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Biology 203 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Linnaeus classification system

A

GENUS *specific epithet (in italics)

both make up the species

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2
Q

taxonomy

A

naming of species

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3
Q

systematics

A

organization

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4
Q

Phylogenetic tree expresses _______

A

relatedness

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5
Q

nodes on tree=

A

common ancestor

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6
Q

what type of gene transfer do bacteria have

A

horizontal

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7
Q

homologous

A

feature came from a common ancestor with the same feature

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8
Q

homoplastic

A

similar to one another but not from a common ancestor

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9
Q

birds vs. butterflies

A

homoplastic

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10
Q

bat and bird wings

A

homoplastic

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11
Q

convergent evolution

A

2 different species evolve in same conditions and the pressures of the environment cause them to develop similar traits

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12
Q

how did homoplastic traits come about?

A

convergent evolution

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13
Q

plesiomorphies

A

ancestral character; features present in ancestral species and remain present in ALL groups descended

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14
Q

synapormorphies

A

derived character; novel traits evolved when 2 populations become separated and evolve independently.
originate in recent common ancestor and present in all descendants

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15
Q

homologous macromolecules

A

subunit sequence (and functionally) similar in two different types of organisms

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16
Q

monophyletic group

A

common ancestor and all its descendants
shared derived characters
sister taxa share most recent common ancestor

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17
Q

paraphyletic group

A

common ancestor and some but not all descendants

shares ancestral character

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18
Q

polyphyletic group

A

evolutionary lines that do not share same recent common ancestor
unnatural grouping misrepresents evolutionary relationships

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19
Q

outgroup

A

taxon that branched off earlier than other taxa (ingroup).

closest relative of group being studied.

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20
Q

choanoflagelletes

A

one cells

most closely related to animals/multicellular organisms

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21
Q

8 characteristics of animals

A
  1. multicellular eukaryotes
  2. heterotrophs (get energy from consuming others)
  3. specialized body cells
  4. diverse body plans
  5. capable of locomotion at some time during their life cycle
  6. most have a nervous system and muscle systems that enable them to respond rapidly to environment
  7. most are diploid and reproduce sexually with large immobile eggs and small, flagellate sperm
  8. go through a period of embryonic development
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22
Q

radial symmetry

A

general form of wheel and similar structures regularly arranged as spokes from a central axis

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23
Q

biradial symmetry

A

parts of body have become specialized so that 2 planes can divide the body into similar halves

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24
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

divided through only one plane (which passes through midline of the body) to produce roughly equivalent right and left halves that are mirror images

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25
Q

dorsal

A

back

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26
Q

asymmetrical animals

A

sponges
fiddler crab
flounder

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27
Q

ventral

A

front

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28
Q

anterior

A

towards head (cephalic)

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29
Q

posterior

A

towards tail (caudal)

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30
Q

medial

A

towards midline

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31
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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32
Q

inferior

A

below

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33
Q

superior

A

above

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34
Q

sections of body

A
  • frontal (coronal)
  • transverse (cross section)
  • sagital (down middle)
  • obligue (diagonal)
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35
Q

cleavage

A

early in development with fertilization of egg
division of cells without increasing mass ratio
ends with formation of blastula

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36
Q

spiral cleavage

A

dividing around axis in spiral form

protostomes

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37
Q

radial cleavage

A

cells stacked with upper cells centered above lower

deuterostomes

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38
Q

determinate cleavage

A

cells fate is determined early on
protostomes
each cell produced cannot develop into complete embryo

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39
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

cells’ fate not determined yet and can become anything

original cell divides and 2 resulting cells can be separated and independently form a whole organism

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40
Q

germ layers

A
  1. endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
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41
Q

acoelomates

A

no body cavity

flatworms and ribbon worms

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42
Q

true coelomates

A

body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

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43
Q

pseudocoelomates

A 
body cavity not completely lined with mesoderm
invertebrates
lacks vascular blood system
lacks skeleton
no segmentation
body wall
microscopic
parasites and free-living
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44
Q

protostomes vs. deuterostomes

A

Protostomes: 1. spiral cleavage 2. determinate 3. blastopore develops into mouth 4. schizocoel-coelom develops from 2 independent regions of mesoderm
Deuterostomes: 1. radial cleavage 2. Indeterminate 3. blastopore becomes the anus 4. enterocoel-coelom develops from pouch off a common region of mesoderm

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45
Q

types of acoelomates

A

cnidarians
ctenophores
platyhelminthes
nemertea

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46
Q

coelomate types

A 
nemertea
annelida
tardigrada
arthopoda
mollusca
brachiopoda
echinodermata
hemichordata
chordata
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47
Q

2 clades of protostomes

A
  1. lophotrochozoa- flatworms, ribbon worms, mollusks, annelids, and lophophorate phyla. Lophophore=ciliated ring of tentacles around mouth that is a feeding organ
  2. ecdysozoa- molting (ecdysis); nematodes and antrhopods
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48
Q

segmentation

A

parts of body plan that are repeated
found within each of 3 major clades of bilateral animals
allows specialization of body parts

49
Q

phylum porifera’s 3 different body plans

A

sponges

  1. asconoid- simple tube covered in pores. spongocoel and osculum opening
  2. syconoid- larger, thicker wall (longer pores) and osculum
  3. leuconoid- most complex, more tissue with canals leads to chambers lined with flagella to help move water along
50
Q

3 classes in porifera

A
  1. calcarea- spicules made of calcium carbonate
  2. hexactinellida- glass sponges, spicules form 6 rays intersecting at right angles. cylinder of funnel shape, inhabit deep water
  3. demospongia- silicate spicules or spongin fibers
51
Q

cnidocytes

A

stinging cells

52
Q

phylum cnidaria

A

-contains cnidocytes
-sensory and contractile cells form a nerve net
radial symmetry
-2 body shapes- polyp & medusa
-namatocysts do stinging
-gastrovascular cavity with one opening
-diploblastic
-hydrostatic skeleton

53
Q

4 classes in cnidaria

A
  1. hydrozoa: hydras, hydroids, portugese man-of-war
  2. scyphozoa- jellyfish
  3. cubozoa- box jellyfish
  4. anthozoa- sea anenomes
54
Q

phylum platyhelminthes

A 
flatworms
classes:
1. turbellaria- planarians
2. trematoda & monogenea- flukes
3. cestoda- tapeworms
55
Q

phylum nemertea

A

ribbon worms

56
Q

classes of phylum mollusca

A
  1. polyplacophora
  2. gastropoda- snails
  3. bivalvia- 2 part shell
  4. cephalopoda- squids, octopus, and nautilus
57
Q

phylum annelida

A 
segmented worms
classes:
1. polychaeta- sandworms, tubeworms
2. oligochaeta- earthworms
3. hirudinida- leeches
58
Q

3 classes of nematodeas

A
  1. ascaris
  2. hookworms
  3. pinworms
  4. trichina worm
59
Q

ascaris

A

common intestinal parasites spends adult life in human intestine where it ingests partially digested food

60
Q

hookworms

A

attach to lining of intestine and suck blood, causing tissue damage and blood loss

61
Q

pinworms

A

commonly found in children, tiny pinworm eggs ingested by eating with contaminated hands

62
Q

trichina worms

A

lives in variety of animals; humans become infected by eating undercooked, infected meat

63
Q

phylum tardigrada clade panarthropoda

A

water bears

64
Q

phylum arthopoda important adaptations

A

segmentation
hard exoskeleton
paired, joined appendages
variety of effective sense organs

65
Q

5 subphyla of arthropoda

A
  1. trilobites
  2. myriapoda
  3. chelicerata
  4. crustacea
  5. hexapoda
66
Q

trilobites

A

phylum arthropoda
gigantic rolly polly
one of the earliest arthopods

67
Q

myriapoda subphylum

A
  1. chilopoda

2. diplopoda

68
Q

chilopoda

A 
centipedes
flat body
carnivorous 
terrestrial
1 pair of legs/ segment
69
Q

diplopoda

A

millipedes
round body
herbivorous
2 pairs of legs/segment

70
Q

subphylum chelicerata

A

classes: merostoma

arachnida

71
Q

subphylum hexapoda

A

class: insecta

72
Q

orders of hexapoda

A
  1. orthoptera (20,000) grasshoppers, crickets
  2. blattodea (4000) cockroaches
  3. lepidoptera (160,000) moths, butterflies
  4. diptera (150,000) houseflies, mosquitos, fruitflies
  5. siphonaptera (2000) fleas
  6. coleoptera (360,000) beetles, weevils
  7. hymenoptera (1900000) ants, bees, wasps
73
Q

phylum echinodermata classes

A
  • asteroidea (starfish)
  • ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
  • echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
  • holothuroidea (sea cucumber)
74
Q

3 subphyla of chodates

A
  1. urochordates (tunicates)
  2. cephalochordates (marine lancets)
  3. vertebrates (animals with backbones)
75
Q

character of chordates

A
  • notochord
  • hollow dorsal, tubular nerve cord
  • chordate larva/embryo has muscular postanal tail
  • endostyle or thyroid gland evolved from endostyle
  • pharyngeal gill slits during life cycle
76
Q

urochordates

A
  • sea squirts and relatives
  • sister taxa of vertebrates
  • larva have chordate characteristics
  • larva swims and attaches to surfaces
  • tunic-protective covering of adult
  • filter feeders
  • large colonies
77
Q

cephalochordata (lancets)

A

fish shaped, translucent, in shallow seas
no paired fins, jaws, sense organs, heart, well defined head or brain
filter feeders
protonephridia segmentally arranged

78
Q

vertebrates

A
  • vertebral column
  • cranium
  • endoskeleton
  • neural crest cells
  • pronounced cephalization
  • muscle attached to endoskeleton
  • paired appendages
  • physical specialization
  • increased genetic complexity
  • closed circulatory system
  • complete digestive tract
  • endocrine glands
  • separate sexes
  • muscles used for digestion
79
Q

vertebrate fish classes

A
  1. myxini
  2. petromyzontida
  3. chondrichthyes
  4. actinopterygii
  5. actinistia
  6. dipnoi
80
Q

myxini

A

hagfish

no jaws/paired fins

81
Q

petromyzontida

A

lampreys

no jaws/paired fins

82
Q

chndrichthyes

A

sharks, rays, skates

83
Q

actinopterygii

A

ray-finned fishes

84
Q

actinistia

A

coelocanth

85
Q

dipnoi

A

lungfish

86
Q

3 orders of amphibians

A
  1. caudata (salamanders)
  2. anura (frogs and toads)
  3. gymnophiona (serpentine amphibians)
87
Q

amphibian characteristics

A 
most return to water to reproduce
metamorphosis
paedomorphosis
skin acts as respiratory surface
heart=2 atria and 1 ventricle
88
Q

5 clades of reptiles

A
  1. testudines (turtles, terrapins, tortoises)
  2. squamata (lizards, snakes)
  3. sphenodonta (tuataras)
  4. crocodilia (crocodiles, alligator, caimans, gavials)
  5. lcthyosauria (extinct)
89
Q

common ancestor of mammalia

A

terapsids

90
Q

3 subclasses of mammalia

A
  1. protheria
  2. metatheria
  3. eutheria
91
Q

urus maritimus

A

polar bears

largest land carnivores

92
Q

insectivora

A

moles, hedgehogs, shrews

nocturnal, eat insects

93
Q

chiroptera

A

bats

adapted for flying, biological sonar guide

94
Q

carnivora

A

cats, dogs, bears…

sharp, pointed canine teeth, keen sense of smell, complex social groups

95
Q

artiodactyla

A

cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, giraffe

hoofed, antlers, herbivores

96
Q

xenarthra

A

sloths, anteaters, armadillos

teeth reduced

97
Q

rodentia

A

squirrels, beavers, rats, mice

gnawing, teeth grow

98
Q

perissodactyla

A

horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinos

herbivores, hoofed, large with long legs

99
Q

lagomorpha

A

rabbits, hares, pikas

chisel-like incisors, long hind legs for jumping

100
Q

primates

A

lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans

highly developed brain and eyes, opposable thumb, omnivores

101
Q

proboscidea

A

elephants

largest land animals, thick loose skin, trunk

102
Q

sirenia

A

sea cows, manatees

herbivorous, aquatic animals

103
Q

cetacea

A

whales, dolphins

aquatic, thick layer of blubber, very intelligent

104
Q

testudines

A

reptilia

turtles, terrapins, tortoises

105
Q

squamata

A

reptilia

lizards, snakes

106
Q

sphenodonta

A

reptilia

tuatras

107
Q

crocodilia

A

reptilia

crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gavials

108
Q

icthyosauria

A

extinct lcnthyosaur

109
Q

protheria

A 
mammalia subclass
egg laying
110
Q

metatheria

A 
mammalia subclass
pouched
111
Q

eutheria

A 
mammalia subclass
live birth
112
Q

orthoptera

A

grasshoppers and crickets

heaxapoda

113
Q

blattodea

A

cockroaches

hexapoda

114
Q

lepidoptera

A

moths, butterflies

hexapoda

115
Q

diptera

A

houseflies, mosquitoes, fruitflies

hexapoda

116
Q

siphonaptera

A

fleas

hexapoda

117
Q

coleoptera

A

beetles and weevils

hexapoda

118
Q

hymenoptera

A

ants, bees, wasps

hexapoda

Biology 203 (3 decks)

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