test 1 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
The cellular reaction responsible for anabolism of glucose to glycogen is called
A
Glycogenesis
2
Q
If the ratio of OH to H ions inside the cell decreases (less 0H than h)
A
The cell would become acidic
3
Q
During mitosis is the division of the cytoplasm is called
A
Cytokinesis
4
Q
In the liquid form water molecules move freely around one another this property is due to blank bonds and makes it an excellent blank
A
Hydrogen, lubricant
5
Q
How is ATP transported through the cytoplasm
A
Simple diffusion
6
Q
What type of bond involves unequal sharing of electrons
A
Polar covalent
7
Q
The formation of a polypeptide into a folded twisted 3D shape is called its
A
Tertiary structure
8
Q
A substrate that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions
A
Enzyme
9
Q
The cellular instructions for the synthesis of proteins
A
DNA
10
Q
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
A
Homeostasis
11
Q
Cells in a fishes gills pump outs all even though the salt water the fish lives and has a greater concentration of salt in the cells themselves do what process do you think the cells must use to remove the salt
A
Active transport
12
Q
An enzyme is a blank with a confirmation specific to the blank it catalyzes
A
Protein, substrates
13
Q
What is the product of translation
A
A newly synthesized polypeptide
14
Q
Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid but only to certain ones this property is called
A
Specificity
15
Q
Selle has a glucose concentration of one mole while Sophia has a glucose concentration of 1.75 moles which cell has the highest osmotic pressure and which direction will water move through a semi permeable membrane
A
Cell B from A to B
16
Q
Glucose moves out of it capillary by the transport process
A
Filtration
17
Q
Water has surface tension that allows a tiny bug to walk on the water surface this is possible due to
A
Hydrogen bonds cohesiveness of water and polarity of the water molecule
18
Q
All the synthesis reactions in the human body form and division of metabolism called
A
Anabolism
19
Q
What can speed up chemical reactions in a water solvent
A
Heat solution or add a catalyst
20
Q
All of the bodies non-reproductive cells called blank usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are called blank cells
A
Somatic cells, diploid
21
Q
Cellular respiration involves two complex reaction sequences the aerobic one is called blank and takes place in the blank
A
Citric acid cycle, mitochondrial matrix
22
Q
True or false glycolysis is anaerobic
A
True
23
Q
Endocytosis of water is described by
A
Pinocytosis
24
Q
True or false an enzyme can bind more than one reactant/substrate at one time
A
True
25
A lipid molecule that is a steroid hormone
Cholesterol
26
Which of the following do not influence the rate of diffusion through a membrane
ATP concentration
27
This type of tissues excitable and is the only tissue that moves
Muscle
28
A polypeptide undergoes the blank reaction what is reduced to monomers called blank
Hydrolysis, amino acids
29
Membrane proteins may function as
Enzymes cell adhesion molecules and receptors for hormones
30
Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when
The osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure
31
Is hydrolysis of a polymer a catabolic reaction
Yes
32
The slide of the egg white albumin was shown as a common example of a protein in the
Primary conformation
33
This type of tissue controls the permeability in and out of the body
Epithelial
34
Astrology (not astronomy) is a science
False
35
The reaction responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is termed
Glycogenolysis
36
The building of glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
37
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis
38
The build up of glucose from non carb sources like lipids or proteins
Gluconeogeneosis
39
This organelle stores calcium in skeletal muscle cells and synthesizes steroid hormone in ovarian cells
Smooth er
40
Hydration Spheres
Are possible due to the polarity of water molecules stop sodium and chloride ions from creating ionic bonds and only interact with molecules that are polarized or charge
41
Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein activation and packaging
The Golgi complex
42
If a reaction has a high activation energy it may be overcome by
Adding energy from the hydrolysis ATP increasing the temperature of the solution and addition of a catalyst to the solution
43
The fluid on the outside of the cell is called
Extracellular fluid
44
What is the cytosol
Water of cytoplasm
45
A chemical reaction that joins two organic monomers together into a dimer and produces water as a byproduct is called
Dehydration synthesis
46
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate
Ch2o
47
Is cholesterol hydrophobic
Yes
48
The most relevant free energy in the human body is the energy stored in
Covalent bonds of organic molecules
49
True or false organelles are contained with in the plasma membrane
True
50
True or false the cytosol refers the liquid portion with in the plasma membrane
True
51
True or false the nucleus is a membrane-bound compartment that contains DNA
True
52
True or false the mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle that is the site of some ATP production
True
53
Transcription occurs in the blank while most translation occurs in the blank
Nucleus and cytoplasm
54
Which of the following are not composed of proteins/amino acids
Triglycerides and disaccharides
55
What are triglycerides
Glycerol and fatty acid
56
What are disaccharides
Carbohydrates and starch
57
All of the following are examples of the major elements contributing to body mass except
Phosphate
58
What are the four major elements found in the body
Carbon nitrogen oxygen and hydrogen
59
RNA plays roll in
Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
60
Which of the following statements is true metabolic pathways blank
Occur in precise stepwise series of chemical reaction and are controlled by enzyme activity
61
Exocytosis is term best described by
Secretion
62
Phagocytosis
Type of endocytosis
63
Absorption
Type of endocytosis
64
Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when
The osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure
65
The first stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic is called blank and takes place in the blank
Glycolysis, cytosol
66
The process of blank would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis
Active transport
67
Before an amino acid can be used as an energy source the blank must be removed
Amino group
68
The term transcytosis is best described as
Movement of vesicles through a cells membrane's
69
The energy from proteins synthesis comes from
Hydrolysis of ATP
70
Example of an electrolyte is
Salt and sodium ion
71
Anabolism
Type of metabolism that builds
72
Catabolism
Type of metabolism that breaks down
73
What are some body systems that are homeostatically regulated
Blood glucose levels blood volume levels of cholesterol and temperature
74
Kinetic energy
Energy in motion example thermal
75
Potential energy
Stored energy example chemical bonds that are together
76
What are the building blocks of everything living and nonliving
Elements/chemical make up
77
Characteristics of hydrogen bonds
Type of covalent bond they are the strongest bond break example HCl they are usually strong acids
78
What is the first law thermodynamics
Energy can't be created or destroyed
79
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred
80
What are the characteristics of life
Order and composition growth reproduction movement responsiveness adaptive energy processing repair
81
True or false polar bonds are harder to break in dissolve stuff
True
82
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
83
Nonpolar covalent bond
Equal sharing of electrons
84
True or false water is a nonpolar covalent bond
Falls water is polar because bent bonds don't cancel each other out
85
Why does dirty water and not pure water how the ability to harness energy such as electricity
It has particles in the water to grab onto
86
Ionic bonds
The transfer of electrons
87
True or false electrons hold everything together
True
88
True or false water runs downhill
True high to low energy
89
What are anions
Negatively charged ions
90
What are cations
Positively charged ions
91
True or false if an ion is in the solution it is reactive
True
92
What is the naked proton
H+ single proton positively charged
93
True or false if ice melts the level of water will stay the same
True because mass doesn't change
94
True or false the outer shell's are in a higher energy state
True because have the most potential
95
Does ice flow
Yes 10% of it floats above water
96
what changes when water changes form
Density
97
Hydration sphere
The idea that you were putting water around individual molecules
98
Characteristics of water
Universal solvent cohesive adhesive polar chemical reactivity thermostability
99
What is cohesive
Sticks to itself
100
What is adhesive
Sticks to everything else (almost)
101
What does water not stick to
A diamond because it's made of carbon
102
What is the neutral number for pH scale
7
103
The higher number means
More basic
104
The lower number means
More acidic
105
Fats can dissolve in fats but not what
Water
106
True or false O2 and CO2 dissolve in water
False
107
True or false anything that is charged can always dissolve in water
True
108
What does your body lose a lot of when you sweat
Potassium
109
Hydrophobic
Water hating
110
Hydrophilic
Water loving
111
Solvent
Water
112
Solute
What is being dissolved in the water
113
Smallest building block
Monomers
114
Links to monomers
Dimer
115
Three or more monomers
Polymer
116
Hydrolysis
Breaking a water molecule
117
Dehydration synthesis
The build up of a water molecule happens when excess of water
118
Amino acids build a protein molecule
Synthesis reaction
119
```
AB + CD
|
V
AC
+
BD
```
Exchange reaction
120
True or false gases are hydrophobic
True
121
What is activation energy
Energy needed to overcome the energy barrier
122
What action do enzyme catalyst perform
Lowers activation energy (controls rate of reaction)
123
True or false facilitated simple diffusion requires energy to move substances
False active transport requires energy input
124
No energy requirement (movement is down a gradient)
Passive
125
Requires energy input (usually ATP) pumps movement up gradient
Active
126
Water pushing something through a membrane (under pressure)
Filtration
127
Movement of particles until reaches equilibrium (moves down concentration gradient) ex once oxygen is in a cell
Simple diffusion
128
Needs protein carrier associated w molecule (one side opens up to get molecule in, closes so no excess water in, then opens on the other side (ex glucose)
Facilitated diffusion
129
Deals w movement of water in semipermeable membrane because of impermeable substrates (high to low concentration)
Osmosis
130
More solutes on inside (pulls water in = swells)
Hypotonic
131
More solutes in outside (pulls water out = shrinks)
Hypertonic
132
Normal (equal)
Isotonic
133
process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane w the cell membrane
Exocytosis
134
A form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy using process
Endocytosis
135
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane (endocytosis of water)
Pinocytosis
136
Cell eating type of endocytosis
Phagocytosis
137
Another type of exocytosis
Secretion
138
What affects the rate of transport
```
Molecular weight
Temperature
Surface area
Concentration gradient
Membrane permeability
```
139
Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix
Secondary structure
140
How many amino acids come from nature
8
141
What is freely permeable
Anything lipid soluble such as gasses and fats
142
true or false oxidative phosphorylation is aerobic
True
143
True or false hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
True
144
Where is most of the co2 located
Mitochondria
145
are amino acids water soluble
Yes cuz they are charged
146
Formation of ATP
ATP synthase
147
Reaction where energy from ATP is released
ATP hydrolysis
148
A polypeptide uses the blank reaction when it is reduced to monomers called blank
Hydrolysis, amino acids
149
RNA plays a role in
Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
150
A typical protein may be composed of an alpha helix and a region with a pleated sheet this protein is described as having
Tertiary structure
151
A substance that raises activation energy of a chemical reaction
Inhibition
152
A single-stranded assembly of nucleic acid
RNA
153
The cellular instructions for the synthesis of all proteins
DNA
154
An organelle responsible for translation
Ribosome
155
A charged atom or molecule
Ion
156
Which of the following statements is true metabolic pathways blank
Are controlled by enzyme activity
157
The class of lipid molecule is used primarily for fuel
Triglyceride
158
The smallest structure we recognized as alive is the
Cell
159
How is glucose transported through the plasma membrane
Facilitated diffusion
160
ATP is hydrolyzed when protein blanks transfer solutes from outside of the cell to the inside this is a blank transport process
Pumps, active
161
True or false Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA it occurs in the nucleus
True
162
What organelles are involved in protein synthesis
Ribosomes rough ER the Golgi complex and the nucleus
163
Oxygen atomic number eight can form a blank bond when two oxygen atoms combine
Nonpolar covalent
