Test 1 Flashcards
The field of human development
- studies stability and plasticity (speech therapy and how the brain is able to regain that ability)
- scientific
- applied
- interdisciplinary (info from medical, social work, etc.)
What is a theory?
an orderly, integrated set of statements that:
- describe behavior
- explain behavior
- predict behavior
3 big issues in development
Continuous or discontinuous (Piaget and erikson)?
One course of development or many?
Nature or nurture?
Life span view of development
(Balanced approach)
(Not one age is more important)
Infancy->childhood->adulthood
Physical, cognitive, emotional/social development
Multidimensional view of development
Biopyschosocial
Shipwreck vs butterfly approach
Happens all at once or gradually
Things that affect development
Intelligence
Easy going (temperament)
Warm parental relationship
Resilience- can you go on
Social support outside of family
Community resources
Influences on development
Age-graded
History graded - epidemics, wars, (digital natives)
Non normative - cancer, music lessons
Early scientific study
Normative- what is normal?
Mental testing movement - IQ test
Freud
Contributions- parent/child relationship
Concerns- focused too much on sexual
Erik erikson -accepted stages -psychosocial development Contributions- the lifespan Concerns- based on psychosexual model Psychoanalytic theory
John B. Watson -nurture -arrive in the world as a blank slate -little Albert -behaviorism -shape environment -think of the home as a laboratory Ethical concerns about little Albert- he had hydrosyphilus (he was not a typically developing kid) Died at a very young age Little Albert- stimulus ->response (reflex)
Theories
Operant conditioning: reinforcers and punishments
Premack
Social learning: modeling
Piaget’s stages
Sensorimotor
Pre operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Clinical interviews
Contributions- children are active learners
Concerns- underestimated what kids could do
Tests- performance based, little learning after adolescence
Lev vygotsky
-cultures, values, beliefs, skills- transferred to next generation
-interaction, important
-didn’t have to learn from experts (someone who is experienced in the area)
Observational learning
Scaffolding- a framework to help build the knowledge
Belief of culture
Every culture has its own strengths
-contributions- culture
-concerns- neglected bio aspect of development (he died young)
Didn’t talk much about our individual effect on the world
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Biological ecosystems theory
- Influenced by family and peers
- the parent wasn’t just influencing
The child-
Bidirectional influence
Nest theory- interaction between school, family, day care, etc.
Mesosystem (center of circle)
Exosystem (extended family)
Macrosystem (broad ideology) (laws, customs of culture, subculture)
Chronosystem (time you were born) (outer ring)
Not in a vacuum, not a bubble
Recent theories
Information-processing
Based on computer model
Developmental cognitive neuroscience
Etiological
Evolutionary- how did we evolve this way, how did we become this way?
Compare these theories
Similarities, differences, think of lifespan perspective, nurture vs nature
Rights of research participants
- protection from harm
- informed consent
- privacy
- knowledge of results
- beneficial treatments
Research guidelines worldwide cause of WW2
IRB- Institutional Review Board
Even a review board for animals
Rights
- no harm
- not physical, psychological
Informed consent
- parents give consent, children give ascent that they hand it off to parent’s approval
- must be in a language you can understand
- whether or not you’ll participate
- IRB approval
- right to leave whenever
Protect: Elderly mentally disordered Pregnant Homeless Inmates Low income
Right to privacy-
Can’t talk about study in public
If written about, name should be anonymous
Right to know the results
Must know if studies have IRB approval
As a researcher- be open to criticism
Biological beginnings- genetic
Genotype- genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype- observable characteristics of an individual
Genetic foundations
- chromosomes
- genes
- DNA
terminology
- autosomes
- sex chromosomes (determines gender)
- gametes (sex cells, sperm, egg (ova))
- zygote
Mom. Dad Fem. X. X Male X. Y
All females have two X’s -> protective X
Think this is why females live longer
Twins
Fraternal/dizygotic
Identical/monozygotic
if the split doesn’t fully happen, you have conjoined twins
As age of mother increases- Higher number of multiples-more risk in birth
Alleles
-two forms of the same gene
Average relatedness (biological) Share genes-> 50% w/ parents 50% w/ siblings 25% w/ uncle, aunt, grandparents 12.5% w/ cousins
Dominant-recessive inheritance
Coca Cola- not for ppl with PKU
Punant square
Huntingtons disease is related to dominant genes
X-linked inheritance
This X chromosome has one abnormal recessive allele
Royal houses of Europe- hemophilia
A disease or complication that was basically breed into the royal family genes because they had so many couples that were related to one another
Dominant vs recessive characteristics
Incomplete dominance and polygenic inheritance
-incomplete dominance
(Both alleles of a single gene are expressed)
(Results in combined trait of intermediate between the two)
-polygenic inheritance
(Many genes combine to influence trait
Genetic imprinting and mutation
Imprinting -chemical marker that activates either mother's or father's gene -often temporary Mutation -sudden permanent change in DNA segment
Blue people of Kentucky
Chromosomal abnormalities
Down syndrome
-problems w/ the 21st chromosome
-linked to maternal age
1 in 1900 births - age 20
1 in 300 births - age 35
1 in 30 births - age 45
Chromosomal abnormalities
-sex chromosome abnormalities Problems with the X or Y chromosomes -klinefelter syndrome (XXY) -fragile X -turner syndrome (XO) have 45 chromosomes (usually have 46) (occurs only in women) (YO wouldn't survive) -XXY syndrome (sperm had two Ys (Above average height)
Reproductive technologies
- donor insemination
- invitro fertilization
- surrogate mother
- new technologies
(Two sperm fertilize one egg)
(California cryobank- sperm bank)
Reproductive choices
- Genetic counseling and testing
- Prenatal diagnosis and fetal medicine
- Adoption
Genetic counseling and testing
-90% of pregnancies in US= healthy baby Helps couples: -assess chances of heredity disorders -choose best course of action -risks -family goals Recommended when: -couple has had difficulties -aware of genetic problems -woman is over 35
Most pregnancies result in a healthy baby
Prenatal diagnostic methods
- Amniocentesis
- chronic villus sambling (CVS)
- fetoscopy
- ultrasound
- maternal blood analysis
- preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Amniocentesis and CVS
-needle in in belly during ultrasound
Steps to take before conception
50% of pregnancies are unplanned
Physical exam
- consider genetic makeup
- reduce or eliminate toxins
- proper nutrition (take folic acid)
- consult doctor after 12 months (after 6 months if over 30- in text book)
35 is late to begin trying
Neural tube defects
(take folic acid)
- Failure of neural tube to close
- Around 28th day after fertilization
- NC has one of the highest rates in nation
- Higher in moms who are poor, obese, of English, Irish, or Hispanic heritage, or have diabetes or epilepsy
-reduce risk by 75% by taking 400mg of folic acid daily before conception
Environmental contexts for development
- Family
- Socioeconomic status and family functioning
- Affluence
- Poverty
Family influences on development (bidirectional influence)
Direct
-two person relationships
Indirect (family tension between parents)
-third parties
Adapting to change
-changes from within and outside the family
Declining birth rate
Longer lifespan
Socioeconomic status (SES)
Parental
Education
Occupation
Income
SES and family functioning
- timing and duration of family lifecycle
- father’s involvement
- values and expectations
- communication and discipline styles (goes together w/ Val. And exp.)
- children’s cognitive development
Education for girls
- why might girls not attend school
- why is education important to girls
Who is poor
51% of American children pre-k to 12th grade are eligible for free or reduced lunch
Poverty in late adulthood
Pension- goes to the person who worked
Extended families
-3 or more generations living together
-more common in many minority cultures
-benefits
•reduces stress of poverty
•assistance for all generations
•emotional bonds, support
Individualist and collectivist societies
- individualist
- collectivist
What type of society does the US have?
Individualist
Range of reaction
Gene-environment interaction- which means that because of their genetic makeup, individuals differ in their responsiveness to qualities of the environment. In other words, people have unique, genetically influenced reactions to particular experiences.
Genetic- environment correlation
Our genes influence the environments to which we are exposed
The epigenetic framework
Development takes place through ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment. Genes affect behavior/ experiences. Experiences/ behavior affect gene expression
Prenatal development
Conception and implantation
- girls are born with all their eggs
- by the time you have your first period, you release your first egg
- release an egg (2 weeks later– get your period)
Vagina-cervix-uterus-fallopian tube
Men-300 million sperm per day
Zygote-blastocyst-implantation
In Fallopian tube- ectopic pregnancy
Periods of prenatal development
2 weeks Zygote -2 weeks long -fertilization -implantation -start of placenta
6 weeks Embryo -6 weeks long -arms, legs, face, organs, muscles all develop -heart begins beating
30 weeks
Fetus
-30 weeks long
-“growth and finishing”
38 weeks total
People said it is 40 weeks- last menstrual period- that’s the date people usually count from (first day of the period)
The placenta and the umbilical cord
You will have a belly button no matter what- that’s where you get all of your nutrients
Consuming the placenta
Could have hepatitis, HIV, etc.
Increasing number of women who are pregnant and have cancer
-but can be treated
Prenatal development and later health
Low birth weight greater chance of: -Heart disease -Stroke -Diabetes
Higher birth weight
Greater chance of
-breast cancer
Sensitive periods in prenatal development
-morning sickness can happen any time a day
What if they’re too sick to keep food down- thalidomide (morning sickness medicine)
-can cause birth defects
Teratogenic substances Drugs -prescription -nonprescription (aspirin (no)) -illegal Tobacco Alcohol Radiation Environmental pollution Viruses- toxoplasmosis (litter boxes)
Factors affecting harm from teratogens
Dose
Heredity
Other negative influences
Age at time of exposures
Zika- microcephaly
Most commonly occurs when women get it while pregnant
Maternal factors in healthy prenatal development
- infectious diseases
- nutrition
- emotional stress
- Rh blood factor (rhogam)
- prenatal care (people who need it the most usually get it the least)
- maternal age
Jame Harrison
1000+ plasma donations
Saved 2.4+ million babies 1 in 10 Rh neg
Women worldwide have been treated w/ drugs derived from him
