Test 1 Flashcards
The field of human development
- studies stability and plasticity (speech therapy and how the brain is able to regain that ability)
- scientific
- applied
- interdisciplinary (info from medical, social work, etc.)
What is a theory?
an orderly, integrated set of statements that:
- describe behavior
- explain behavior
- predict behavior
3 big issues in development
Continuous or discontinuous (Piaget and erikson)?
One course of development or many?
Nature or nurture?
Life span view of development
(Balanced approach)
(Not one age is more important)
Infancy->childhood->adulthood
Physical, cognitive, emotional/social development
Multidimensional view of development
Biopyschosocial
Shipwreck vs butterfly approach
Happens all at once or gradually
Things that affect development
Intelligence
Easy going (temperament)
Warm parental relationship
Resilience- can you go on
Social support outside of family
Community resources
Influences on development
Age-graded
History graded - epidemics, wars, (digital natives)
Non normative - cancer, music lessons
Early scientific study
Normative- what is normal?
Mental testing movement - IQ test
Freud
Contributions- parent/child relationship
Concerns- focused too much on sexual
Erik erikson -accepted stages -psychosocial development Contributions- the lifespan Concerns- based on psychosexual model Psychoanalytic theory
John B. Watson -nurture -arrive in the world as a blank slate -little Albert -behaviorism -shape environment -think of the home as a laboratory Ethical concerns about little Albert- he had hydrosyphilus (he was not a typically developing kid) Died at a very young age Little Albert- stimulus ->response (reflex)
Theories
Operant conditioning: reinforcers and punishments
Premack
Social learning: modeling
Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor
Pre operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Clinical interviews
Contributions- children are active learners
Concerns- underestimated what kids could do
Tests- performance based, little learning after adolescence
Lev vygotsky
-cultures, values, beliefs, skills- transferred to next generation
-interaction, important
-didn’t have to learn from experts (someone who is experienced in the area)
Observational learning
Scaffolding- a framework to help build the knowledge
Belief of culture
Every culture has its own strengths
-contributions- culture
-concerns- neglected bio aspect of development (he died young)
Didn’t talk much about our individual effect on the world
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Biological ecosystems theory
- Influenced by family and peers
- the parent wasn’t just influencing
The child-
Bidirectional influence
Nest theory- interaction between school, family, day care, etc.
Mesosystem (center of circle)
Exosystem (extended family)
Macrosystem (broad ideology) (laws, customs of culture, subculture)
Chronosystem (time you were born) (outer ring)
Not in a vacuum, not a bubble
Recent theories
Information-processing
Based on computer model
Developmental cognitive neuroscience
Etiological
Evolutionary- how did we evolve this way, how did we become this way?
Compare these theories
Similarities, differences, think of lifespan perspective, nurture vs nature
Rights of research participants
- protection from harm
- informed consent
- privacy
- knowledge of results
- beneficial treatments
Research guidelines worldwide cause of WW2
IRB- Institutional Review Board
Even a review board for animals
Rights
- no harm
- not physical, psychological
Informed consent
- parents give consent, children give ascent that they hand it off to parent’s approval
- must be in a language you can understand
- whether or not you’ll participate
- IRB approval
- right to leave whenever
Protect: Elderly mentally disordered Pregnant Homeless Inmates Low income
Right to privacy-
Can’t talk about study in public
If written about, name should be anonymous
Right to know the results
Must know if studies have IRB approval
As a researcher- be open to criticism
Biological beginnings- genetic
Genotype- genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype- observable characteristics of an individual
Genetic foundations
- chromosomes
- genes
- DNA
terminology
- autosomes
- sex chromosomes (determines gender)
- gametes (sex cells, sperm, egg (ova))
- zygote
Mom. Dad Fem. X. X Male X. Y
All females have two X’s -> protective X
Think this is why females live longer
Twins
Fraternal/dizygotic
Identical/monozygotic
if the split doesn’t fully happen, you have conjoined twins
As age of mother increases- Higher number of multiples-more risk in birth
Alleles
-two forms of the same gene
Average relatedness (biological) Share genes-> 50% w/ parents 50% w/ siblings 25% w/ uncle, aunt, grandparents 12.5% w/ cousins
Dominant-recessive inheritance
Coca Cola- not for ppl with PKU
Punant square
Huntingtons disease is related to dominant genes
X-linked inheritance
This X chromosome has one abnormal recessive allele
Royal houses of Europe- hemophilia
A disease or complication that was basically breed into the royal family genes because they had so many couples that were related to one another
