Test 3 Flashcards
A neuron exclusively uses glucose to produce energy if carbohydrates are unavailable to this cell it will get its glucose from a reaction called
Gluconeogenesis
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bond to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid but only to certain ones this property is called
Specificity
The refractory period
Limits the rate then your neuron can depolarize has an absolute and relative portion and occurs when the EPSPs reach threshold
Which of the following can speed up this chemical reaction in a water solvent
Heat the solution and add a catalyst
Action potentials that control your hand muscles while writing travel through the blank tract
Corticospinal
Which of the following are functions of the spinal cord
Locomotion pathway for afferent and if efferent action potential’s and reflexes
Melanocytes
Are distributed in the stratum basale produce a substance called melanin and provide protection from ultraviolet radiation
A neuron fires an action potential when it’s membrane reaches
The threshold potential
Ependymal cells secrete blank to nourish and Cushion the blank
Cerebrospinal fluid, CNS
The voltage gates that trigger first are located
At the trigger zone/axon hillock
Temporal summation describes
Changing the frequency of action potential’s leading to post synaptic cell
An action potential arriving at the presynaptic terminal knob causes
Voltage gated calcium ion channels to open and calcium ions to diffuse into the cell
Nervous tissue consist predominately of two types of cells neurons and blank
Neuroglia
A collection of neuron somas in the peripheral nervous system is called a blank and a collection of neuron somas in the central nervous system is called a blank
Ganglia, nucleus
Action potential’s travel at their fastest conduction velocities in
Large diametered myelinated axon
This term is used to describe how an action potential is propagated down a myelinated axon
Salatory conduction
Which of the following compounds binds like a ligand to a sodium channel
Nicotine
At the distal end of the neuron action potentials have the same voltage/amplitude they had at the trigger zone that means they are
Non decremental
Local potential’s are blank meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus
Graded
What type of current flows through the axon plasma membrane during the steep phase of repolarization
Chiefly a potassium current
This cell acts as a macrophage in the CNS
Microglia
The cell is capable of producing an action potential
Neuron
This cell nourishes the neurons and protects the brain from harmful chemicals
Astrocyte
This cell produces myelin in the CNS
Oligodendrocyte
If the membrane potential for neuron becomes more electronegative than it was at rest the neuron is said to be blank and is blank excitable
Hyperpolarized, less
An action potential generates local currents that tend to blank the membrane immediately adjacent to the action potential
Depolarize
Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis
Collagen and fibroblast
You can juggle three objects while walking this is the blank memory
Procedural
Osmoreceptors and photo receptors carry blank information towards the blank nervous system
Afferent, central
The opening of blank gates on a soma would produce an blank
Cl- and IPSP
Postsynaptic potential’s
Result from the opening of chemically gated ion channels, maybe depolarizing or hyperpolarizing, may be summed
What is primarily responsible for the large negative stable resting membrane potential
The permeability of K plus ions when the neuron is at rest
The outer connective tissue covering a peripheral nerve is called the
EpiNeurium
In the equation I=V/R (ohms law) as it applies to a neuron:
V equals potential across a bilipid membrane R equals membrane permeability I equals flows of ions
Third order neurons are found in the sensory nervous system and not the motor nervous system
True
What type of bond involves unequal sharing of electrons
Polar covalent
A synapse connects a neuron
To another neuron
Monoamine oxidase
Is an enzyme
A neuron is firing action potential’s at its maximum rate of 250 per second what is the duration of its absolute refractory period
4 msec
A neurotransmitter
Is synthesized in the soma of the cell and is stored in the synaptic knob in vesicles
A reflex
Is a rapid automatic response to stimuli can control the movement of your hand off a hot stove and must have a sensory and motor component
The cellular reaction responsible for production of glycogen from glucose monomers is called
Glycogenesis
During the relative refactory period
It is possible to trigger a new action potential but only with stronger/more EPSPs
This class of lipid molecule is used primarily for fuel
Triglyceride
The axon terminal’s of a neuron and the Planalemma of a gland cell join at the
Neuroglandular junction
A neuron is firing action potentials at its maximum rate of 250 per second what is the duration of its absolute refractory period
4 msec
What happens as a result of calcium ion flow at the presynaptic terminal
Synaptic vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane and release of acetylcholine
This type of Cartlidge covers the epipysis of endochandral bones
Hyaline cartilage
What property of neurons allows them to communicate across the synapse
Excitability
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the slowest in which of the following
A small diameter un mylinated fiber
This cell produces Mylan in the PNS
Schwann
This cell nourishes neurons and protects the brain from harmful chemicals
Astrocyte
This cell lines the cavities of the brain and secretes cerebral spinal fluid
Ependymal cell
This cell acts as a macrophage in the CNS
Microglia
Action potentials that carry deep tissue injury signals to the brain travel through the blank pathway
Spinoreticular
Which of the following compounds can stimulate sodium ligand gates
Acetylcholine
An action potential generates local currents that tend to blank the membrane immediately adjacent to the action potential
Depolarize
RNA plays a role in
Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in a synaptic cleft
Acetylcholinesterase
A blank gate must open to effectively release blank to transmit an action potential across the synapse
Calcium voltage gate, neurotransmitter
Calcitriol formation is stimulated by
UV light
The most relevant free energy in the human body is the energy stored in
Covalent bonds of organic molecules
A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a blank and a bundle of axons in the peripheral neverous system is called a blank
Tract, nerve
Post tetanic potentiation
Results in short-term memory is due to excess or residual calcium in the synaptic knob after a tetanic stimulus stops and temporarily alters the resting membrane potential of the neuron
The secretions of an osteoclast include blank and function to blank
Hydrogen ions acid phosphatase, digest calcium salts and collagen
Which of the following ions has the greatest permeability in a resting neuron
Potassium
Saltatory conduction is a term that describes
The action potential as it jumps between Myalin nodes
Sebaceous glands
Produce a substance called sebum that is rich in protein and fatty acids and are holocrine glands
You take 100 words per minute this is an example of blank memory
Procedural
This type of gate allows sodium ions into the cell always produces an EPSP
Nicotinic
20 EPSP’s per second are delivered to a post synaptic sell at the same moment 15 IPSPs per second are delivered the result is
Depolarization
if both presynaptic neuron’s add five more action potential’s per second this is an example of blank
Temporal or frequency summation
Which of the following are not characteristics of an action potential
Decay along the length of an axon
Mechanoreceptors and chemo receptors carry blank information towards the blank nervous system
Afferent, central
A neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft when blank enters the synaptic knob and is broken down by blank on the postsynaptic membrane
Calcium, an enzyme
The locomotion function of the spinal cord is possible due to
Self perpetuating/triggering circuits known as central pattern generators
What a neuron summates enough EPSPs to reach threshold
Voltage regulated sodium gates open
Hypocalcemia will cause the following changes in neuron function
The neuron cannot release a neurotransmitter
The absolute refractory period
Prevents an action potential from traveling toward the soma
An action potential is always the same amplitude because
The sodium voltage gates are open for A specific length of time and it exhibits the all or none characteristic
A reflex
Must have a sensory and motor component can control the movement of your hand off a hot stove and is a rapid automatic response to stimuli
This reaction is necessary if circulating glucose is unavailable to a neuron
Glyconeogenesis
