Test 2 Flashcards
The focusing of light waves from objects of different distances directly on the retina
Accommodation
A visual problem in which the light waves from nearby objects are focused behind the retina during the images of these objects
farsightedness
A theory of color vision which assumes that there are three types of cones each activated only by wavelength ranges of light corresponding roughly to blue green and red
Trichromatic Theory
The brains you some knowledge of beliefs and expectations to interpret sensory information
Top down processing
The Gestalt perceptual organizational principle that the brain completes incomplete figure stuff for meaningful objects
Closure
Are sensitivity to unchanging and repetitive stimuli disappears every time
Sensory adaptation
Hearing loss created by damage to one of the structures in the ear responsible for caring the auditory information to the inner ear
Conduction deafness
The number of times a waveform cycles in one sec
Frequency
The perceived magnitude of a stimulus is equal to its actual physical intensity raised to a constant power and this constant power is different for each type of sensory judgment
Steavens power law
The minimum difference between two sensory stimuli detected 50% of the time
Difference threshold
Wavelengths of light that when added together produce white
Complementary colors
A theory of pitch perception which assumes that the frequency of the soundwave by the firing rate of the entire basilar membrane
Frequency theory
A line or shape that is perceived to be present but does not really exist the brain creates it during perception
Subjunctive contour
The perceptual stability of the size shape brightness and color for Familiar objects varying distances different angles and under different lighting conditions
Perceptual constancy
The process by which the rods and cones through internal chemical changes become more and more sensitive to light in dim light conditions
Dark adaptation
The amount of energy in a sensory stimulus is detected 50% of the time is called the
Absolute threshold
If a person is using a very strict criterion for a single detection task the false alarm rate will be blank and the miss rate will be blank
Low, high
According to Webbers law if C equals 1/50 then the difference threshold for a standard stimulus of 100 units would be
Two
Red wavelengths of light are blank and Violet wavelengths of light are blank
Long, short
The rods in the retina are responsible for blank vision and the cones are responsible for blank vision
Dim light, color
According to the opponent process theory of color vision if you stared at a blue circle for a while and then looked at a white surface you would see a circular blank after image
Yellow
Transduction of sound waves into neural impulses is performed by the
Hair cells in the basilar membrane
The best explanation for how we perceive low pitches is the blank Theory and the best explanation for how we perceive high pitches is the blank theory
Frequency, place
Perceptual set a good example of
Top down processing
Which of the following is a binocular depth cue
Retinal disparity
What is the purpose of transduction
Translating physical energy into neural signals that the brain can understand
Damage to the hair cells in the Coachlea causes blank deafness and blank occurs when light waves from distant objects come into focus in front of the retina
Nerve, nearsightedness
Even though the image of your dog on your retina changes as your dog runs to fetch a stick you do not perceive your dog is getting smaller which process of perception explains this phenomenon
Perceptual constancy
Perceiving either a vase or two facial silhouettes looking at each other was used to illustrate the gestalt principle of blank perceiving two ambiguous characters numerically as 13 or alphabetically as B was used to illustrate blank
Figure and ground, contextual effects
Although Henry’s watchband was bothering him when he first put it on a short while later he did not even notice he was wearing it this illustrates blank
Sensory adaptation
A classical conditioning procedure in which the condition stimulus proceeds the unconditioned stimulus but the two stimuli do not occur together
Trace conditioning
Hey stimulus that games it’s reinforcing property through learning
Secondary reinforcer
In operant conditioning giving operant response in the presence of stimuli similar to discriminative stimulus
Stimulus generalization
The stimulus that comes to elicit a new response in classical conditioning
Conditioned stimulus
The finding that operand responses reinforced I’m partial schedules are more resistant to extinction than those reinforce on a continuous schedule
Partial reinforcement effect
A stimulus that is unpleasant
Aversive stimulus
Training an animal or human to make an operant response by reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response
Shaping
A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses it takes to obtain a reinforcer varries on each trial but averages to a set number across the trials
Variable ratio schedule
A partial schedule of reinforcement in which the time that must be laps on each trial before response will lead to the delivery of a reinforcer varies from trial to trial but averages to a set time across trials
Variable interval schedule
The application of classical and operant conditioning principles to eliminate undesirable behavior and to teach more desirable behavior
Behavior modification
The desire to perform a behavior for external reinforcement
Extrinsic motivation
Punishment in which an aversive stimulus is presented
Positive punishment
The principal developed by Edward Thorndike that says that any behavior that results in satisfying consequences tends to be repeated and that any behavior that results in unsatisfying consequences tends not to be repeated
Law of effect
A partial recovery and strength of the conditioned response following a break during extinction training
Spontaneous recovery
The diminishing of the operant response when it no longer is reinforced
Extinction
In pavlovs classical conditioning research a tone was used as the blank and food inserted in the mouth served as the blank
CS, UCS
In classical conditioning the diminishing of the CR following removal of the UCS is called
Extinction
In stimulus generalization in classical conditioning the strength of the CR blank as the similarity of the generalization stimulus to the blank increases
Increases, CS
In reinforcement the probability of a behavior blank and punishment the probability of a behavior blank
Increases, decreases
Negative reinforcement occurs when a blank stimulus is blank
Aversive , removed
Which of the following is the best example of a primary reinforcer
Food such as a cheeseburger
The stimulus and whose presence a response will be reinforced is called the stimulus blank in operant conditioning
discriminative
Peace work in a factory is an example of a blank schedule of reinforcement a slot machine is an example of a blank schedule of reinforcement
Fixed ratio, variable ratio
The Brelands difficulties and training animals were the result of blank
Latent learning
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer
Money, a money order, a check
The blank effect is a decrease in an intrinsically motivated behavior after the behavior is extrinsically reinforced and the reinforcement discontinued
Over justification
A steep cumulative record in operant conditioning indicates blank and a flat cumulative record indicates a blank
A fast rate of responding, no responding
The results of Bandera’s Bobo doll studies illustrate blank and tolman and honziks studies of latent learning indicate the importance of blank and maze learning by rats
Observational learning, cognitive maps
Continuing to take advil because it alleviates headaches is an example of blank and no longer parking in a no parking zones because you lost money in fines for doing so is example of blank
Negative reinforcement, negative punishment
The principle that states that the cues both internal and external present at the time information is encoded into long term memory serves as the best retrieval cues for the information
Encoding specificity principal
A measure of long term memory retrieval that requires the reproduction of the information with essentially no retrieval cues
Recall
The distributive effect of new learning on the retrieval of old information
Retroactive interference
The visual sensory register at that holds an exact copy of the incoming visual input but only for a very brief period of time less than a second
Iconic memory
A meaningful unit in memory
Chunk
Long-term memory for factual knowledge and personal experiences that requires a conscious effort to remember and that entails making decorations about the information remembered
Explicit memory
The inability to form new explicit long-term memories for events following surgery or trauma to the brain
Anterograde amnesia
A type of rehearsal and short-term memory in which incoming information is related to information from long-term memory to encode it into long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
Sapir your long-term memory for spay study versus massedd study
Spacing effect
Frameworks of knowledge about people objects events and actions that allow us to organize and interpret information about our worlds
Schemas
Explicit memory for personal experiences
Episodic memory
The theory of forgetting that proposes that forgetting is due to the unavailability of retrieval cues necessary to locate the information and long-term memory
Cue dependent theory
An experimental procedure in which following the brief presentation of a matrix of unrelated consonants the participant is given an auditory Cue about which row of the matrix to recall
Sperling’s partial report procedure
Our inability as adults to remember events that occurred in our lives before about three years of age
Infantile/child amnesia
A memory task in which the participant is given a series of items one at a time and then has to recalled items in order in which they were presented
Memory span task
Which of the following types of memory holds sensory input until we can attend to and recognize it
Sensory memory
Her short-term memory capacity is blank +-2 chunks
Seven
Which of the following types of memory has the shortest duration
Sensory memory
Procedural memories are blank memories and thus are probably process in the blank
Implicit, cerebellum
Which of the following leads to the best long-term memory
Elaborative rehearsal
The primary and recency effect and freight recall demonstrate that we have the greatest difficulty recalling the words blank of a list
In the middle
Which of the following is not a pneumonic aid
Temporel integration procedure
An essay test measures blank and a multiple choice test measures blank
Recall, recognition
Which of the following theories of forgetting argues that the forgotten information it was in long-term memory but is no longer available
Storage decay theory
Piahets false memory of kidnapping attempt when he was a child was the result of a blank
Source misattribution
After learning the phone number for five star pizza Bob cannot remember the phone number he learned last week for the donut connection after living in Los Angeles for three years Jenna is unable to remember his way around his home town in which he had a live the previous 10 years prior to moving to LA Bob is experiencing the effects of blank interference engine is experiencing the affects of blank interference
Retroactive, retroactive
Per the levels of processing theory which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word in this practice test question today
How well does the word describe you
The forgetting curve for a long-term memory in EppingHaus relearning studies with nonsense syllables indicates that
The greatest amount of forgetting occurs rather quickly and then it levels off
And the Loftis and Palmer experiment participants were showing a film of traffic accident and then later tested for their memory of it defining that memory differed based upon the specific words used in the test questions illustrated
The misinformation effect
The results for the experiment in which word lists were studied either on land or underwater and then recalled either on land or underwater provide evidence for
Encoding specificity
