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Bio 1442 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

A

both groups use chitin for support

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2
Q

Fungi have an extremely high surface-area-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

A

the larger surface area allows for more material to be transported through the cell membrane

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3
Q

Based on the idea that fungi have pores between their cell walls, which allow cytoplasm to move from one end of the mycelium to the other, which of the following hypotheses is the most plausible?

A

If a single mycorrhizal fungus formed symbiotic associations with more than one tree, carbon could travel from one plant to another

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4
Q

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

A

prokaryotes

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5
Q

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

A

fungal enzymes

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6
Q

The functional significance of porous septa in certain fungal hyphae is most similar to that represented by which pair of structures in animal cells and plant cells, respectively?

A

gap junctions—- plasmodesmata

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7
Q

A fungal spor germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?

A

cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

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8
Q

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____.

A

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

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9
Q

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____.

A

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

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10
Q

Some fungal species can kill herbivores while feeding off of sugars from its plant host. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

A

mutualistic

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11
Q

At which stage of a basidiomycete’s life cycle would reproduction be halted if an enzyme that prevented the fusion of hyphae was introduced?

A

plasmogamy

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12
Q

Deuteromycetes_________.

A

are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

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13
Q

Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following?

  1. cells with a single haploid nucleus
  2. heterokaryotic cells
  3. dikaryotic cells
  4. cells with two diploid nuclei
A

2 or 3

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14
Q

After cytokinesis occurs in budding yeasts, the daughter cell has a _____.

A

similar nucleus and less cytoplasm than the mother cell

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15
Q

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently______.

A

results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

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16
Q

Asexual reproduction in yeasts occurs by budding. Due to unequal cytokinesis, the “bud” cell receives less cytoplasm than the parent cell. Which of the following should be true of the smaller cell until it reaches the size of the larger cell?

A

it should produce fewer fermentation products per unit time

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17
Q

The microsporidian Brachiola gambiae parasitizes the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Adult female mosquitoes must take blood meals for their eggs to develop, and it is while they take blood that they transmit malarial parasites to humans. Male mosquitoes drink flower nectar. If humans are to safely and effectively use Brachiola gambiae as a biological control to reduce human deaths from malaria, then how many of the following statements should be true?

  1. Brachiola should kill the mosquitoes before the malarial parasite they carry reaches maturity.
  2. The microsporidian should not be harmful to other insects.
  3. Microsporidians should infect mosquito larvae, rather than mosquito adults.
  4. The subsequent decline in anopheline mosquitoes should not significantly disrupt human food resources or other food webs.
  5. Brachiola must be harmful to male mosquitoes, but not to female mosquitoes.
A

1,2, and 4

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18
Q

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?

A

fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules

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19
Q

Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?

A

colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells

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20
Q

The multicellular condition of animals and fungi seems to have arisen _____.

A

by convergent evolution

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21
Q

Which feature seen in chytrids supports the hypothesis that they diverged earliest in fungal evolution?

A

flagellated spores

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22
Q

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi’s use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis?

A

radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated

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23
Q

you observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following group does the fungus belong?

A

chytrids

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24
Q 
Which of the following has the least affiliation with all the others?
A) Glomeromycota
B) mycorrhizae
C) lichens
D) arbuscules
A

c

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25
Q

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest.

  1. ascospore
  2. ascocarp
  3. ascomycete
  4. ascus
A

3—2—4—1

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26
Q

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus.

  1. basidiocarp
  2. basidium
  3. basidiospore
  4. mycelium
  5. gill
A

4—1—5—2—3

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27
Q

A researcher took water in which a Jl population had been thriving, filtered the water to remove all bacterial cells, and then applied the water to the skins of adult amphibians to see if there would subsequently be a reduced infection rate by Bd when frog skins were inoculated with Bd. For which of the following hypotheses is the procedure described a potential test?

A

the hypothesis that Jl cells infect and kill Bd cells when both are present together on frog skin

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28
Q

Basidiomycetes are the only fungal group capable of synthesizing lignin peroxidase. What advantage does this group of fungi have over other fungi because of this capability?

A

this fungal group can break down the tough lignin, which cannot be harnessed for energy, to get to the more useful cellulose

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29
Q

If haustoria from the fungal partner were to appear within the photosynthetic partner of a lichen, and if the growth rate of the photosynthetic partner consequently slowed substantially, then this would support the claim that _____.

A

lichens are not purely mutualistic relationships

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30
Q

A billionaire buys a sterile volcanic island that recently emerged from the sea. To speed the arrival of conditions necessary for plant growth, the billionaire might be advised to aerially sow what over the island?

A

soredia

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31
Q

Orchid seeds are tiny, with virtually no endosperm and with miniscule cotyledons. If such seeds are deposited in a dark, moist environment, then which of the following represents the most likely means by which fungi might assist in seed germination, given what the seeds lack?

A

by providing the embryos with some of the organic nutrients they have absorbed

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32
Q

Which of the following best describes the physical relationship of the partners involved in lichens?

A

photosynthetic cells are surrounded by fungal hyphae

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33
Q

Mycorrhizae are to the roots of vascular plants as endophytes are to vascular plants’ _____.

A

leaf mesophyll

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34
Q

A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny?

A

collagen genes

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35
Q

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
A) the structural carbohydrate, chitin
B) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement
C) heterotrophy
D) flagellated gametes

A

b

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36
Q

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis?

A

Changes in the homeobox genes governing early development

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37
Q

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____.

A

ingesting it

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38
Q

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common?

A

presence of Hox genes

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39
Q

In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at the time of metamorphosis. A consequence of this occurrence is that _____.

A

we could not clone a larva from the somatic cells of such an adult insect

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40
Q 
Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal?
A) sponges
B) coral
C) jellyfish
D) choanoflagellates
A

chanoflagellates

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41
Q

The evolution of animal species has been prolific (the estimates go into the millions and tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to _____.

A

sense, feed, and move

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42
Q

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____.

A

flagellated protist

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43
Q

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

A

hard parts

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44
Q

Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? The fossil record reveals an increased incidence of _____.

A

hard parts

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45
Q

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

A

gene duplication

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46
Q

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of _____.

A

adaptive radiation

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47
Q

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates did so. This most clearly implies that _____.

A

arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates

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48
Q

Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

A

nervous—- mesoderm

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49
Q

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo _____.

A

exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

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50
Q

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

A

you see a mouth, but not an anus

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51
Q

Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in most animal phyla?

A

the mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

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52
Q

If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm?

A

lining the straw

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53
Q

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

A

type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)

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54
Q

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

A

the pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus

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55
Q

Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the _____.

A

archenteron

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56
Q

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

A

muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall

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57
Q

What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom _____.

A

contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion

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58
Q

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?

A

division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared

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59
Q

Which of these, if true, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?

  1. Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.
  2. Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians.
  3. All extant cnidarians, including Nematostella, are diploblastic.
  4. β-catenin turns out to be essential for gastrulation in all animals in which it occurs.
  5. All cnidarians are acoelomate.
A

1 and 4

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60
Q

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also______.

A

is bilaterally symmetrical

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61
Q

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito’s endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works?

A

the mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function

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62
Q

Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent?

  1. Protostomes invade terrestrial environments.
  2. Cambrian explosion occurs.
  3. Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments.
  4. Vertebrates become top predators in the seas.
A

2—3—1—4

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63
Q

What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent?

  1. tetrapods
  2. vertebrates
  3. deuterostomes
  4. amniotes
  5. bilaterians
A

5—3—2—1—4

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64
Q

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having _____.

A

true tissues or no tissues

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65
Q

you find a new species of worm and want to classify it. which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?

A

it sheds its external skeleton to grow

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66
Q

The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does this suggest?

A

the body cavity evolved before the lophophore

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67
Q

The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following. From earliest to most recent, in what sequence did these events evolve?

  1. identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos
  2. anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome embryos
  3. positioning of tentacles in cnidarians
  4. anterior-posterior orientation in vertebrate embryos
A

3—2—1—4

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68
Q

The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes. Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, except Nematostella (of β-catenin fame), which has three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarians were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that _____.

A

the radial symmetry of extant cnidarians is secondarily derived, rather than being an ancestral trait

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69
Q

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would _____.

A

confirm the identity of sponges as “basal animals”

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70
Q

The feeding stage of cycliophorans _____.

  1. is autotrophic
  2. is sessile
  3. captures food in a manner similar to that of animals with lophophores
  4. shows radial symmetry
A

1, 2 and 3

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71
Q

Why might researchers choose to use molecular data (such as ribosomal RNA sequences) rather than morphological data to study the evolutionary history of animals?

A

sequence data can be gathered faster than morphological data, and morphological data provides a different perspective

72
Q

If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?

A

the fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete

73
Q

Two competing hypotheses to account for the increase in the number of Hox genes from the last common ancestor of bilaterians to the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates are: (1) a single duplication of the entire four-gene cluster, followed by the loss of one gene, and (2) three independent duplications of individual Hox genes. To prefer the first hypothesis on the basis of parsimony requires the assumption that _____.

A

the duplication of a cluster of four hox genes is equally likely as the duplication of a single hox gene

74
Q

Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla, supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in the figure above. These results suggest instead that _____.

A

appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes

75
Q

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true?

  1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.
  2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect.
  3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic.
  4. Animals only reproduce sexually.
  5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern
A

3 and 5

76
Q

One should expect to find cilia associated with the feeding apparatus of _____.

A

sponges

77
Q

Sponges________.

A

have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia

78
Q

Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic?

A

suspension feeder

79
Q

Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you, but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass. Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucus on their tentacles or other body parts. What feeding tactic do these animals use?

A

suspension feeder

80
Q

Which of the following can be found in the mesohyl of a sponge?

  1. amoebocytes
  2. spicules
  3. spongin
  4. zygotes
  5. choanocytes
A

1, 2, 3 and 4

81
Q

Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins?

A

a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult

82
Q

Healthy corals are brightly colored because they____.

A

host symbionts with colorful photosynthetic pigments

83
Q

In terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?

A

choanocyte

84
Q

The crown-of-thorns sea star, Acanthaster planci, preys on the flesh of live coral. If coral animals are attacked by these sea stars, then what actually provides nutrition to the sea star, and which chemical (besides the toxin within their nematocysts) do the corals rely on for protection?

A

polyps; calcium carbonate

85
Q

The teacher and class were especially saddened when the colonial hydrozoan died. They had watched it carefully, and the unfortunate creature never even got to produce offspring by budding. Yet, everyone was elated when one of the students noticed a small colonial hydrozoan growing in a part of the tank far from the location of the original colony. The teacher was apparently unaware that these hydrozoans exhibit _____.

A

a medusa stage

86
Q

The sharp, inch-long thorns of the crown-of-thorns sea star are its spines. These spines, unlike those of most other sea stars, contain a potent toxin. If it were discovered that crown-of-thorns sea stars do not make this toxin themselves, then the most likely alternative would be that this toxin is _____.

A

derivedfrom the nematocysts of its prey

87
Q

The presence of a lophophore in a newly discovered species would suggest that the species _____.

A

is a suspension feeder

88
Q

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

A

it has no coelom

89
Q

What would be the best anatomical feature to look for to distinguish a gastropod from a chiton?

A

number of shell plates

90
Q

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length.

A

a platyhelminth

91
Q

Against which hard structure do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?

A

hydrostatic skeleton

92
Q

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n) _____.

A

mollusc

93
Q

The nematocysts most likely reach the skin of sea slugs through branches of the _____.

A

instestine

94
Q

The nematocysts of sea slugs should be most effective at protecting individual sea slugs from predation if the predators _____.

A

remove small bites of flesh from sea slugs and have long-term memory

95
Q

A natural predator of the crown-of-thorns sea star is a mollusc called the Giant Triton, Charonia tritonis. If the triton uses a radula to saw into the sea star, then to which clade should the triton belong?

A

gastropods

96
Q

If the teacher wanted to show the students what a lophophore is and how it works, the teacher would point out a feeding _____.

A

ectoproct

97
Q

The teacher was unaware of the difference between suspension feeding and predation. The teacher thought that providing live copepods (2 mm long) and feeder fish (2 cm long) would satisfy the dietary needs of all of the organisms. Consequently, which two organisms would have been among the first to starve to death (assuming they lack photosynthetic endosymbionts)?

A

bivalves and sponges

98
Q

What would be the most effective method of reducing the incidence of blood flukes in a human population?

A

reduces the mosquito population

99
Q

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems because _____.

A

none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment

100
Q

Which one of these mollusk groups can be classified as suspension feeders?

A

divalves

101
Q

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms?

A

a digestive system with a single opening

102
Q

If a lung were to be found in a mollusc, where would it be located?

A

mantel cavity

103
Q

Parasitism is one of the most widespread life strategies ever to evolve. Which of the following is consistent with this finding?

A

Parasites do not generally kill their hosts; thus they can feed on the same host throughout the host’s normal life span and do not have competition from decomposers.

104
Q

Nematodes and arthropods both _____.

A

grow by shedding their exoskeleton

105
Q

Arthropod exoskeletons and mollusk shells both _____.

A

help retain moisture in terrestrial habitats

106
Q

You find a multi-legged animal in your garden and want to determine if it is a centipede or a millipede. You take the animal to a university where a myriapodologist quickly tells you that you have found a centipede. Which of the following may have allowed her to make this distinction?

A

poisonous fangs

107
Q

Whiteflies are common pest insects found on cotton, tomato, poinsettia, and many other plants. Nymphs are translucent and mostly sessile, feeding on their host plants’ phloem (sap) from the undersides of leaves. They undergo incomplete metamorphosis into winged adults. Because whitefly nymphs cannot escape predation by moving, you hypothesize that their translucent bodies make them hard to spot by predators. How could you directly test this hypothesis?

A

compare rates of predation on whitefly nymphs coated with a nontoxic dye vs. undyed whitefly nymphs

108
Q

All arthropods _____.

1) undergo complete metamorphose
2) have jointed appendages
3) molt
4) have segmented bodies
5) have an exoskeleton or cuticle

A

2, 3, 4 ,5

109
Q

How would a terrestrial centipede most likely benefit from the ability to close its spiracles? Closing spiracles would _____.

A

allow the centipede to retain more moisture in its tissues

110
Q

What would be the most direct effect of removing or damaging an insect’s antennae? The insect would have trouble _____.

A

smelling

111
Q

The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong?

A

nematoda

112
Q

A terrestrial animal species is discovered with the following larval characteristics: exoskeleton, system of tubes for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. A knowledgeable zoologist should predict that the adults of this species would also feature _____.

A

an open circulatory system

113
Q

In a tide pool, a student encounters an organism with a hard outer covering that contains much calcium carbonate, an open circulatory system, and gills. The organism could potentially be a crab, a shrimp, a barnacle, or a bivalve. The presence of which of the following structures would allow for the most certain identification of the organism?

A

a mantle

114
Q

The claws (fangs) on the foremost trunk segment of centipedes have a function most similar to that of _____.

A

cerata

115
Q

The stingers of honeybees have a function most similar to that of _____.

A

cerata

116
Q

The spiracles and tracheae of insects have a function most similar to that of _____.

A

dorsal plummules

117
Q

The antennae of insects have a function most similar to that of _____.

A

rhinophores

118
Q

If the pond organisms are larvae, rather than adults, Sarah should expect them to have all of the following structures, EXCEPT _____.

A

sex organs

119
Q

Sarah observed that the mystery pond organisms never come up to the pond’s surface. If she catches one of these organisms and observes closely, perhaps dissecting the organism, she should find _____.

A

gills

120
Q

As you are walking along a beach, you find an animal and believe that it belongs to the class Asteroidea. Which of the following characteristics would support your hypothesis that the animal is a sea star and not another type of echinoderm?

A

its central region is not well-delineated from its appendages

121
Q

The water vascular system of echinoderms _____.

A

functions in locomotion and feeding

122
Q

Which of the following combinations correctly matches a phylum to its description?

A

Echiinodermata— Bilateral symmetry as a larva, water vascular system

123
Q

which of the following animal groups is entirely aquatic?

A

Echinodermata

124
Q

The bivalves started to die one by one; only the undamaged shells remained. To keep the remaining bivalves alive, the teacher would most likely need to remove the _____.

A

sea star

125
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

A

post-anal tail

126
Q

Why do adult urochordates (tunicates) lack notochords, even though larval urochordates have them? Larvae use notochords to______.

A

aid in swimming; adults are sessile and thus no longer propel themselves

127
Q

If a tunicate’s pharyngeal gill slits were suddenly blocked, the animal would have trouble _____.

A

respiring and feeding

128
Q

Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as _____.

A

suspension-feeding devices

129
Q

Which of the following statements would be LEAST acceptable to most zoologists?

A

the extant lancelets are the immediate ancestors of the fish

130
Q

Which extant chordates are postulated to be most like the earliest chordates in appearance?

A

lancelets

131
Q

Vertebrates and tunicates share _____.

A

a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord

132
Q

All chordates studied to date, except tunicates, share a set of _____.

A

13 Hox genes

133
Q

Which of the following characteristics is shared by a hagfish and a lamprey?

A

a well-developed notochord

134
Q

A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles an ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?

A

no jaws

135
Q

A team of researchers has developed a poison that has proven effective against lamprey larvae in freshwater cultures. The poison is ingested and causes paralysis by detaching segmental muscles from the skeletal elements. The team wants to test the poison’s effectiveness in streams feeding Lake Michigan, but one critic worries about potential effects on lancelets, which are similar to lampreys in many ways. Why is this concern misplaced?

A

lancelets live only in saltwater environments

136
Q

To reproduce, many plants produce seeds–structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable?

A

oviparous reproduction

137
Q

Why do skates and rays have flattened bodies, while sharks are torpedo shaped?

A

sharks are streamlined for active swimming off the bottom, while skates move about mostly on the ocean bed

138
Q

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes?

A

they have a lateral line that is sensitive to vibrations

139
Q

Which shark structure is closest in function to a swim bladder full of gas?

A

its liver

140
Q

If a ray-finned fish is to both hover (remain stationary) in the water column and ventilate its gills effectively, then what other structure besides its swim bladder will it use?

A

its opercula

141
Q

How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to diversification of early vertebrate lineages?

A

it made additional food sources available

142
Q

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

A

their fins have skeletal and muscular structures similar to amphibian limbs

143
Q

Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?

A

chondrichthyans

144
Q

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

A

a mineralized, bony skeleton

145
Q

Arrange these groups in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).

  1. lobe-fins
  2. amphibians
  3. gnathostomes
  4. osteichthyans
  5. tetrapods
A

3, 4, 5, 1, 2

146
Q

Suppose, while out camping in a forest, you found a chordate with a long, slender, limbless body slithering across the ground near your tent. This critter could be _____.

A

an amphibian

147
Q

Which of the following could be considered the most recent common ancestor of living tetrapods?
A) a sturdy-finned, shallow-water lobe-fin whose appendages had skeletal supports similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates
B) an armored, jawed placoderm with two pairs of appendages
C) an early ray-finned fish that developed bony skeletal supports in its paired fins
D) a salamander that had legs supported by a bony skeleton but moved with the side-to-side bending typical of fishes

A

a

148
Q

A trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods was _____.

A

feet with digits

149
Q

Fossils of the earliest tetrapods should _____.

A

indicate limited adaptation to life on land

150
Q

What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?

A

tetrapods were no longer tied to the water for reproduction

151
Q

Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?

A

the amnion

152
Q

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of _____.

A

convergent evolution

153
Q

Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?

A

endothermy

154
Q

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved feathers. You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role associated with _____.

A

sexual selection

155
Q

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

A

endothermy

156
Q

Which characteristic is common to all the modern representatives of all major reptilian lineages (turtles, lepidosaurs, crocodilians, and birds)?

A

presence of a notochord

157
Q

Which of these are amniotes?

A

turtles

158
Q

If the inner lining of the air sacs is neither thin nor highly vascularized, then what can be inferred about the air sacs?

A

they are not efficient sites of gas exchange between air and blood

159
Q

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of gas exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically?

A

the same as that occurring in fish gills

160
Q

Which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?

A

the shelled, amniotic egg

161
Q

Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?

A

birds

162
Q

During chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose?

  1. amniotic egg
  2. paired fins
  3. jaws
  4. swim bladder
  5. four-chambered heart
A

2, 3, 4, 1, 5

163
Q

Which clade does NOT include humans?

A

diapsids

164
Q

Primate evolution and behavior, such as hunting skills, have been directed in part by the development of depth perception. What anatomical change made depth perception possible?

A

movement of the eyes to the front of the head

165
Q

What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother’s nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?

A

Eutheria

166
Q

Which of the following represents the strongest evidence that two of the three middle ear bones of mammals are homologous to certain reptilian jawbones?

A

these bones can be observed to move from the evolving jaw to the evolving middle ear in mammalian embryos

167
Q

Which of the following is the most inclusive (most general) group in which all of the members have fully opposable thumbs?

A

anthropoids

168
Q

Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?

A

examine the teeth

169
Q

Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which “strategy” seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

A

limit litters to a single embryo

170
Q

Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials _____.

A

have some embryonic development outside the uterus

171
Q

On the back of your skull you can feel a small bump, below which is an opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. The location of this opening toward the bottom of the skull is significant in evolutionary biology for what reason?

A

it occurred as a result of the change to a bipedal stance

172
Q

In what respect do hominins differ from all other anthropoids?

A

bipedal posture

173
Q 
Arrange the following taxonomic terms in order from most inclusive (most general) to least inclusive (most specific).
1. 	apes
2. 	hominins
3. 	Homo
4 	anthropoids
5. 	primates
A

5, 4, 1, 2, 3

174
Q

Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?

A

repositioning of foramen magnum

175
Q

Which of the following statements about human evolution is correct?
A) Modern humans are the only human species to have evolved on Earth.
B) Human ancestors were virtually identical to extant chimpanzees.
C) Human evolution has occurred within an unbranched lineage.
D) The upright posture and enlarged brain of humans evolved separately.

A

d

176
Q

With which of the following statements would a biologist be most inclined to agree?
A) Humans and other apes represent divergent lines of evolution from a common ancestor.
B) Humans represent the pinnacle of evolution and have escaped from being affected by natural selection.
C) Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
D) Humans and other apes are the result of disruptive selection in a species of chimpanzee.

A

a

Bio 1442 (4 decks)

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