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test 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The cellular reaction responsible for anabolism of glucose to glycogen is called

A

Glycogenesis

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2
Q

If the ratio of OH to H ions inside the cell decreases (less 0H than h)

A

The cell would become acidic

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3
Q

During mitosis is the division of the cytoplasm is called

A

Cytokinesis

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4
Q

In the liquid form water molecules move freely around one another this property is due to blank bonds and makes it an excellent blank

A

Hydrogen, lubricant

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5
Q

How is ATP transported through the cytoplasm

A

Simple diffusion

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6
Q

What type of bond involves unequal sharing of electrons

A

Polar covalent

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7
Q

The formation of a polypeptide into a folded twisted 3D shape is called its

A

Tertiary structure

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8
Q

A substrate that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions

A

Enzyme

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9
Q

The cellular instructions for the synthesis of proteins

A

DNA

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10
Q

Maintenance of a stable internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Cells in a fishes gills pump outs all even though the salt water the fish lives and has a greater concentration of salt in the cells themselves do what process do you think the cells must use to remove the salt

A

Active transport

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12
Q

An enzyme is a blank with a confirmation specific to the blank it catalyzes

A

Protein, substrates

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13
Q

What is the product of translation

A

A newly synthesized polypeptide

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14
Q

Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid but only to certain ones this property is called

A

Specificity

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15
Q

Selle has a glucose concentration of one mole while Sophia has a glucose concentration of 1.75 moles which cell has the highest osmotic pressure and which direction will water move through a semi permeable membrane

A

Cell B from A to B

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16
Q

Glucose moves out of it capillary by the transport process

A

Filtration

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17
Q

Water has surface tension that allows a tiny bug to walk on the water surface this is possible due to

A

Hydrogen bonds cohesiveness of water and polarity of the water molecule

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18
Q

All the synthesis reactions in the human body form and division of metabolism called

A

Anabolism

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19
Q

What can speed up chemical reactions in a water solvent

A

Heat solution or add a catalyst

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20
Q

All of the bodies non-reproductive cells called blank usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are called blank cells

A

Somatic cells, diploid

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21
Q

Cellular respiration involves two complex reaction sequences the aerobic one is called blank and takes place in the blank

A

Citric acid cycle, mitochondrial matrix

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22
Q

True or false glycolysis is anaerobic

A

True

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23
Q

Endocytosis of water is described by

A

Pinocytosis

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24
Q

True or false an enzyme can bind more than one reactant/substrate at one time

A

True

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25
Q

A lipid molecule that is a steroid hormone

A

Cholesterol

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26
Q

Which of the following do not influence the rate of diffusion through a membrane

A

ATP concentration

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27
Q

This type of tissues excitable and is the only tissue that moves

A

Muscle

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28
Q

A polypeptide undergoes the blank reaction what is reduced to monomers called blank

A

Hydrolysis, amino acids

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29
Q

Membrane proteins may function as

A

Enzymes cell adhesion molecules and receptors for hormones

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30
Q

Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when

A

The osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure

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31
Q

Is hydrolysis of a polymer a catabolic reaction

A

Yes

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32
Q

The slide of the egg white albumin was shown as a common example of a protein in the

A

Primary conformation

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33
Q

This type of tissue controls the permeability in and out of the body

A

Epithelial

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34
Q

Astrology (not astronomy) is a science

A

False

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35
Q

The reaction responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is termed

A

Glycogenolysis

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36
Q

The building of glucose to glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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37
Q

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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38
Q

The build up of glucose from non carb sources like lipids or proteins

A

Gluconeogeneosis

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39
Q

This organelle stores calcium in skeletal muscle cells and synthesizes steroid hormone in ovarian cells

A

Smooth er

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40
Q

Hydration Spheres

A

Are possible due to the polarity of water molecules stop sodium and chloride ions from creating ionic bonds and only interact with molecules that are polarized or charge

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41
Q

Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein activation and packaging

A

The Golgi complex

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42
Q

If a reaction has a high activation energy it may be overcome by

A

Adding energy from the hydrolysis ATP increasing the temperature of the solution and addition of a catalyst to the solution

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43
Q

The fluid on the outside of the cell is called

A

Extracellular fluid

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44
Q

What is the cytosol

A

Water of cytoplasm

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45
Q

A chemical reaction that joins two organic monomers together into a dimer and produces water as a byproduct is called

A

Dehydration synthesis

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46
Q

What is the general formula for a carbohydrate

A

Ch2o

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47
Q

Is cholesterol hydrophobic

A

Yes

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48
Q

The most relevant free energy in the human body is the energy stored in

A

Covalent bonds of organic molecules

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49
Q

True or false organelles are contained with in the plasma membrane

A

True

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50
Q

True or false the cytosol refers the liquid portion with in the plasma membrane

A

True

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51
Q

True or false the nucleus is a membrane-bound compartment that contains DNA

A

True

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52
Q

True or false the mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle that is the site of some ATP production

A

True

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53
Q

Transcription occurs in the blank while most translation occurs in the blank

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

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54
Q

Which of the following are not composed of proteins/amino acids

A

Triglycerides and disaccharides

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55
Q

What are triglycerides

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

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56
Q

What are disaccharides

A

Carbohydrates and starch

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57
Q

All of the following are examples of the major elements contributing to body mass except

A

Phosphate

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58
Q

What are the four major elements found in the body

A

Carbon nitrogen oxygen and hydrogen

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59
Q

RNA plays roll in

A

Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

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60
Q

Which of the following statements is true metabolic pathways blank

A

Occur in precise stepwise series of chemical reaction and are controlled by enzyme activity

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61
Q

Exocytosis is term best described by

A

Secretion

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62
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Type of endocytosis

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63
Q

Absorption

A

Type of endocytosis

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64
Q

Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when

A

The osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure

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65
Q

The first stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic is called blank and takes place in the blank

A

Glycolysis, cytosol

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66
Q

The process of blank would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis

A

Active transport

67
Q

Before an amino acid can be used as an energy source the blank must be removed

A

Amino group

68
Q

The term transcytosis is best described as

A

Movement of vesicles through a cells membrane’s

69
Q

The energy from proteins synthesis comes from

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

70
Q

Example of an electrolyte is

A

Salt and sodium ion

71
Q

Anabolism

A

Type of metabolism that builds

72
Q

Catabolism

A

Type of metabolism that breaks down

73
Q

What are some body systems that are homeostatically regulated

A

Blood glucose levels blood volume levels of cholesterol and temperature

74
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy in motion example thermal

75
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy example chemical bonds that are together

76
Q

What are the building blocks of everything living and nonliving

A

Elements/chemical make up

77
Q

Characteristics of hydrogen bonds

A

Type of covalent bond they are the strongest bond break example HCl they are usually strong acids

78
Q

What is the first law thermodynamics

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed

79
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred

80
Q

What are the characteristics of life

A

Order and composition growth reproduction movement responsiveness adaptive energy processing repair

81
Q

True or false polar bonds are harder to break in dissolve stuff

A

True

82
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons

83
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons

84
Q

True or false water is a nonpolar covalent bond

A

Falls water is polar because bent bonds don’t cancel each other out

85
Q

Why does dirty water and not pure water how the ability to harness energy such as electricity

A

It has particles in the water to grab onto

86
Q

Ionic bonds

A

The transfer of electrons

87
Q

True or false electrons hold everything together

A

True

88
Q

True or false water runs downhill

A

True high to low energy

89
Q

What are anions

A

Negatively charged ions

90
Q

What are cations

A

Positively charged ions

91
Q

True or false if an ion is in the solution it is reactive

A

True

92
Q

What is the naked proton

A

H+ single proton positively charged

93
Q

True or false if ice melts the level of water will stay the same

A

True because mass doesn’t change

94
Q

True or false the outer shell’s are in a higher energy state

A

True because have the most potential

95
Q

Does ice flow

A

Yes 10% of it floats above water

96
Q

what changes when water changes form

A

Density

97
Q

Hydration sphere

A

The idea that you were putting water around individual molecules

98
Q

Characteristics of water

A

Universal solvent cohesive adhesive polar chemical reactivity thermostability

99
Q

What is cohesive

A

Sticks to itself

100
Q

What is adhesive

A

Sticks to everything else (almost)

101
Q

What does water not stick to

A

A diamond because it’s made of carbon

102
Q

What is the neutral number for pH scale

A

7

103
Q

The higher number means

A

More basic

104
Q

The lower number means

A

More acidic

105
Q

Fats can dissolve in fats but not what

A

Water

106
Q

True or false O2 and CO2 dissolve in water

A

False

107
Q

True or false anything that is charged can always dissolve in water

A

True

108
Q

What does your body lose a lot of when you sweat

A

Potassium

109
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water hating

110
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving

111
Q

Solvent

A

Water

112
Q

Solute

A

What is being dissolved in the water

113
Q

Smallest building block

A

Monomers

114
Q

Links to monomers

A

Dimer

115
Q

Three or more monomers

A

Polymer

116
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a water molecule

117
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

The build up of a water molecule happens when excess of water

118
Q

Amino acids build a protein molecule

A

Synthesis reaction

119
Q 
AB + CD 
|
V
AC
\+
BD
A

Exchange reaction

120
Q

True or false gases are hydrophobic

A

True

121
Q

What is activation energy

A

Energy needed to overcome the energy barrier

122
Q

What action do enzyme catalyst perform

A

Lowers activation energy (controls rate of reaction)

123
Q

True or false facilitated simple diffusion requires energy to move substances

A

False active transport requires energy input

124
Q

No energy requirement (movement is down a gradient)

A

Passive

125
Q

Requires energy input (usually ATP) pumps movement up gradient

A

Active

126
Q

Water pushing something through a membrane (under pressure)

A

Filtration

127
Q

Movement of particles until reaches equilibrium (moves down concentration gradient) ex once oxygen is in a cell

A

Simple diffusion

128
Q

Needs protein carrier associated w molecule (one side opens up to get molecule in, closes so no excess water in, then opens on the other side (ex glucose)

A

Facilitated diffusion

129
Q

Deals w movement of water in semipermeable membrane because of impermeable substrates (high to low concentration)

A

Osmosis

130
Q

More solutes on inside (pulls water in = swells)

A

Hypotonic

131
Q

More solutes in outside (pulls water out = shrinks)

A

Hypertonic

132
Q

Normal (equal)

A

Isotonic

133
Q

process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane w the cell membrane

A

Exocytosis

134
Q

A form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy using process

A

Endocytosis

135
Q

The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane (endocytosis of water)

A

Pinocytosis

136
Q

Cell eating type of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis

137
Q

Another type of exocytosis

A

Secretion

138
Q

What affects the rate of transport

A 
Molecular weight 
Temperature
Surface area
Concentration gradient 
Membrane permeability
139
Q

Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix

A

Secondary structure

140
Q

How many amino acids come from nature

A

8

141
Q

What is freely permeable

A

Anything lipid soluble such as gasses and fats

142
Q

true or false oxidative phosphorylation is aerobic

A

True

143
Q

True or false hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together

A

True

144
Q

Where is most of the co2 located

A

Mitochondria

145
Q

are amino acids water soluble

A

Yes cuz they are charged

146
Q

Formation of ATP

A

ATP synthase

147
Q

Reaction where energy from ATP is released

A

ATP hydrolysis

148
Q

A polypeptide uses the blank reaction when it is reduced to monomers called blank

A

Hydrolysis, amino acids

149
Q

RNA plays a role in

A

Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA

150
Q

A typical protein may be composed of an alpha helix and a region with a pleated sheet this protein is described as having

A

Tertiary structure

151
Q

A substance that raises activation energy of a chemical reaction

A

Inhibition

152
Q

A single-stranded assembly of nucleic acid

A

RNA

153
Q

The cellular instructions for the synthesis of all proteins

A

DNA

154
Q

An organelle responsible for translation

A

Ribosome

155
Q

A charged atom or molecule

A

Ion

156
Q

Which of the following statements is true metabolic pathways blank

A

Are controlled by enzyme activity

157
Q

The class of lipid molecule is used primarily for fuel

A

Triglyceride

158
Q

The smallest structure we recognized as alive is the

A

Cell

159
Q

How is glucose transported through the plasma membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

160
Q

ATP is hydrolyzed when protein blanks transfer solutes from outside of the cell to the inside this is a blank transport process

A

Pumps, active

161
Q

True or false Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA it occurs in the nucleus

A

True

162
Q

What organelles are involved in protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes rough ER the Golgi complex and the nucleus

163
Q

Oxygen atomic number eight can form a blank bond when two oxygen atoms combine

A

Nonpolar covalent

bio 201 (3 decks)

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