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Biology 203 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

elements

A

substances that can’t be broken down into

simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions

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2
Q

oxygen

A

required for cellular respiration
present in most organic compounds
in water

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3
Q

carbon

A

forms backbone of organic molecules

each carbon can have four bonds with other atoms

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4
Q

hydrogen

A

present in most organic compounds
element of water
hydrogen ion H+ is involved in most energy transfers

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5
Q

nitrogen

A

component of proteins and nucleic acids

component of chlorophyll

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6
Q

phosphorus

A

component of nucleic acids and phospholipids in membranes
important in energy transfer reactions
structural component of bones

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7
Q

sulfur

A

component of most proteins

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8
Q

make up more than 96% of the mass of most organisms

A

O, C, H, N

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9
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of an element that retains that
element’s chemical properties; made up of
subatomic particles

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10
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons

determines atom identity

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11
Q

atomic mass

A

total number of protons and neutrons

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12
Q

isotopes

A

atoms of the same element with the same protons but

different numbers of neutrons

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13
Q

radioisotope

A

unstable isotope emits radiation as it decays

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14
Q

valence electrons

A

in valence shell
most energetic
participate in chemical reactions
number of valence electrons determines chemical behavior

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15
Q

full valence shells are ______

A

unreactive

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16
Q

valence shells not full______

A

gain, lose, or share electrons

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17
Q

compound

A

atoms of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

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18
Q

molecule

A

2 or more atoms joined stably

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19
Q

molecular formula

A

actual numbers of each atom per molecule

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20
Q

molecular mass

A

sum of atomic masses of component atoms of a molecule

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21
Q

1 mol

A

6.02 x 10^23 molecules

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22
Q

1 molar solution

A

1 mol of a substance dissolved in 1 L of water

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23
Q

bond energy

A

energy necessary to break a chemical bond

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24
Q

covalent

A

share electrons between atoms to fill their valence shells

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25
Q

non-polar

A

bonded atoms have similar electronegativities (electrons shared equally)

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26
Q

polar

A

electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus of the atom with greater electron affinity

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27
Q

polar molecule

A

has a partial positive charge at one end and partial negative charge at the other

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28
Q

cation

A

atoms that lose electrons to other atoms and become positively charged

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29
Q

anion

A

atoms that gain electrons from other atoms and become negatively charged

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30
Q

ionic bond

A

formed by attraction between the charges of a cation and anion

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31
Q

ionic compound

A

anions and cations bonded by opposite charges; strong in the absence of water

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32
Q

solvent

A

e.g. water (polar, easily dissolves polar or ionic substances)

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33
Q

solute

A

substance dissolved in the solvent

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34
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

relatively weak

form between atom of partial negative charge and hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen

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35
Q

redox reactions

A

involved in many energy conversion reactions

• electrons (and their energy) are transferred from one substance to another

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36
Q

oxidation

A

an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or more electrons

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37
Q

reduction

A

an atom, ion, or molecule gains one or more electrons

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38
Q

properties of water

A 
polar
hydrogen bonds
cohesion
adhesion
capillary action
surface tension
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39
Q

cohesion

A

tendency of water molecules to stick to one another

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40
Q

adhesion

A

ability of water to stick to other substances

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41
Q

capillary action

A

tendency of water to move in narrow tubes against gravity (due to cohesion and adhesion)

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42
Q

surface tension

A

molecules at water’s surface crowd together and produce a strong layer (due to cohesion)

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43
Q

hydrophilic

A

“water-loving” substances interact easily with water (polar and ionic compounds)

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44
Q

hydrophobic

A

“water-fearing” substances are not soluble in water (non-polar molecules)

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45
Q

hydrophobic interactions

A

occur between
groups of non-polar molecules, which cluster in
water

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46
Q

what happens in pure water?

A

some molecule dissociate into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

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47
Q

when the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are equal

A

neutral solution

48
Q

acid

A

substance dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen ions and an anion; proton donor

49
Q

base

A

substance dissociates in solution to yield a hydroxide ion and a cation; proton acceptor

50
Q

PH

A

expresses a solution’s acidity

51
Q

neutral solution

A

equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

PH 7

52
Q

acidic solution

A

hydrogen ion concentration is higher than hydroxide

Ph < 7

53
Q

basic solution

A

hydrogen ion concentration is lower than hydroxide ion concentration
Ph >7

54
Q

Ph of most animal and plant cells

A

7.2-7.4

55
Q

buffer

A

substance resists changes in pH when a weak acid

or base is added

56
Q

hydrogen ion donors

A

acids

57
Q

hydrogen ion acceptors

A

bases

58
Q

hydrocarbons

A

lack distinct charged regions; insoluble in water and cluster together

59
Q

replacing 1 hydrogen with one or more _______ changes the characteristics of the organic compound

A

functional groups

60
Q

polymers

A

produced by linking small organic compounds (monomers)

61
Q

hydrolysis

A

polymers degraded into monomers

62
Q

condensation rxn

A

equivalent of water is removed during reactions that combine monomers

63
Q

carbohydrates

A

contain C, O, and H
sugars and starches
cellulose (plant structural component)
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

64
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch
used for energy source in plants
glucose subunits

65
Q

cellulose

A

polysaccharide
insoluble
structural component of plants
glucose subunits

66
Q

chitin

A

polysaccharide

structural component of arthropod exoskeletons

67
Q

lipids

A

soluble in non-polar solvents; insoluble in water
mainly C and H and O containing functional groups
fats, phospholipids, carotenoids, steroids, waxes
used for energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, important hormones

68
Q

triacylglycerol

A

reserve fuel storage

glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids

69
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

contain max number of H atoms

in animal fat and solid vegetable shortening

70
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

1 or more pairs of C atoms joined by a double bond

liquid at room temp

71
Q

steroids

A

Carbon atoms arranged in 4 attached rings

e.g. cholesterol, cortisol, reproductive hormones, etc.

72
Q

proteins

A

macromolecules of amino acids

most enzymes are proteins (molecules that accelerate reaction)

73
Q

amino acids

A

subunits of proteins

74
Q

primary structure of polypeptides

A

sequence of amino acids

75
Q

secondary structure

A

alpha helices and beta sheets formed by H bonds

76
Q

tertiary structure

A

overall 3D shape involving interactions among R groups of polypeptide

77
Q

quaternary structure

A

3D structure from 2+ polypeptide chains interacting to form biologically active molecule

78
Q

nucleic acids

A

transmit hereditary information and

determine what proteins a cell manufactures

79
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

contains hereditary material and

instructions for making RNA and protein

80
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

used to make proteins; ribozymes are biological catalysts

81
Q

nucleotides

A

5C sugar, 1 (or more) phosphate groups, nitrogenous base

82
Q

major themes of biology

A

1 .biological systems interact and are interdependent

  1. structure and function are inter-related
  2. info transmitted within and among organisms
  3. life depends on continuous input of energy
  4. evolution is the process by which populations change over time
83
Q

example of biological systems interacting

A

mating
eating
ecosystems
nervous system

84
Q

example of structure and function being inter-related

A

blood cells concave=carrying oxygen

muscle striations and contractions

85
Q

example of info being transmitted within and among organisms

A

male and female creating zygote

bacteria bridge transferring info

86
Q

characteristics of life

A
  • composed of cells
  • grow and develop
  • regulate metabolic processes
  • respond to stimuli
  • reproduce
  • evolve and adapt to environment
87
Q

are viruses cells?

A

no, they need a host

88
Q

reductionism

A

learning about a structure by studying its parts

89
Q

emergent properties

A

characteristics not apparent at lower levels

90
Q

producers (autotrophs)

A

produce their own food from simple, raw materials (photosynthesis)

91
Q

consumers

A

(heterotrophs) obtain energy by breaking down food molecules produced in photosynthesis (cellular respiration)

92
Q

primary consumers

A

eat producers

93
Q

secondary consumers

A

eat primary consumers

94
Q

process of science

A
  1. reasoning
  2. hypothesis
    3 experiment
  3. theory
  4. representation of data
95
Q

deductive reasoning

A

get supplied info and draw conclusions based on info

96
Q

inductive reasoning

A

begins with observations and draw conclusions based on observations

97
Q

a good hypothesis is….

A
  • reasonably consistent with well-established facts
  • capable of being tested (repeatable and independently verified)
  • falsifiable
98
Q

scientific theory

A

explanation of natural world based on a number of hypotheses each supported by consistent results from observations/experiments

99
Q

paradigm

A

a set of assumptions/concepts that constitutes a way of thinking about reality

100
Q

paradigm shift

A

change in view of reality that accommodates new knowledge

101
Q

what will happen if Ph is wrong?

A

cells will denature

102
Q

2 types of passive transport

A

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

103
Q

simple diffusion

A
  • high concentration to lower, even distribution
  • diffusing down through membrane
  • requires no energy
  • nonpolar
104
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • high to low concentration
  • something has to help molecule cross membrane
  • polar
  • specific for each molecule
105
Q

leak channel

A
  • type of facilitated diffusion
  • specific for ions and molecules
  • based on concentration of ions
  • always open
106
Q

gated channel

A
  • facilitated diffusion
  • needs something to open it
  • voltage-gated=charge difference
  • ligand-gated=ligands bind receptors to open
107
Q

active transport

A
  • requires energy (ATP)
  • pumping things against their concentration gradient
  • UP concentration gradient. both molecules in opposite directions
108
Q

symporter

A

channel pumping in same direction

109
Q

uniporter

A

one thing being transported

110
Q

endocytosis

A

brings things INTO cell

111
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular eating.

bringing large substances and breaking them down

112
Q

pinocytosis

A

cellular drinking

bringing in dissolved substances

113
Q

receptor-mediated or R-mediated

A

clathrin (on sides of cell) forms endosome from bound receptors and brings it in

114
Q

exocytosis

A

bringing things OUT

115
Q

tight junctions

A

nothing can pass through cells

116
Q

desmosomes

A

little snaps between membranes

117
Q

gap junctions

A

uniformity and ability to communicate

cardiac muscle

Biology 203 (3 decks)

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