test 1 Flashcards
The cellular reaction responsible for anabolism of glucose to glycogen is called
Glycogenesis
If the ratio of OH to H ions inside the cell decreases (less 0H than h)
The cell would become acidic
During mitosis is the division of the cytoplasm is called
Cytokinesis
In the liquid form water molecules move freely around one another this property is due to blank bonds and makes it an excellent blank
Hydrogen, lubricant
How is ATP transported through the cytoplasm
Simple diffusion
What type of bond involves unequal sharing of electrons
Polar covalent
The formation of a polypeptide into a folded twisted 3D shape is called its
Tertiary structure
A substrate that accelerates the rate of chemical reactions
Enzyme
The cellular instructions for the synthesis of proteins
DNA
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
Cells in a fishes gills pump outs all even though the salt water the fish lives and has a greater concentration of salt in the cells themselves do what process do you think the cells must use to remove the salt
Active transport
An enzyme is a blank with a confirmation specific to the blank it catalyzes
Protein, substrates
What is the product of translation
A newly synthesized polypeptide
Receptor proteins in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid but only to certain ones this property is called
Specificity
Selle has a glucose concentration of one mole while Sophia has a glucose concentration of 1.75 moles which cell has the highest osmotic pressure and which direction will water move through a semi permeable membrane
Cell B from A to B
Glucose moves out of it capillary by the transport process
Filtration
Water has surface tension that allows a tiny bug to walk on the water surface this is possible due to
Hydrogen bonds cohesiveness of water and polarity of the water molecule
All the synthesis reactions in the human body form and division of metabolism called
Anabolism
What can speed up chemical reactions in a water solvent
Heat solution or add a catalyst
All of the bodies non-reproductive cells called blank usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are called blank cells
Somatic cells, diploid
Cellular respiration involves two complex reaction sequences the aerobic one is called blank and takes place in the blank
Citric acid cycle, mitochondrial matrix
True or false glycolysis is anaerobic
True
Endocytosis of water is described by
Pinocytosis
True or false an enzyme can bind more than one reactant/substrate at one time
True
A lipid molecule that is a steroid hormone
Cholesterol
Which of the following do not influence the rate of diffusion through a membrane
ATP concentration
This type of tissues excitable and is the only tissue that moves
Muscle
A polypeptide undergoes the blank reaction what is reduced to monomers called blank
Hydrolysis, amino acids
Membrane proteins may function as
Enzymes cell adhesion molecules and receptors for hormones
Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when
The osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure
Is hydrolysis of a polymer a catabolic reaction
Yes
The slide of the egg white albumin was shown as a common example of a protein in the
Primary conformation
This type of tissue controls the permeability in and out of the body
Epithelial
Astrology (not astronomy) is a science
False
The reaction responsible for the breakdown of glycogen to glucose is termed
Glycogenolysis
The building of glucose to glycogen
Glycogenesis
Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis
The build up of glucose from non carb sources like lipids or proteins
Gluconeogeneosis
This organelle stores calcium in skeletal muscle cells and synthesizes steroid hormone in ovarian cells
Smooth er
Hydration Spheres
Are possible due to the polarity of water molecules stop sodium and chloride ions from creating ionic bonds and only interact with molecules that are polarized or charge
Which of the following organelles is responsible for protein activation and packaging
The Golgi complex
If a reaction has a high activation energy it may be overcome by
Adding energy from the hydrolysis ATP increasing the temperature of the solution and addition of a catalyst to the solution
The fluid on the outside of the cell is called
Extracellular fluid
What is the cytosol
Water of cytoplasm
A chemical reaction that joins two organic monomers together into a dimer and produces water as a byproduct is called
Dehydration synthesis
What is the general formula for a carbohydrate
Ch2o
Is cholesterol hydrophobic
Yes
The most relevant free energy in the human body is the energy stored in
Covalent bonds of organic molecules
True or false organelles are contained with in the plasma membrane
True
True or false the cytosol refers the liquid portion with in the plasma membrane
True
True or false the nucleus is a membrane-bound compartment that contains DNA
True
True or false the mitochondria is a membrane-bound organelle that is the site of some ATP production
True
Transcription occurs in the blank while most translation occurs in the blank
Nucleus and cytoplasm
Which of the following are not composed of proteins/amino acids
Triglycerides and disaccharides
What are triglycerides
Glycerol and fatty acid
What are disaccharides
Carbohydrates and starch
All of the following are examples of the major elements contributing to body mass except
Phosphate
What are the four major elements found in the body
Carbon nitrogen oxygen and hydrogen
RNA plays roll in
Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
Which of the following statements is true metabolic pathways blank
Occur in precise stepwise series of chemical reaction and are controlled by enzyme activity
Exocytosis is term best described by
Secretion
Phagocytosis
Type of endocytosis
Absorption
Type of endocytosis
Osmosis between two cells reaches equilibrium when
The osmotic pressure is equal to the filtration pressure
The first stage of cellular respiration is anaerobic is called blank and takes place in the blank
Glycolysis, cytosol
The process of blank would stop if a poison blocked ATP synthesis
Active transport
Before an amino acid can be used as an energy source the blank must be removed
Amino group
The term transcytosis is best described as
Movement of vesicles through a cells membrane’s
The energy from proteins synthesis comes from
Hydrolysis of ATP
Example of an electrolyte is
Salt and sodium ion
Anabolism
Type of metabolism that builds
Catabolism
Type of metabolism that breaks down
What are some body systems that are homeostatically regulated
Blood glucose levels blood volume levels of cholesterol and temperature
Kinetic energy
Energy in motion example thermal
Potential energy
Stored energy example chemical bonds that are together
What are the building blocks of everything living and nonliving
Elements/chemical make up
Characteristics of hydrogen bonds
Type of covalent bond they are the strongest bond break example HCl they are usually strong acids
What is the first law thermodynamics
Energy can’t be created or destroyed
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred
What are the characteristics of life
Order and composition growth reproduction movement responsiveness adaptive energy processing repair
True or false polar bonds are harder to break in dissolve stuff
True
Polar covalent bond
Unequal sharing of electrons
Nonpolar covalent bond
Equal sharing of electrons
True or false water is a nonpolar covalent bond
Falls water is polar because bent bonds don’t cancel each other out
Why does dirty water and not pure water how the ability to harness energy such as electricity
It has particles in the water to grab onto
Ionic bonds
The transfer of electrons
True or false electrons hold everything together
True
True or false water runs downhill
True high to low energy
What are anions
Negatively charged ions
What are cations
Positively charged ions
True or false if an ion is in the solution it is reactive
True
What is the naked proton
H+ single proton positively charged
True or false if ice melts the level of water will stay the same
True because mass doesn’t change
True or false the outer shell’s are in a higher energy state
True because have the most potential
Does ice flow
Yes 10% of it floats above water
what changes when water changes form
Density
Hydration sphere
The idea that you were putting water around individual molecules
Characteristics of water
Universal solvent cohesive adhesive polar chemical reactivity thermostability
What is cohesive
Sticks to itself
What is adhesive
Sticks to everything else (almost)
What does water not stick to
A diamond because it’s made of carbon
What is the neutral number for pH scale
7
The higher number means
More basic
The lower number means
More acidic
Fats can dissolve in fats but not what
Water
True or false O2 and CO2 dissolve in water
False
True or false anything that is charged can always dissolve in water
True
What does your body lose a lot of when you sweat
Potassium
Hydrophobic
Water hating
Hydrophilic
Water loving
Solvent
Water
Solute
What is being dissolved in the water
Smallest building block
Monomers
Links to monomers
Dimer
Three or more monomers
Polymer
Hydrolysis
Breaking a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
The build up of a water molecule happens when excess of water
Amino acids build a protein molecule
Synthesis reaction
AB + CD | V AC \+ BD
Exchange reaction
True or false gases are hydrophobic
True
What is activation energy
Energy needed to overcome the energy barrier
What action do enzyme catalyst perform
Lowers activation energy (controls rate of reaction)
True or false facilitated simple diffusion requires energy to move substances
False active transport requires energy input
No energy requirement (movement is down a gradient)
Passive
Requires energy input (usually ATP) pumps movement up gradient
Active
Water pushing something through a membrane (under pressure)
Filtration
Movement of particles until reaches equilibrium (moves down concentration gradient) ex once oxygen is in a cell
Simple diffusion
Needs protein carrier associated w molecule (one side opens up to get molecule in, closes so no excess water in, then opens on the other side (ex glucose)
Facilitated diffusion
Deals w movement of water in semipermeable membrane because of impermeable substrates (high to low concentration)
Osmosis
More solutes on inside (pulls water in = swells)
Hypotonic
More solutes in outside (pulls water out = shrinks)
Hypertonic
Normal (equal)
Isotonic
process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane w the cell membrane
Exocytosis
A form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy using process
Endocytosis
The ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane (endocytosis of water)
Pinocytosis
Cell eating type of endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Another type of exocytosis
Secretion
What affects the rate of transport
Molecular weight Temperature Surface area Concentration gradient Membrane permeability
Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix
Secondary structure
How many amino acids come from nature
8
What is freely permeable
Anything lipid soluble such as gasses and fats
true or false oxidative phosphorylation is aerobic
True
True or false hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
True
Where is most of the co2 located
Mitochondria
are amino acids water soluble
Yes cuz they are charged
Formation of ATP
ATP synthase
Reaction where energy from ATP is released
ATP hydrolysis
A polypeptide uses the blank reaction when it is reduced to monomers called blank
Hydrolysis, amino acids
RNA plays a role in
Synthesizing proteins and copying instructions from DNA
A typical protein may be composed of an alpha helix and a region with a pleated sheet this protein is described as having
Tertiary structure
A substance that raises activation energy of a chemical reaction
Inhibition
A single-stranded assembly of nucleic acid
RNA
The cellular instructions for the synthesis of all proteins
DNA
An organelle responsible for translation
Ribosome
A charged atom or molecule
Ion
Which of the following statements is true metabolic pathways blank
Are controlled by enzyme activity
The class of lipid molecule is used primarily for fuel
Triglyceride
The smallest structure we recognized as alive is the
Cell
How is glucose transported through the plasma membrane
Facilitated diffusion
ATP is hydrolyzed when protein blanks transfer solutes from outside of the cell to the inside this is a blank transport process
Pumps, active
True or false Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA from DNA it occurs in the nucleus
True
What organelles are involved in protein synthesis
Ribosomes rough ER the Golgi complex and the nucleus
Oxygen atomic number eight can form a blank bond when two oxygen atoms combine
Nonpolar covalent
