Test 3 Flashcards
Body growth in middle childhood (6-11yrs old)
- A lot of brain growth
- might not see the changes
- a lot more subtle
- brain development mainly
Common health problems in middle childhood
Vision- myopia (near sightedness). (Most likely discovered because this is when they’re first going to school) (mid-high income)
Hearing- otitis media (middle ear infection). Hearing loss related. Low income children get it 20% more, more common for low income)
Malnutrition- improper nutrition. Obesity
Illnesses- exposed to stuff in school
Injuries- more common when more independent. 85% reduced risk when wearing a helmet (take safety precautions). Head injuring is the leading cause of brain injury or death (same with car accidents)
Health risks for obese children
- more likely to be overweight adults
- lifelong health risks
Causes of obesity in middle childhood
- overweight parents
- low ses
- parent’s feeding practices
- low physical activity (need recess in schools)
- TV (kids particularly susceptible to external stimuli action toward food advertisements)
- cultural food environment
TV viewing and body fat gains
TV correlates with body fat gains
Illness in middle childhood
-high rates first two years of school
-chronic conditions
Asthma
Severe chronic illnesses
Asthma
-bronchial tubes very sensitive to stimuli Cold, infection, pollution, stress Wheezing, coughing, breathing problems -increasingly common -heredity, environment increases risk
Fatal injuries in middle childhood and adolescence leading cause of death
1) Car accidents
2) Bike accidents
Cognitive development
Piaget: concrete operational stage -thought becomes more logical, flexible
Working memory is closer to ses levels
Cortisol - stress levels
Picnic, her son, another younger boy-rain, like the rain- worms come out- where? The sky. Logical idea, but incorrect. Beginning of concrete operational stage
Defining and measuring intelligence
- why do we want to measure intelligence?
- should we try to measure intelligence?
- what makes a good test?
Average IQ and what to do with higher IQ children
Average IQ- 100
Higher IQ- need enrichments
IQ scores today
- points earned for each correct answer
- total score compared to other people your age
- average score at each age level is assigned IQ of 100
- intelligence quotient, or IQ reflects one’s relative standing within population of one’s age
Howard gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
1) linguistic
2) logical- mathematical
3) musical
4) spatial
5) bodily-kinesthetic
6) naturalistic
7) interpersonal
8) intrapersonal
Linguistic
- good vocabulary and recalling comprehension
- poets, journalists, attorneys
- “to be or not to be, that is the question” Shakespeare
Logical-mathematical
- skill at arithmetic and certain kinds of reasoning
- scientific thinking
- temple grandin (humane animal slaughter)
Musical
- abilities involving rhythm, tempo, and sound identification
- Elvis Presley
Spatial
- understanding of relationships between objects
- frank Lloyd wright
Bodily-kinesthetic
- skill at dancing, athletics, and hang eye coordination
- Armanti Edwards
Naturalistic
- ability to see patterns in nature
- Rachel Carson author of silent spring
Interpersonal
- ability to understand other’s feelings
- Oprah Winfrey
Intrapersonal
- self-knowledge
- Virginia wolf
- knowing yourself, knowing what you need
Creativity
Divergent thinking tests measure creativity
Divergent thinking: the ability to think along many paths to generate multiple solutions to a problem
Creative behavior requires divergent thinking that is appropriate for a given situation or problem
Characteristics necessary for creativity
- Willingness to take risks
- Think outside of the box
- Motivation to pursue creative works for internal, not external drive
Creativity and intelligence
- Correlation between scores in IQ tests and creativity tests are modest
- Creativity tests require broad divergent thinking while traditional IQ tests assess convergent thinking
- Narrow down possible solutions
- Wisdom= intelligence and creativity in the same person
Gender
- stereotypes- 18mos (men-rough, sharp) (women-soft, round)
- influences
Theories of gender identity
- social learning theory (wear a dress, feel feminine
- cognitive development (I feel feminine, so I wear a dress)
- gender schema (combo of both)
Gender schemas and behavior
- gender schematic child (thinking about gender)
- gender a-schematic child (not thinking about gender)
Gender typing in middle childhood
- Gender stereotypes
- gender identity
- influence of culture and social factors
Gender identity
- self evaluations impact adjustment
- gender typicality (feel like you fit in)
How can we reduce gender stereotyping?
Dad’s cooking
Mom’s grilling
Avoid language that carries gender stereotypes call out gender discrimination
Erikson
-industry vs inferiority (cooperate with others, hard work)
Self concept
-changes during mid-childhood
Hierarchical structure of self-esteem (ages 6-7)
School, relationships, sports, and appearance
General self esteem drops in first yrs of elementary school
4th grade- self esteem starts to rise
Most linked to appearance (self esteem)
Positive relationship to things we spend our time on and self esteem
Kids good at school- most likely to stick with school
High school self esteem more liked
Low self esteem across the board- more anxiety, depression (antisocial behavior)
What two countries score highest in academic achievement
China and Japan
Self esteem
Girls tend to score lower than boys
African Americans have higher self esteem
Kids who attend schools with people more like them (better self esteem)
Parenting styles and how they affect kid’s evaluation of themselves
authoritative- kids evaluate themselves accurately
authoritarian- feel inadequate (lower self esteem)
Permissive- unrealistically high self esteem
Generational changes in self esteem
High in 1965, dipped and then raised back up in 1995
Achievement related attributions
Mastery-oriented (credit success with hard work)
Learned helplessness (attribute failures to their ability) (gives up without even trying)
Parents have a big impact on this
How to foster mastery-oriented approach?
- provision of tasks
- parent and teacher encouragement
- performance evaluations
- school environment
Emotional development
-gains in competence
-pride in competence
-pride and guilt (feel guilt when you do something on purpose)
-emotional understanding (got socks, disappointed/ happy to receive present)
-emotional self regulation
Emotional self efficacy
By age 10- two methods (remove self, close eyes)
Coping strategies
Problem-centered coping (Katrina, failed spelling test)
Emotion-centered coping
Adolescent physical development
3 phases of adolescence
Early- 11/12-14yrs (rapid pubertal change)
Middle- 14-16yrs (puberty nearly completed)
Late- 16-18yrs (full adult appearance, anticipation of adult role)
Physical changes
-hormone shift
Proximodistal trend (feet and hands have grown earlier)
11-20 for guy’s puberty
Puberty
Girls- growth spurt at 10 (hold onto more body fat) (period)
Boys- growth spurt 12.5 yrs (gain more muscle). Shoulders broaden, body hair, first ejaculation.
Girls are starting periods earlier
- better nutrition
- body fat
- hormones in food
- family stress
May feel awkward
Timing of puberty matters
- girls enter into adolescence early (drug abuse and sexual promiscuity) (more conflict with parents)
- boys entering earlier (big advantage) (socially and physically) (muscular advantage)
Late maturing
-girls (school leaders, positive body image)
-boys (anxious, attention seeking, negative body image)
(Some research is saying it’s not advantageous for either to enter earlier)
Sleep habits in adolescence
- phase delay (go to bed late, sleep in late) (not getting enough sleep) (hard time falling asleep)
- 9am start for high school would be better
- high stakes tests should be moved to the afternoon
- attention, mood (difficulty regulating)
Adolescent sexuality adjustment
-media vs family
Info helps
- parents
- questions
Talking to adolescents about sex
- foster open communication
- use correct terms
- Listen, discuss, collaborate
- think before talking
- keep conversations going
Adolescent contraceptive use
- great Britain most
- united states least
Most common STI’s
- chlamydia (no symptoms)
- gonorrhea (usually no symptoms)
- syphilis (sores or rash)
Usually don’t go away, but manageable:
- HIV/AIDS
- HPV (genital warts, cancer)
- genital herpes (blisters, sores)
-pelvic inflammatory disease (can affect fertility)
Birth control + smoking
Risk of blood clots
Nutrition
Less fruits and veggies, less milk
- calories
- family meal (lower teen pregnancy rates, less troubles with law)
Disordered eating
(Criteria used to require you were female)
-obesity (on test-not an eating disorder)
-anorexia nervosa
-bulimia nervosa (binging with purge)
(Maybe a body image issue)
Eating disorders are most life threatening type of thing the DSM
Risks
- 75% of deaths from accidents, suicide, and homicide
- drugs
- high risk sex
Brain development
- pruning
- growth and myelination (best it will be) (quick response)
- neurotransmitter (intense reaction to stress, novelty)
Cognitive development
Formal operations
- abstract thought
- introspective
- idealistic
Follow-up research
-school age children
-universal?
Hypothesize ideas
Information processing improvements
-what improves?
Base knowledge, metacognition, memory strategies, cognitive self regulation
Scientific reasoning
-improves with age
-contributing factors
(Exposure to complex ideas)
Good win scientific reasoning- open minded
Consequences of abstract thought
- self consciousness (thinking everyone is looking at you)
- idealism and criticism (important not to crush, encourage and shape it)
- planning (authoritative parenting style best to shape planning)
Sex differences in mental abilities
Skill: verbal
Performance: girls do better
Biological influence: girls advantage of left hemisphere of brain
Environmental influence: parents talk to girls more, language arts cons.
Feminine
Skill: math
Performance: boys do better
Biological influence: boys do better at numerical memory, spatial reasoning
Environmental influence: math-masculine, parents often see boys as better at math
Who does medial anemia affect in regards to skills?
Girls
Possible reason they do not do as well
Subclinical anemia (not high enough)
Multivitamin may help
When moms take acetaminophen (Advil?) during pregnancy, what can it affect?
If taken fewer than 7 days- reduced risk
If taken 29 days or more- 2x the risk of developing ADHD
School transition in adolescence
- grades decline (less support, high stress)
- girls more effected (low self esteem)
- more school problems
Helping adolescence adjust to school transitions
-parents
-schools
-peers
-competition
Having a designated home room teacher can help. Especially one that doesn’t teach their other classes (doesn’t give them a grade).
Supporting academic acheivemnet
- parenting (letting kids make choices on their own)
- school
- peer (if their friends are good at academics and have high aspirations)
- employment
High school graduation rates by country
Denmark has the highest
U.S. Has the lowest
Canada has the second lowest
Drop out rates from highest to lowest by ethnicity
Canadian aboriginal
Hispanic
African American
U.S. And Canadian