have higher self esteem

Kids who attend schools with people more like them (better self esteem)

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36
Q

Parenting styles and how they affect kid’s evaluation of themselves

A

authoritative- kids evaluate themselves accurately

authoritarian- feel inadequate (lower self esteem)

Permissive- unrealistically high self esteem

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37
Q

Generational changes in self esteem

A

High in 1965, dipped and then raised back up in 1995

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38
Q

Achievement related attributions

A

Mastery-oriented (credit success with hard work)

Learned helplessness (attribute failures to their ability) (gives up without even trying)

Parents have a big impact on this

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39
Q

How to foster mastery-oriented approach?

A
  • provision of tasks
  • parent and teacher encouragement
  • performance evaluations
  • school environment
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40
Q

Emotional development

A

-gains in competence
-pride in competence
-pride and guilt (feel guilt when you do something on purpose)
-emotional understanding (got socks, disappointed/ happy to receive present)
-emotional self regulation
Emotional self efficacy
By age 10- two methods (remove self, close eyes)

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41
Q

Coping strategies

A

Problem-centered coping (Katrina, failed spelling test)

Emotion-centered coping

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42
Q

Adolescent physical development

3 phases of adolescence

A

Early- 11/12-14yrs (rapid pubertal change)

Middle- 14-16yrs (puberty nearly completed)

Late- 16-18yrs (full adult appearance, anticipation of adult role)

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43
Q

Physical changes

A

-hormone shift

Proximodistal trend (feet and hands have grown earlier)

11-20 for guy’s puberty

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44
Q

Puberty

A

Girls- growth spurt at 10 (hold onto more body fat) (period)

Boys- growth spurt 12.5 yrs (gain more muscle). Shoulders broaden, body hair, first ejaculation.

Girls are starting periods earlier

  • better nutrition
  • body fat
  • hormones in food
  • family stress

May feel awkward

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45
Q

Timing of puberty matters

A
  • girls enter into adolescence early (drug abuse and sexual promiscuity) (more conflict with parents)
  • boys entering earlier (big advantage) (socially and physically) (muscular advantage)

Late maturing
-girls (school leaders, positive body image)
-boys (anxious, attention seeking, negative body image)
(Some research is saying it’s not advantageous for either to enter earlier)

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46
Q

Sleep habits in adolescence

A
  • phase delay (go to bed late, sleep in late) (not getting enough sleep) (hard time falling asleep)
  • 9am start for high school would be better
  • high stakes tests should be moved to the afternoon
  • attention, mood (difficulty regulating)
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47
Q

Adolescent sexuality adjustment

A

-media vs family

Info helps

  • parents
  • questions
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48
Q

Talking to adolescents about sex

A
  • foster open communication
  • use correct terms
  • Listen, discuss, collaborate
  • think before talking
  • keep conversations going
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49
Q

Adolescent contraceptive use

A
  • great Britain most

- united states least

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50
Q

Most common STI’s

A
  • chlamydia (no symptoms)
  • gonorrhea (usually no symptoms)
  • syphilis (sores or rash)

Usually don’t go away, but manageable:

  • HIV/AIDS
  • HPV (genital warts, cancer)
  • genital herpes (blisters, sores)

-pelvic inflammatory disease (can affect fertility)

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51
Q

Birth control + smoking

A

Risk of blood clots

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52
Q

Nutrition

A

Less fruits and veggies, less milk

  • calories
  • family meal (lower teen pregnancy rates, less troubles with law)
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53
Q

Disordered eating

A

(Criteria used to require you were female)
-obesity (on test-not an eating disorder)
-anorexia nervosa
-bulimia nervosa (binging with purge)
(Maybe a body image issue)

Eating disorders are most life threatening type of thing the DSM

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54
Q

Risks

A
  • 75% of deaths from accidents, suicide, and homicide
  • drugs
  • high risk sex
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55
Q

Brain development

A
  • pruning
  • growth and myelination (best it will be) (quick response)
  • neurotransmitter (intense reaction to stress, novelty)
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56
Q

Cognitive development

A

Formal operations

  • abstract thought
  • introspective
  • idealistic
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57
Q

Follow-up research

A

-school age children
-universal?
Hypothesize ideas

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58
Q

Information processing improvements

A

-what improves?

Base knowledge, metacognition, memory strategies, cognitive self regulation

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59
Q

Scientific reasoning

A

-improves with age
-contributing factors
(Exposure to complex ideas)

Good win scientific reasoning- open minded

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60
Q

Consequences of abstract thought

A
  • self consciousness (thinking everyone is looking at you)
  • idealism and criticism (important not to crush, encourage and shape it)
  • planning (authoritative parenting style best to shape planning)
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61
Q

Sex differences in mental abilities

A

Skill: verbal
Performance: girls do better
Biological influence: girls advantage of left hemisphere of brain
Environmental influence: parents talk to girls more, language arts cons.
Feminine

Skill: math
Performance: boys do better
Biological influence: boys do better at numerical memory, spatial reasoning
Environmental influence: math-masculine, parents often see boys as better at math

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62
Q

Who does medial anemia affect in regards to skills?

A

Girls
Possible reason they do not do as well
Subclinical anemia (not high enough)
Multivitamin may help

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63
Q

When moms take acetaminophen (Advil?) during pregnancy, what can it affect?

A

If taken fewer than 7 days- reduced risk

If taken 29 days or more- 2x the risk of developing ADHD

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64
Q

School transition in adolescence

A
  • grades decline (less support, high stress)
  • girls more effected (low self esteem)
  • more school problems
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65
Q

Helping adolescence adjust to school transitions

A

-parents
-schools
-peers
-competition
Having a designated home room teacher can help. Especially one that doesn’t teach their other classes (doesn’t give them a grade).

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66
Q

Supporting academic acheivemnet

A
  • parenting (letting kids make choices on their own)
  • school
  • peer (if their friends are good at academics and have high aspirations)
  • employment
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67
Q

High school graduation rates by country

A

Denmark has the highest
U.S. Has the lowest
Canada has the second lowest

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68
Q

Drop out rates from highest to lowest by ethnicity

A

Canadian aboriginal
Hispanic
African American
U.S. And Canadian

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69
Q

Drop out prevention

A

1) different vocational magnet schools

2) extracurricular activities

70
Q

Benefits of extracurricular activities

A

Better social skills and social circle

Stay in school

71
Q

Erikson (identity vs role confusion)

A

Who they are
What’s important to them
The things that define them

72
Q

Identity status

A

Level of commitment- (c)
Level of exploration (e)

High c and high e=achievement

Low c and high e= moratorium (need to go through this to get the achievement)

High c and low e= foreclosure (very committed, but did not make the choice themselves, family of lawyers)

Low c and low e= diffusion (aren’t committed to these goals) (job fairs good for these children)

73
Q

Identity development

A

What factors impact development of identity

  • peers
  • larger context
  • time/culture you live in
  • takes years
74
Q

Identity

A
  • Erik erikson and psychosocial development
  • sense of identity: a sense of differentiated and distinct self that is the real “inner me”
  • gradual, over years
75
Q

Adolescent suicide

A

-a leading cause of death
-related factors
Females attempt more
Men more successful in completion
LGTBQ
more stressful environment
Usually start, usually impulsive
People who attempt are more withdrawn
More common for adolescence and older adults
Increase in suicide among males during recession

76
Q

Preventing suicide

A 
-warning signs 
Saying goodbye 
Little sleep 
More sleep 
Fatigue 
Boredom 
Lack of concentration 
-support 
Adult support 
Peer support 
-coping strategies 
-interventions
77
Q

ASU support for suicide

A
  • 911
  • counseling center
  • health services
  • a suicide attempt is a medical emergency
78
Q

Emerging adulthood (18-40yrs old)

A
  • slower (to reach milestones of adulthood)
  • prolonged identity development
  • less available for low SES
79
Q

Theories of biological aging

A
  • DNA -cellular level (breakdown of the cells/connections)
  • random events (free radicals, nitrates)
  • organ and tissue level
80
Q

Cardiovascular and respiratory changes (in emerging adulthood toward later part)

A

-heart
-lungs
(Gradual decline)

81
Q

Motor performance in adulthood

A
  • athletic skills peak between 20 and 50

- continued training slows loss

82
Q

Immune system in early adulthood

A

-declines after age 20

Reduce screen time? Spend more time without phones around just walking and enjoying nature

83
Q

Rates of first births to women by age

A

Differences between 1970 and 2001
Educated women, or maybe just women, I forget, have children at a later time now. In 2001 starting more in late 20’s than early twenties to have first child

84
Q

SES and self reports of health

A

Higher ed (have more info about health problems)
Middle ed
Lower ed

Health limitations in daily activities
It’s as expected except for at a certain age, the higher SES might find out about an illness they have that they weren’t aware of. Making their overall ability to do daily activities worse. The affect of getting a diagnosis making symptoms come on worse

85
Q

Overweight and obesity

A

-definition (BMIs)
-causes- large portion sizes
-consequences (heart issues)
-treatment (diet and exercise)
Eating records and social support (why weight watchers is so successful)

86
Q

Dietary fat

A

Need fat in your diet

Saturated (riskier) (10% of daily calorie intake)- animal products (sold at room temp)

Unsaturated- liquids, vegetables, healthier

Total- 30% or less of total calories

87
Q

Exercise

A

-only about 1/3 get enough (30mins 5x a week)
-around 1/3 North Americans are inactive
Women- have less time-care for children
Low income- working too much-may not be safe in bad neighborhood- may be too tired

88
Q

Benefits of exercise

A
  • reduces disease
  • stress reduction
  • regular exercise (longer, fuller lives)
89
Q

Substance use in early adulthood

A
  • peaks from 19-22 years

- typically declines after because of responsibilities

90
Q

Cigarette smoking

A
  • 25% of Americans (more women smoke than previously)

- smoking cessation classes available at ASU

91
Q

Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood

A
  • 13% of men, 3% of women are heavy drinkers
  • 39% of college students report binge drinking
  • 20% of college students meet criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder
  • 3rd leading cause of preventable deaths in US
  • 30.8% of driving fatalities involve drunk drivers
  • 10% of American kids live with at least one parent with alcohol issues
92
Q

NIH (2106)

A

Heavy drinking (5 drinks on same occasion on 5 or more days in past 30 days)

Binge drinking in 2hrs=
Women-4+ drinks
Men- 5+ drinks

12oz beer- 5% alcohol
8-9oz liquor- 7%
5oz wine- 12%
1.5oz vodka- 40%

93
Q

Sleep hygiene

A

When you get to bed/ wake up
Limit screen time
Siesta model: midnight-6am
2-3hr nap in hotter hours of the day

94
Q

Emotional and social development in early adulthood

A

Intimacy vs isolation
(Permanent commitment to an intimate partner)
People are hesitant to form these close ties

95
Q

Levinson’s Early adulthood season

A

-early adulthood transition
-early adulthood life structure
-age 30 transition
Men settle down easier
Women take on many roles (they feel instability)
(Levinson big on 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, etc)
(These years get your attention)
(Evaluate your life at 30)

96
Q

Vaillants adaptions to life

A
  • 20s - intimacy concerns
  • 30s - career consolidation
  • 40s - generative
  • 50s - 60s “keepers of meaning”
  • 70s - spiritual and reflected
97
Q

Social clock

A
  • age-graded expectations for life events
  • less rigid than in early generations
  • following social clock lends confidence, contributes to social stability
  • distress if not following or falling behind
98
Q

Selecting a mate

A

•physical proximity
•most select partners who are similar
•gender differences
Smart, good with money, attractive, good at domestic skills

99
Q

Childhood attachment and adult romantic relationships

A

Secure
-comfortable with intimacy
Adult relationships: trust, happiness, friendship

Avoidant
-anxiety about closeness
Adult relationships: jealous, emotional, distance

Resistant
-seek quick love
Adult relationships: jealousy, desperation, emotional highs and lows

100
Q

Triangular theory of love

A
  • three components (intimacy, passion, commitment)
  • passionate love early; compassionate love later (intimacy & commitment)
  • cultural differences (arranged marriages)
101
Q

Keeping love alive

A 
What can you do? 
Premarital counseling 
Make time for relationship 
Communicate constructively 
Forgive for minor offenses 
Look for ways to address those 
Confide in your partner
102
Q

Traditional vs egalitarian

A

•traditional
-clear division of roles
•egalitarian
-partners relate as equals

Make sure both of you have similar expectations
Both paths can be successful
Know what you want

103
Q 
Middle adulthood (40-65yrs old) 
Physical changes
A

•presbyopia (sight changes)
•presbycusis (hearing changes) (more common males) (environmental factors)
•skin changes (sun screen- less coligen) (sun exposure)
•middle-age spread (increase in fat gain in torso)
•over 80% rate health as good or excellent
Communications disorder clinic to test hearing.
Kids greater susceptible for hearing loss in loud situations

104
Q

Climacteric (change in fertility)

A

Women
•menopause
-earlier in developing nations, smokers, rural, non-childbearing
~50-52yr for Caucasian & Asian women from industrialized countries
~48-50yr for African American and Latina women in U.S.
-oral contraceptives (later)
-hot flashes
-trouble with clarity of thinking
-cultures (youth is celebrated–experience more negative)
-cultures (elders celebrated-positive symptoms)
-LDL cholesterol goes up
-chance for osteoporosis goes up
-hormone replacement therapy to offset these symptoms (negative side effects)

105
Q

Men (fertility) old age

A 
-reproductive changes start ~40yrs 
Issues with erections 
Sexuality goes down 
Availability 
Males with no partners (age 30) 
10% (age 50)

Women
9% (age 30)
30% (age 50)

Females usually want more continuity in a relationship

106
Q

Health

A

•cancer 1/3 deaths
•osteoporosis (severe bone loss) (fragile bones)
•hostility (baseline- angry) (higher risk of cardiovascular disease)
Depression more likely to get sick

Leading causes of death:
Male- heart disease, cancer, accidents
Women- same — cancer, accidents, heart disease (different order)

Copd?

  • problems related to smoking
  • usually more treatable cancers-breast cancer and prostate cancer
  • osteoporosis overlooked in males a while ago

•cardiovascular disease
-new guidelines (11/14/17)
•c 120/c 80= new normal
•screening matters

Lifestyle changes
-decreasing sodium, alcohol
Increase- exercise, sleep

There is a heredity factor

107
Q

Cognitive changes

A

•fluid intelligence (reaction time-slower) (making good decisions) (increase impulse control)
•crystallized intelligence (good judgment)
•attention (harder to multitask) (practice matters)
•memory (working memory decreases) (for memory strategies)
•creativity (altruistic, less spontaneous)
Looking for ways to give back

Our generation- best multitaskers

108
Q

Mid life crisis

A
  • sharp disruption uncommon
  • research: wide individual differences
  • gender differences
  • differences in handling regrets
109
Q

Double standard of aging

A
  • aging men rated more positively; women more negative
  • evolutionary roots; media, social messages
  • maybe declining
110
Q

Erikson -midlife

Generativity (helping others) vs stagnation (you above others)

A

Example of generativity
-he was his hands and feet

Hardiness
•control (not in our control- big hit on resilience)
•commitment
•challenge (mid adulthood)

111
Q

Self perceptions

A 
•More complex, integrated 
•increases feelings of 
-self acceptance 
-autonomy 
-environmental mastery 
•linked to increased well-being, happiness (happiness varies by culture)
112
Q

Relationships at midlife

A
  • many people have more close relationships than any other period of life
  • marriage/ divorce
  • parenting
  • siblings
  • friends- gender trends continue (more selective with who they hang out with)
113
Q

Grandparenthood

A 
•average age late 40s 
•highly meaningful to most 
•(grand parenting styles vary) 
•meanings
-valued elder
-immortality through descendants 
-re involvement with personal past 
-indulgence 
-more children being raised by their grandparents 
-helping grand children cope with divorce of the parents

3 findings

  • wait your turn to play with baby
  • give support, not advice
  • communicate with grandchildren through modern means
114
Q

Caring for aging parents

A

•”sandwich generation”
•finances, locating, gender, culture all factors
•highly stressful
-as people get older, work needs increase

115
Q

Careers

A

•burnout (find areas of creativity) (in life or job)
-result of long term job stress
•career development (few career changes)
•retirement planning
(Start saving as soon as you can for retirement)

116
Q

Problem vs emotion-centered coping

A

•problem-centered coping
-identify and appraise problems
-choose and implement potential solutions
•emotion-centered coping
-control distress when situation can’t be changed (not sustainable, can’t always be using this method)

117
Q

Levinson

A

•middle adult season

  • midlife transition (40-45)
  • entry life structure (45-50)
  • age 50 transition (50-55)
  • culminating life structure (55-60)

Destruction & creation
Positive of getting old
Masculinity/ femininity
Men and women get traits of each as aging

118
Q

vaillant’s view of mid life

A
  • keepers of meaning

* “passing the torch” becomes important

119
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A 
Neuroticism (guilt prone, anxious) 
Extroversion  (outgoing) 
Openness to experience 
Agreeableness (accommodation) 
Conscientiousness (responsible)

OCEAN

120
Q

Older adulthood (65yr)

A

65 vs 100 – different– independence, what they’re doing

121
Q

Functional age

A
  • actual competence & performance

- may not match chronological age

122
Q

Life expectancy

A 
Increasing in North America 
-lower infant mortality 
-Lower adult deaths 
Group differences 
-women live longer 
-SES (more financial resources) 
-ethnicity (white 5-7 yrs longer than life expectancy of African American) 
-nationality (34th in world)

(9th in homicide rates)

We have an epidemic of gun violence

Protective X— two X for women. Gender gap shrinking in industrialized places– w- 85, m-79 (life expectancy)

Japan (healthy vigorous life) life expectancy went up by 15yrs, others about 10yrs
CIA- Monico - 89.7 yrs
Angola - 38,2 yrs

Places with higher life expectancy

  • access to healthcare
  • good housing and social services
  • respect for their elders
123
Q

Quality vs quantity of life

A

Vigorous life span
Japan 1st
Canada 12th
America 24th

124
Q

quality of life

A

Body (physical)
Activities of daily living (ADLs)
Basic self care tasks
Bathing, dressing, eating

Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)
(Cognitive) (higher level of thinking)
Conducting business of everyday life
Require cognitive competence
Shopping, food prep, house keeping (lose these first)
(20% have trouble with these as they get older)
(After age 70—10% lose these?)
(Can help with these—they can live independently longer)
Ruth hater Ginsburg- does well cognitively– her daughter comes to help prepare meals for her

125
Q

Factors in a long life

A 
Heredity
Environmental/ lifestyle 
-healthy diet, normal weight
-exercise 
-low substance use
-optimism 
-low stress 
-social support 
-community involvement (volunteering, working) 
-learning (challenge your brain)

Those who live to 100- baby after 40 no complications
1/4 of men to 100- happily married

126
Q

Aging and the nervous system

A

-loss of brain weight accelerates after age 60
-neurons lost in frontal lobes, corpus callosum, cerebellum (balance), glial cells (improntat to mylin sheeth)
-autonomic nervous system less efficient
Brain can compensate
New fibers, neurons

Bilingual- good
New connections
Use more parts of brain

Learning new things in old age helps

Visual impairments and aging

  • lower visual acuity
  • poor dark adaption, sensitivity to glare
  • decreased color, depth perception
  • cataracts (can be removed)
  • macular degeneration leading cause of vision loss for Americans over 60 (fat deposits under the macula)

These things run in families

127
Q

Aging and visual and hearing impairment

A

Visual
Men- Lower difficulty
Women- higher difficulty

Hearing (potentially from environment)
Men- higher difficulty
Women- lower difficulty

128
Q

Effects of sensory changes

A

•vision (may fall because they don’t see as well)

129
Q

Aging systems of the body

A
  • cardiovascular/ respiratory
  • immune (decline starts in 20s)

Blood flow slower
Smaller lung capacity

130
Q

Sleep and aging

A

•need less sleep
•preferred sleep time shifts (morning larks)
Bed earlier-wake up earlier
Sleeping more is bad and indicates something could be going on
Insomnia, restless legs, resting wakefulness.
Getting right amount of sleep— less dementia, more memories formed

131
Q

Physical appearance and mobility

A
  • skin- fragile
  • ears, nose, teeth, hair (65 or older have own teeth)
  • height, weight (lose at about 60 years old)
  • muscle strength (by 80s 30-50% loss)
  • bone strength
  • less flexibility

Last three related to mobility

132
Q

Adapting to physical changes of aging

A
  • multidimensional
  • effective coping strategies
  • assistive technology (reminders- bars in shower, canes)
133
Q

Stereotypes of aging

A
  • many assume deterioration is inevitable
  • stereotype threat (stop driving cause worried you’d crash)
  • may be changing more positive portrayals of older adults
134
Q

Aging and perceptions of health

A
  • How you compare yourself to others your age
  • when in 70s- usually same
  • older people self rate less realistically (optimism)
135
Q

Nutrition in late adulthood

A

•need extra nutrients (proteins, iron)
•problems eating (chewing, cutting, digestion)
*supplements, diet changes may help

136
Q

Primary and secondary aging

A
  • primary- happens to everyone in species

* secondary- individual, illnesses, disabilities

137
Q

Frailty

A
  • Nutrition in late adulthood
  • need extra nutrients
  • problems eating
  • supplements, diet changes may help
138
Q

Exercise in late adulthood

A
  • continued exercise is best, but never too late to start
  • benefits- stamina, brain function, self esteem
  • barriers
139
Q

4 thugs to continue practicing in old age

A
  • getting out of your chair in 30 seconds
  • balance (on one foot)
  • get ready to go in less than 13 seconds
  • grip strength

Champs program
Thrive program

140
Q

Accidents in late adulthood

A

•motor vehicle
•falls- vision, balance, strength issues (exercise, physical therapy, walking aids)
•prevention
Reducing activity in risky situations

(May choose not to do a risky thing)

Retraining helps
Reminding not to text and drive
Redesigning street signs and controls in cars

141
Q

Mental disabilities in late adulthood

A

•dementia- umbrella term
•Alzheimer’s disease most common
•cerebrovascular dementia (stokes that leave dead brain cells)
•misdiagnosis, reversible dementia (hearing issues)
(Mediation side effects) (sodium levels, sugar levels)

Mini strokes
Depression

Sleep- good quality (helps) 
Familial risks- genetic, plaque build up 
Mediterranean diet 
Learn new things 
Physically active

Video- what it is like to have dementia
Increasingly dependent
Harder to see, walk, move hands

142
Q

Helpful for caregivers of elders with dementia

A
  • knowledge
  • coping strategies
  • caregiving skills
  • respite
143
Q

Stroke

A 
•blood flow to brain is disrupted 
•#4 cause of death in women #5 cause of death in men 
•damage can continue days after event 
-ischemic (87%) more common 
-blood clot or plaque blockage 
Hemorrhagic
-blood vessel bursts and spills blood
144
Q

Stroke symptoms

A 
Time is of the essence 
Quality care within first 3hrs
•fast 
•face- drooping, numb, lopsided smile
•arm weakness- raise both arms:
Weakness, numbness, drifting down on one side 
•speech difficulty- slurring, difficulty forming words, incomprehensible 
•time to call 911- of any symptoms
145
Q

Stroke risk factors- uncontrollable

A 
•age 
-all 
-increased risk after 55yrs
•gender 
-female 
-pregnancy, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, oral contraceptives + smoking, hormone therapy, migraine with aura + smoking
146
Q

Stroke risk factors- uncontrollable

A 
•family history of stroke 
-especially if < 65yrs 
•ethnicity 
-African American 
-2x risk of whites 
-sickle cell anemia 
•Hispanic American 
-earlier onset, especially for Mexican Americans
147
Q

Stroke risk factors- uncontrollable

A
  • prior stroke or heart attack

* strokeassociation.org (for professionals)

148
Q

Stroke risk factors- controllable

A
  • high blood pressure/ high cholesterol
  • smoking
  • diabetes
  • diet
  • exercise
  • obesity
  • other heart disease
149
Q

I’m the event of a stroke

A
  • call 911
  • best within 3hrs
  • PT, OT, ST, all help
150
Q

Sexuality in late adulthood

A

•still important
•continue patterns from earlier years
•enjoy activities other than intercourse
•cultural influences
•STDs - second highest rates after teenagers
HIV most common STD for an older adult
Their sex ed was about not getting pregnant

151
Q

Arthritis

A

Osteoarthritis (use a joint a lot- it breaks down)

Rheumatoid arthritis- affects whole body, but shows up in joints- cartilage grows over the joints

152
Q

Adult onset diabetes (this is type 2)

A

•two little insulin or cells insensitive to insulin

153
Q

Long term care

A
  • move with advanced age
  • varies by SES, ethnic group (white’s take on all) (other ethnicities look for help)
  • alternatives

Selective optimization with compensation
Select- choosing personally valued activity
Optimize- devoting diminishing resources for valued activities
Compensate (what’s more valuable)- making up for what cannot be done by choosing what’s more important and [finding creative ways to overcome complications]

154
Q

Memory

A 
•remote 
•prospective (hard for older adults)
How to plan to do things in the future 
Remembering to do things in the future 
Take medicine 3 times daily 10 days 
Make things event based rather than time base

Car accident
Crash vs bump or hit
Memory not always accurate, but consistent

155
Q

Language processing

A
  • Compression
  • retrieval
  • planning- false starts sentence fragments
  • compensation- simple grammer
156
Q

Problem solving

A

•real problems
•extend strategies from middle adulthood
-people tend to avoid uncontrollable problems

157
Q

Life long learning

A
  • Educational participation increasing
  • many benefits- helps reduce dementia, maintain relationships, keeps you happy

App used to be in the front runner of programs for furthering education for older adults

  • we stopped
  • she thinks app will have this program again
158
Q

Erikson

Ego vs integrity

A

(More angry- more fearful)
Forgiving yourself for mistakes
Come to term with things

159
Q

Wisdom

A
  • depth and breadth of practical knowledge
  • reflect
  • apply knowledge to improve life
  • listening and evaluate
  • advice
  • altruistic creativity
160
Q

Who is wise?

A

Need life experience piece
Age is no indicator or being wise
Could be young or old and be wise
-adversity- death of loved one, experience life during a war
-helping profession- have more of these skills (more likely to develop wisdom)
-practice matters

161
Q

Personality

A 
•secure, multifaceted self-concept 
•shifts in some characteristics 
-clear concept of who they are 
-openness to new experiences- most controversial, but means you're more intelligent (physically limit yourself though) 
-main character traits remain consistent
162
Q

Spirituality and religion

A

•many become more religious/ spiritual with age
•physical, psychological benefits
-more active, enjoying time with people of a different age than them
-don’t smoke
-religious involvement (feelings of inclusion, peace)

163
Q

Factors in psychological well-being

A 
•Control vs dependency 
-dependency- support script 
-independence- ignore script 
•why does this matter? 
-can develop atrophy if you're not doing things for yourself
164
Q

Factors in psychological well-being

A 
•control vs dependency 
•health 
•negative life changes 
•social support, interaction 
(Nursing homes that offer good activities)
165
Q

Relationship

A 
•marriage 
•long term gay and lesbian partnerships 
•divorce, remarriage, cohabitation 
•widowhood- challenge, males are more stoic about seeking help 
-long lasting friendships matter

Possible sources of support for widowed
-friends, family, hospice, support groups

166
Q

Friendships in late adulthood

A

In same game club

-commonalities

167
Q

Never-married childless elders

A

•5% in North America
•develop alternative meaningful relationships
•men more likely to be lonely
-common for LGTB people

168
Q

Relationships with adult children

A
  • quality of relationship affects elders physical and metal health
  • assist each other
  • parents prefer to help children for as long as possible
  • gender differences
169
Q

Relationships with grandchildren, great grandchildren

A
  • half of grandchildren are adults
  • relationships vary
  • limited role with great grandchildren
170
Q

Elder

A

End of life (dying)

Is there such a thing as good death?

171
Q

Grief

A

Experiences of people observing or going through the death

  • denial
  • anger
  • bargaining
  • depression -removal of time limit of depression associated with grief- if it lasts too long “complicated grief”
  • acceptance- this is the goal
172
Q

Hospice

A
  • helps you through the process of dying-try to help limit pain
  • cancer (mom) -writes letters for milestones of her children

6 months or less to live- you get moved to hospice

Hospice- help with after the death of the person

For person dying- palliative care

Women had a brain anurism- she helped about 60 people with her organ donations

We’re an opt in system for organ donor

Offer to do practical things to help someone who lost someone

PSY HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVEL (4 decks)

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