Test 3 Flashcards
The study of how living among others influences human thoughts feelings and behavior
Social psychology
Examines how other people in the social forces they create influence an individual behavior
Social influence
Conform to group norm
Conformity
Desire to be correct
Informational social influence
Desire for approval
Normative social influence
Factors influencing conformity
1 status of group members 2 Direct pressure/ridicule 3 Group size/at least three people 4 presence or absence of dissenters 5 cultural norms/values 6 personal traits/values
Acting in accordance with a direct request
Compliance
Starting with small request that will lead to a bigger request
Foot in the door
Asking for a lot then decreasing request to a smaller more reasonable one
Door in the face
Persuasion and selling technique in which item or service is offered at lower price than price is raised to increase profits
Lowball
Shamwow in commercials “buy now and get 17 of them”
That’s not all
Following a command/usually when someone in authority tells you what to do
Obedience/milligrams shock study
Situational factors that influence obedience
1 presence of authority 2 physical closeness 3 Setting 4 Authority unanimity 5 responsibility
Role is a social position that carries with it expected behaviors/gender roles
Role-playing
A set of expectations about a social position defining how those in the position ought to behave
Roll
When the presence of others improve performance occurs when the task is easy or well learned
Social facilitation
When the presence of others Hinders performance occurs when the task is difficult
Social inhibition
Less individual responsibility
Group
Group to pooled effort to less effort
Social loafing
Increase helping with one person
The bystander effect
Increase arousal and diminish responsibility/decrease self awareness and decreased his self restraint
Deindividuation
Group opinion strengthened
Group polarization
Mode of thinking and which the desire to keep harmony within the group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Groupthink
Inferences about causes of behavior
Attributions
Dispositional attribution do something because who you are as a person
Internal
Situational attribution’s
external
Overestimate internal attributions and underestimate external attributions
Fundamental attribution error
We get what we deserve forming impressions of others
Just world hypothesis
Negative outcome leads to Extertal attribution/positive outcomes leads to internal attributions
Self-serving bias
Even though I may think other people like what I like they don’t like it as much as me/other people aren’t as good or smart as I am
False uniqueness affect
People tend to categorize one another
Schemas
A biased/internal
Prejudice
Act on that bias
Discriminative
I am sexus
Explicit bias
Everyone has this/unconscious bias
Implicit bias
Us versus them
And group/out of group bias
We tend to classify people who are not in our group as being similar to one another they are all like that
Outgroup a Homogenity
Group membership or belonging
Inclusion
Being left out of the group
Exclusion
Evaluation of other things events and people
Attitudes
When faced with conflict we act reduce dissonance typically by bringing our attitude in line with our actions
Cognitive dissonance theory
The expectation that people will help those who have helped them
Reciprocity norm
Takes less time and money/purchase offense of all different ages and measure them at one point in time
Cross-sectional
Something that happened to specific generation that influences answers
Cohort effect
Same participants multiple periods of time difficult to implement overtime
Longitudinal
Three phases of prenatal development
Germinal stage,
Embryonic stage, fetal stage
Conception to two weeks
Germinal stage
Two weeks to two months
Embryonic stage
Two months to birth
Fetal stage
Factors that influence prenatal development
Teratogen
Babies are born with reflexes and learn motor behaviors
Motor development
Baby will look at something longer if like it more
Preferential looking technique
As we become accustomed to something we don’t look as long
Habituation
Helps with efficiency first example of use it or lose it
Proning/brain development
What are the four types of attachment
Secure attachment insecure avoidant attachment insecure ambivalent attachment and secured is organized attachment
Classified by children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves and do something knowing that their caregiver will return
Secure attachment
Infant will avoid or ignore the caregiver showing little emotion when the caregiver departs our returns the child will not explore very much regardless of who is there
Insecure avoidant attachment
The infant will typically explore little and is often wary of strangers even when the caregiver is present
Insecure ambivalent attachment
The child is stuck in an awful dilemma her survival instincts tell her to flee to safety but safety may be in the very person who is frightening her
Insecure disorganized attachment
Rules a lot no flexibility in rules
Authoritarian parenting style
High demand/high responsiveness when you clean room then you can play outside
Authoritative parenting style
Parents aren’t involved
Uninvolved parenting style
What kids do whatever they want/helicopter
Permissive parenting style
Scientific study of how we perceive remember think speak and solve problems
Cognitive psychology
What are the three components of emotion
Physical behavioral cognitive
Stimulus/event leads to psychological and arousal leads to a motion/specific psychological arousal for each emotion
James Lange theory
PNS brain and motor neurons are involved and emotions/PNS to physical brain to cognitive motor neurons to behavioral
Cannon Bard theory
Two important determinants of emotions/cognitive appraisal and physiological arousal
Scachter singer two factor theory
Some aspects of a motion are universal/psychological arousal and behavioral expressions while other aspects are cultural derived/cognitive appraisal and emotional regulation
Neurocultural theory of emotion
Urge to work towards ones goal
Motivation
External consequences
Extrinsic motivation
For its own sake
Intrinsic motivation
Tendency to behave to satisfy a need
Drives
Lack of something leads to a desire for satisfaction
Needs
Need(water) leads to drive(thirst) leads to drive reducing behavior(drinking)
Drive reduction theory
Motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal
Arousal theory
Distinctive patterns of behavior thoughts and feelings that characterize a persons adaptation to life/the unique behavioral qualities that make you who you are
Personality
Interaction between personality and environmental factors
Reciprocal determinism
Doesn’t matter what I do it won’t make a difference
Learned helplessness
What is the five factor model of personality
A set of five Broad Street dimensions or domains(ocean)
Openness to experience Conscientious Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
How we perceive remember seeing speak
Cognitive psychology
Mental process acquiring processing and storing information
Cognition
Inability to interpret problem in a new way
Fixation
Inability to see objects as having another function
Functional fixedness
Not considering solutions other than previously used
Mental set
Procedure for finding correct solution
Algorithm
Rule of thumb/may lead to correct solution
Heuristic
Assessability and memory leads to estimating greater probability
Availability heuristic
