Test 3 Flashcards
When does gender identity take place?
After 24 months
What are some examples of physical development and functional sexual anatomy of a baby from birth to age 2?
- many behaviors are due to curiosity
- male fetuses and newborns are capable of erections
- Female newborns are capable of vaginal lubrication
Psychosexual development of babies from birth to age 2?
- bonding between mother and infant.
- learn about cuddling, holding, kissing, touching from parents
- Develop strong identification with a gender
Sexual behavior (curiosity) of babies from birth to age 2?
- learning about their bodies and how to control them
- Discover genital area between 6-12 months
- Want to love and engage in behaviors that set stage for adulthood
T/F: We must be careful not to attribute adult motives to childhood behaviors.
TRUE
Developments in children of ages 2-5?
- learns basic physical skills
- continued learning about the body
- What it means to be a boy/girl
- Looks at others for models of gender behavior
- Interest and questioning nature about genitals, body waste
- Develop a sense of sexuality. Wonder how mom/dad are different
- engage in “sex play”
Developments in children ages 6-12?
- Moving towards puberty
- becoming more private
- sexual interest and activity increases
- learn about sex and curious about others’ genitals
- masturbation begins at later stage
- experimentation with siblings and cousins begin
Tween-age developments?
- Extremely curious and interested in opposite sex
- Start to compare themselves with peers
- peer acceptance is very important
What is the SL theory of tweens?
- Children learn attitudes and values by observing and imitation behaviors of others
- TV and music become powerful influences on sexual values
- begin to move toward “adult” role modeled behaviors
What are the developments in children ages 12-18 (adolescents)?
- Physical maturation. Awkward stage for many
- changes in almost every system in body, energy, sexual desire, mood, personality
When does puberty usually begin?
- 8-13 for girls, menarche is around 12
- 9-14 for boys, semenarche is around 13
Stats on kissing/touching at age 13?
- 73% of girls and 60% of boys have kissed
- 20% of boys and 35% of girls have experienced breast touching
Oral sex statistics of ages 15-19?
54% of girls age 15-19
55% of boys age 15-19
Same-sex behavior statistics in teenage years?
- 8-12% had sexual contact with same-sex partners
- 10-13% unsure about their orientation
- 1-6% are homosexual or bisexual
What is the average age of first intercourse in the US?
- 16.9 for boys
- 17.4 for girls
By age 20, 80% have had their first sexual experience
What % of teens get pregnant each year?
- Around 7-10%
- 31% have become pregnant by age 20
- Has gone down
Teenage pregnancy stats:
- 95% of teens keep baby
- 70% drop out of HS
- 25% have another baby within 24 months
- 80% end up on welfare by year 5
- Only 20% marry teen mother of their child
T/F: The greater the age difference between couples, the more likely there is sexual activity.
TRUE
Teenage STD statistics:
- Chlamydia and gonorrhea higher in 15-19-year-old females than any other age group
- Rates of STIs are increasing
What are the two major developmental challenges of adulthood?
- formation of a sexual identity
- intimate relationships
How much of the population indicates that their religious beliefs guide their sexual behavior?
33%
What is intimacy?
Form a bond with one another
- capacity to know one’s own thoughts and feelings
- willingness to share those feelings
- develop interpersonal skills for sharing
What is sexual identity?
consists of gender identity, sexual orientation, and erotic intention
What is sexual meaning?
internalized personal experience with cultural context; must develop your sense of identity, goals, values, and then find partner who shares them
What is the average number of people a person will fall in love with before they marry?
7 times
Hook up statistic
80% have had at least one hook up
How much does it cost to raise a child from birth to age 18?
over $250,000
How many times does the average married couple have sex?
61 times a year
- 40% have sex 2+ times a week
- 50% have sex a few times/month
What % of couples cohabitate?
about 70%
What is the median age of first marriage in the US?
- 28.3 for men
- 25.8 for female
What percent of the population eventually marries?
90-95%
- About 50% of households are married and half are single/divorced/widowed
% of affairs?
- 30-45% of males
- 15-25% of females
What is polygamy?
having more than one spouse
What is polygyny?
having more than one wife
what is polyandry?
having more than one husband
What happened on June 26, 2015?
Supreme court guarantees a right to same-sex marriage
divorce states?
- 53% of marriages end in divorce
- 67% of second marriages
- 74% of third marriages
- Most divorced individuals will remarry (50-75%)
- 1 in 5 ends within 5 yrs, 1 in 3 within 10 yrs
What are the 5 most common reasons for divorce?
- financial
- sex
- adultery
- disagreement about children
- religion
Concerns of divorce?
- impact on children
- loneliness
- finances
What is conception?
Union of a sperm cell and an egg cell: each contribute 23 chromosomes and ALL inherited traits are determined at “moment” of conception
How common is it to have fertility problems?
- One in six (15-20%) have fertility problems
- If you try for one year without success, you are classified as infertile or subfertile
What causes infertility?
- Women: ovulation disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, uterine problems, PID
- Men: low or problems involving sperm count
How old was the youngest father?
12 years old. He was 11 and his girlfriend was 15 when they had sex
How small are sperm cells?
100 times smaller than the egg. The egg is 1/5 the size of a period in this sentence.
Chromosomes of male/female
- Female: XX
- Male: XY
How long does sperm and egg live?
- Sperm lives about 5 days
- Egg lives about 2 days
What is fertilin?
It is a chemical found in sperm that helps them stick to the egg
What is hyaluronidase?
It is an enzyme that helps sperm penetrate the shell of the egg
What happens once the sperm goes into the egg?
- Once the sperm penetrates, egg releases a protein substance that prevents other sperm from entering.
- The sperm spills (exocytosis) its genetic code into the egg
Where does fertilization/conception take place?
Fallopian tubes
What is the fertilized egg called?
zygote (conceptus)
How is pregnancy confirmed?
It is confirmed by hormonal tests: After implanting into the endometrium, embryos begin to secrete hCG–a hormone that is detected by pregnancy tests.
How old was the youngest mother?
5 years old, 7 months (Lima, Peru)
- she began menstruating at the age of 3
What is a mortula?
A solid mass of cells after 3 days of cell division
What is a blastocyst?
A ball of cells (100) after 5-7 days of cell division
- enters uterine cavity
- hard shell on egg dissolves and it implants
What is the critical time of development?
2nd through 8th week
What is a fetus?
After 8 weeks of development
What is an amnion?
A sac that develops around the embryo filled with amniotic fluid
Why is the placenta formed?
To nourish and remove waste through blood vessels
What is the normal gestation time? (conception to birth)
- 266 days
- most are born within 10 days of prediction
- only 4% are born on due date
How long are trimesters?
13 weeks (3 of them)
How does someone have fraternal twins?
two ova, dizygotic
How does someone have identical twins?
single ova, monozygotic
5 births at one time?
Quintuplets
6 births at a time?
Sextuplets
7 births at a time?
septuplets
8 births at a time?
Octuplets
What is selective reduction?
The practice of reducing the number fo fetuses in a multifetal pregnancy
How old was the sperm used from frozen embryos?
- oldest sperm was 21 years old
- first baby born from frozen fertilized egg was 1987
What is human cloning?
Genetic duplication of an organism by substituting the chromosomes fo a body cell into a donated ovum
What is artificial insemination?
- Injecting male sperm cells into a woman’s vagina
- 60-75% effective
What is invitro fertilization?
A process whereby the union of the sperm and egg occur outside the mother’s body
- First born was 1978
What is zygote intrafallopian transfer?
Zygotes inserted into fallopian tube
What is gamete intrafallopian transfer?
sperm and egg are inserted together into the fallopian tube
How common is assisted reproductive technologies?
Half a million babies have been born in the US through assisted reproductive technologies
- Today, 1 in 100 babies are born through infertility treatments, and is rising dramatically
How often are unplanned pregnancies?
50%
What is amniocentesis?
Needle is inserted into the amniotic sac and fluid is withdrawn where fetal cells are examined for medical problems
What is chronic villi sampling?
Removal of a piece of chorionic membrane through the cervix and examined for medical problems
What are endoscopes?
A scope that is inserted into uterus through a hollow needle to view developing embryo or fetus
How often is the baby exposed to tobacco/alcohol/drugs?
1 in 3
When does the baby move into a head/down position?
about one month before delivery
What happens during labor?
- dilation of cervix (0 to 10 cm)
- engagement (sinking of the fetus’s head deep into mother’s pelvis
- contractions begin
What happens during second stage of pregnancy? (delivery stage)
- Perform episiotomy (cutting)
- Crowning top of head appears and baby descends through birth canal (1-2 hrs)
- first breath, eye drops, cut the cord
What happens during third stage of pregnancy? (afterbirth stage)
- peeling off and delivery of afterbirth
- 30 mins to 1 hr
How common is cesarean section?
- 33% of births are through c section
How common are birth defects?
1 in 33 births
- premature babies: 10-12%
How often is no conception used?
approximately 30-50% of the time
What is contraception?
any agent that prevents conception
What are abortifacients?
act after pregnancy (conception) to terminate a pregnancy
How common is it for a baby to be born to a single mother?
About 50% of all babies are born to single mothers
What are some methods of contraception?
- barrier methods: block the egg from uniting with sperm
- hormonal methods: alter woman’s biochemistry
- natural methods: prevents chance of egg/sperm uniting
- surgical methods: prevents transport of sperm or egg
What % of population have not experienced sex by age 20?
20%
What is coitus interruptus?
Pull out (withdrawl) right before male ejaculation
What is essure?
A permanent birth control method in which tiny metal coils are placed in a woman’s fallopian tubes.
- Over time, scar tissue grows in and around the coils and sperm cannot reach the eggs
What are intrauterine devices (IUD)?
Involving insertion of a small plastic device into uterus
Two types:
- copper IUD’s
- hormonal IUDb (causes cervical mucus to become thicker and changes lining of uterus)
When was the male condom invented?
1500’s
When was the pill (oral contraceptive) invented?
1940
When was the patch invented?
2001
When was plan B invented?
1999 and approved in 2013
What are spermicides?
Sperm killing chemicals that are in gels, creams, foams, films, or suppository base
What is tubal ligation?
A surgical cutting and blocking of the fallopian tubes
What is a vasectomy?
A surgical cutting and tying of the vas deferans
How common is abortion?
21%
- In US, 6 million women become pregnant. 1.2 million choose to have an abortion to end pregnancy
What is Mifepristone?
- invented in 2000
- method used in the 1st trimester where drug prevents lining from receiving the zygote or if implantation has occurred causing the shedding of the lining
What is prostagalandin induced pregnancy?
A method used in the 2nd trimester that injects prostaglandins into the amniotic sac to induce contractions and fetal delivery (ABORTION)
What is a hysterotomy?
Fetus and uterine contents are removed during a cesarean delivery
