TEST 2 Flashcards
Braxton hicks contractions
Practice contractions. Eventually turns into the real thing. 36 weeks?
When the minutes between contractions becomes _______ you go to the hospital. And also, how many minutes in rural areas?
Usually go to the hospital when there’s 5 mins between contractions.
If you live in a rural area, 7-8 mins
3 stages of birth
1a. Dilation and effacement of the cervix
1b. Transition—most intense
2a. Pushing
2b. Birth of the baby
3a. Delivery of placenta
What’s the normal positioning of the baby? (Head first or last)
Head first is normal.
Any other position is breach position
Which country has the highest rate of maternal mortality out of developed countries?
U. S. Has the worst rate out of developed countries
26/100,000 die giving birth
Postpartum warning signs
- bleeding that is heavier than normal period or gets worse.
- discharge or pain or redness that doesn’t go away or looks worse.
- sadness longer than 10 days.
- fever of 104+
- pain going to the bathroom
- pain in legs
- pain or red streaks in breast
- lower belly pain
- vaginal discharge that smells bad
How many mothers get baby blues? (Last about 10 days or less)
80%
How many mothers suffer postpartum depression?
15-30%
What occurs with postpartum psychosis
Psychotic episodes. She gave an example of her friend waking up from a nap and then throwing stuff at the baby and strange doesn’t want the baby anymore. Then she went to the hospital for a few weeks and recovered and got through the psychosis and then came back and said she still wanted her baby and that what she said she didn’t mean.
Newborn development (the APGAR scale) What are the criteria they test for and what scores mean what?
Appearance of the baby Pulse (heart rate) Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (moving arms and legs) Respiration (breathing) Want a score of 7 or higher 4-6 needs help breathing 3 or below is in imminent danger
What did low APGAR scores mean a while ago and what do they mean now with our new technology?
Back then it meant that children would most likely not be able to live by themselves. Now there are good interventions
Myth about breastfeeding
Some people think they can use this as a method of birth control. It is not an effective method of birth control.
Colostrum
Perfect food for newborn baby. This is what the mom produces right when the baby is born.
How long should you breastfeed?
Start within one hour of birth. Continue for at least six months. AAP says continue for 1yr.
WHO says 2yrs.
Infant states of arousal
Regular sleep: 8-9 hrs/day (not consecutive) Irregular sleep: 8-9hrs/ day Drowsiness: varies by baby Quiet alertness: 2-3hrs/ day Waking activity and crying: 1-4hrs/ day
Collic
Crying a lot. Inconsolable.
Had less of the beneficial bacteria.
Ways to soothe a crying baby
Hold on shoulder and rock or walk Swaddle Offer pacifier Go for a ride Massage Combine methods Let cry for a short time
Swaddling (how long?)
If a baby likes to be swaddled, still don’t do it more than one hour per day
What is the most advanced sense at birth and the least advanced?
Newborn sense of hearing is the most advanced sense at birth. They prefer the complex sounds too pure tones. They learn sound patterns within days.
Newborn sense of vision is the least developed sense at birth. Visual structures and eyes and brain not fully formed. Color vision improves in first two months
SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome
- avoid tobacco
- leading cause of death in babies 1mo-1yr.
- new research on serotonin levels
- “back to sleep”-lay baby on back to sleep
- avoid soft bedding, overhearing baby, or toys in crib
- breast feed and offer pacifiers
- avoid co-sleeping, especially if using drugs, alcohol, or is obese
Infancy
- gain 50% in height from birth to age 1
- 75% by age 2
- grow in spurts
- gain “baby fat” until about 9 mo.s then get slimmer- walks around, active
- girls slightly shorter and lighter than boys
Cephalocaudal
- “head to tail”
- lower part of body grows later than head
Proximodisal
- “near to far”
- extremities grow later than head, chest, and trunk
Brain plasticity
-in infants and young children, parts of brain are not yet specialized
-recover better from brain injury
(Language recovers better than spatial skills)
(Still have some problems with complex mental skills)
-older children, even adults, have some plasticity
Sensitive periods in brain development
- experience-expectant growth (cry, be held, see things)
- experience-dependent growth (specialized things unique to you. Musician)
Influences on early growth
- heredity
- nutrition (breast feeding)
- malnutrition
- emotional well-being
Benefits of breastfeeding
- correct fat protein balance
- nutritionally complete
- more digestible
- better growth (improved self regulation of food intake)
- disease protection
- better jaw and tooth development
- easier transition to solid food
Malnutrition
1/3 of the world’s children are malnourished before age 5
Marasmus (malnutrition)
- not enough essential nutrients
- looks very thin
Kwashiorkor (malnutrition) “when the second baby comes”
- diet very low in protein
- common where toddlers (1-3 yr old) have enough calories but not enough protein
- distended belly
Growth-stunting (malnutrition)
- smaller bodies overall
- eventually have higher body fat and more likely to be overweight than non-stunted age mates
Consequences of malnutrition
- physical symptoms
- growth and weight problems
- Poor motor development
- Learning, attention problems
- Passivity, irritability, anxiety
Gross motor development
Crawling, standing, walking
Fine motor development
Reaching, grasping
Each new motor skill is a joint product of: (4 things)
- CNS development (central nervous system)
- Body’s movement capacity
- Child’s goals (keep up w/ siblings)
- Environmental supports
Rates and patterns of motor development affected by: (3 things)
- Early movement opportunities
- Environment stimulation
- Child-rearing practices
Ulnar grasp
Grasp large objects, very open handed
Pincer grasp
More fine pinching
8-11mo
Contrast sensitivity
Bold checker board (big and blocky) vs complex checkerboard (difficult)
Assimilation
Kitty size of kid's dog "dog" "No, cat" "Dog" Using current schemas to interpret external world.
Accommodation
"Dog?" "Cat" "...huh" "cat?" "Yes" Adjusting old schemas and creating new ones to better fit the environment.
Sensorimotor stage
- birth to 2yrs
- building schemas through sensory and motor exploration
- circular reactions: infant tried to repeat chance event cause by own motor activity
- see substages (p. 153)
Object permanence
- understanding the objects continue to exist when out of sight
- according to Piaget, develops in substage four
- not yet complete A-not-B search error
Newest research has found: (5 things)
- Six weeks old (facial imitation)
- Six-nine mo old (copy actions w/ objects)
- Twelve-fourteen mo old (imitate rationally)
- Eighteen mo old (imitate intended, but not completed, actions)
- Two year old (imitate entire social role (mommy, daddy, baby)
Evaluation of sensorimotor stage
Developed when Piaget suggested:
Object search
A-not-B error
Make believe play
Developed earlier than Piaget suggested: Object permanence Deferred imitation Categorization Problem solving by analogy
Suggested domains of core knowledge (4)
Linguistic
Psychologically
Physical
Numerical
3 theories of language development
Behaviorist- operant conditioning, reinforcement
Nativist- nature, prepared to learn language
Interactions- reinforcement and environment
First speech sounds
Cooing- vowels
Babbling- consonants and vowels
Emotional milestones (5)
Happiness (social smiles around 6weeks)
Anxiety (8-12mo stranger anxiety highest)
Social referencing (8-10mo relying on someone else’s reactions)
Self conscious emotions (18mo shame, envy, pride, guilt)
Emotional self-regulation (special growth 2-4mo, 4-6mo, and 18mo)
3 types of temperaments for babies
- Flexible
- aka easy
- Most babies (40%)
- gerber babies, predictable, smiley, resilient, cuddly, not very fussy - Fearful
- aka slow to warm up
- 15% of babies
- cautious, look before they leap, easily over stimulated, slow to notice they are hungry - Feisty
- aka “difficult”
- 10% of babies
- constant physical activity, demand a lot of attention, easily distracted, irregular schedule
Psychosocial dwarfism
No love and emotion needs for fulfilled. Not growing even though they are eating
Eating in early childhood
Appetite decreases
Wariness of new foods is adaptive
Need high-quality diet
Children need to try something 15 times before they like it
Should limit juice and eat the actual fruit instead
Neophobic
Picky eater. Feeling nervous around new foods
Malnutrition
- Illness reduces appetite
- Diarrhea is a danger (children and other parts of the world can die from this)
- oral rehydration therapy and zinc can help
Synaptic pruning
2 to 6-year-olds have twice the neurons than an adult brain
Different pathways are pruned in order to make room for the parts that are being used more
Car seats
- Infants/toddlers: rear facing until age 2 or max weight and height for seat.
- toddlers/preschoolers: convertible of forward facing seat with 5 point harness until max height and weight.
- school age: booster seat until max height and weight for seat, usually 4ft 9in and 8-12 years old.
- all children: until enough should ride in the back seat of the car (under 13)
Things that effect safety (3 things) for kids
Car-seats
Bikes (wear helmet)
Guns
Firearm safety
- safest home is one without guns
- ask if firearms are in the home at each visit (regular question from pediatrician)
- advise locking guns and ammunition separately
- remove guns if any child/ adolescent is depressed
- instruct parents to ask if there is a gun in the home before allowing child to play at friends home
- recommend “media diet” when a sudden shocking event occurs
Motor skill development in early childhood
Gross motor skills-walking
Fine motor skills-using form, drawing
Individual differences in motor skills
- genetics
- size, shape
- gender (boys usually encouraged to do “boy” stuff)
- practice
- caregiver encouragement
Piaget’s pre-operational stage
- ages 2-7
- gains in mental representation
- limitations in thinking
- learning reversibility
- amnistic thinking “blanky wants spaghetti for dinner”
Conservation
Things are still the same amount—clay ball—turn into snake
Piaget’s class inclusion problem
Flowers
4 blue flowers
12 yellow flowers
More flowers total than there are yellow flowers (kids can’t always get this)
Who said “play is the work of the child”
Maria Montessori
Make-believe
with age make-believe becomes: More detached from real life conditions Less self-centered More complex Sociodramatic play
Temper tantrums
-manipulative (trying to get away wit something)
-temperamental (something going wrong for kid)
(Time outs are effective—1 min per yr of age)
3 ways to deal with a temper tantrum
- substitute activities
- mutual problem solving
- ignore
