Test 2- Test bank

Question 1

The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and,once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram- negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, What is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. Bacteriophorus on its way to the prey’s cytoplasm?

1. membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
2. membranecomposed mostly of phospholipids
3. peptidoglycan
4. capsule

Answer 1

4,1,3,2

Question 2

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temp. This is because that encounter such an environment_____.

Answer 2

undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell

Question 3

in which of feature(s) should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium?

1. nucleolus
2. prophage
3. endospore
4. nucleoid

Answer 3

3 and 4

Question 4

What observation about flagella is true and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from protists and bacteria evolved independently?

Answer 4

The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in protist flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella

Question 5

In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?

1. nucleoid region
2. endospore
3. fimbriae
4. plasmisds

Answer 5

1 2 4

Question 6

If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also______.

Answer 6

lack antibiotic-resistant genes

Question 7

Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins?

Answer 7

If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?

Question 8

E. coli cells typically make most of their ATP by metabolizing glucose. Under the conditions of this experiment, as time passed, E. coli generation times should be__________.

Answer 8

slower than in the typical environment

Question 9

If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then beneficial mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells via______.

Answer 9

transformation

Question 10

in a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the_________.

Answer 10

rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat

Question 11

Which of the following is least associated with the others?

a) horizontal gene transfer
b) conjugation
c) transformation
d) binary fission

Answer 11

Binary fission

Question 12

Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. these two groups differ in______.

Answer 12

their mode of nutrition

Question 13

While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?

Answer 13

Cell walls are primarily of peptiodoglycan

Question 14

What describes all existing bacteria?

Answer 14

Tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse

Question 15

you have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?

Answer 15

it is able to form colonies and produce oxygen

Question 16

What statement about the domain archaea is true?

Answer 16

Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species

Question 17

What traits do archaeans and bacteria share?

Answer 17

lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane

Question 18

Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?

Answer 18

extreme halophiles

Question 19

The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. What is likely to be true of this species?

1. it is a bacterium
2. it is an archaean
3. the optimal pH of its enzymes will lie about pH 7.
4. the optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7.
5. it could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs
6. it could inhabit alkaline hot springs

Answer 19

2, 4, 5

Question 20

A fish that has been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support you suspicion?

1. the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria
2. cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
3. cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish
4. cells unable to survive salt concentrations lower than 9%
5. the presence of very large numbers of ion pumps in its plasma membrane

Answer 20

2,3,4,5

Question 21

Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes?

Answer 21

horizontal gene transfer

Question 22

Bacteria preform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis?

Answer 22

decomposer

Question 23

If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?

Answer 23

the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially

Question 24

What is the goal of bioremediation?

Answer 24

to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

Question 25

Foods can be preserved in many ways by slowing or preventing bacterial growth. Which of these methods should be least effective at inhibiting bacterial growth?

Answer 25

closing previously opened containers: prevents more bacteria from entering, and excludes oxygen.

Question 26

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become_________.

Answer 26

deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients

Question 27

the pathogenic prokaryotes that cause cholera are_______.

Answer 27

bacteria that release an edotoxin

Question 28

The soil layer surrounding plant roots, called the rhizosphere, has been shown in some cases to________.

Answer 28

inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens

Question 29

When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. if these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells the host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this?

Answer 29

the virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage.

Question 30

Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. in prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generations of genetic variation in the two domain is:

Answer 30

Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer.

Question 31

In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are?

Answer 31

prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes.

Question 32

According to the edosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

Answer 32

the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 33

the chlooplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?

Answer 33

cyanobacteria— green algae— land plants

Question 34

a particular species ofprotist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts_______.

Answer 34

have three or four membranes

Question 35

All protists are_______.

Answer 35

eukaryotic

Question 36

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?

Answer 36

it engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption

Question 37

Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?

Answer 37

chlorarachniophytes

Question 38

What process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information/

Answer 38

horizontal gene transfer

Question 39

Consider the following data: (a) most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. (b) all eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus andcytoskeleton. (c) Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions could reasonably follow the data presented? The first eukaryote may have been_________.

Answer 39

capable of phagocytosis

Question 40

The mitosome of Giardia has no DNA within it. If it did contain DNA, then what predictions should we be able to make about its DNA?

1. it is linear
2. it is circular
3. it has many introns
4. it has few introns
5. it is not associated with histone proteins
6. it is complexed with histone proteins

Answer 40

2, 4, 5

Question 41

Given its mode of reproduction and internal structures, which of the following should be expected to occur in Giardia at some stage of its life cycle?

Answer 41

separation (segregation) of daughter chromosomes

Question 42

If the mitosomes of Giardia contain no DNA, yet are descendants of what were once freeliving organisms, then where are we likelyy to find the genes that encode their structures, and what accounts for their current location their?

Answer 42

nucleus; horizontal gene transfer

Question 43

when a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium______.

Answer 43

cells infect the human liver cells

Question 44

Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins?

1. Plasmodium
2. Trichomonas
3. Paramecium
4. trypanosoma
5. Entamoeba

Answer 44

1 and 4

Question 45

Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched?

Answer 45

Ciliates—- Red tide organisms

Question 46

Dinoflagellates________.

Answer 46

possess two flagella

Question 47

you are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. This organism is most likely to be a_______.

Answer 47

ciliate

Question 48

which of the following characteristic of ciliates?

Answer 48

they are often multinucleate

Question 49

A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following?

Answer 49

holdfasts

Question 50

Reinforce, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of_______.

Answer 50

forams

Question 51

A snail-like,coiled, porous test (shell) of clacium carbonate is characteristic of_____.

Answer 51

foraminiferans

Question 52

You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n)

Answer 52

diatom

Question 53

A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?

Answer 53

brown

Question 54

Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size?

Answer 54

conjugation

Question 55

The genomeof modern chloroplasts is roughly 50% the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. In comparison, the genome of P. Chromatophora’s chromatophore is only slightly reduced relative to the size of the genome of the cyandobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. What is a valid hypothesis that can be drawn from this comparison?

Answer 55

P. Chromatophora’s chromatophore is the result of an evolutionarily recent endosymbiosis

Question 56

A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multi cellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga is most likely a type of_________.

Answer 56

Red algae

Question 57

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae_______.

Answer 57

are unicellular

Question 58

you are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 meters deep) and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist?

1. hydrogenosome
2. apicoplast
3. chloroplast from red alga
4. chloroplast from green alga

Answer 58

3 and 4

Question 59

Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, the taxon would____.

Answer 59

be polphyletic

Question 60

Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature?

Answer 60

phaeophyta(brown algae)—– blade

Question 61

Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except_______.

Answer 61

plants

Question 62

Previously understood similarities that seemed to connect slime molds and fungi are now considered to be_______.

Answer 62

examples of convergent evolution

Question 63

Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree

Answer 63

are presently unclear

Question 64

Super cells characteristic of plasmodial slime molds result when which one of the following common cellular processes does not occur?

Answer 64

cytokinesis

Question 65

which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year?

Answer 65

Entamoeba histolytica

Question 66

assume that some member of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthtic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?

Answer 66

loss of chloroplasts

Question 67

living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of earth’s oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?

Answer 67

the coral animals’ endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get “shaded out” by the diatoms

Question 68

Which of the following is a producer?

Answer 68

diatom

Question 69

if we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would_______.

Answer 69

insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into anopheles mosquitoes

Question 70

According to the fossil record,plants colonized terrestrial habitats________.

Answer 70

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

Question 71

the most direct ancestors of land plants were probably_______.

Answer 71

green algae

Question 72

About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on earth would have__________.

Answer 72

had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock

Question 73

what evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?

Answer 73

waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves

Question 74

Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last(most recently)?

Answer 74

rise and diversification of angiosperms

Question 75

Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had low, sprawling growth habit?

Answer 75

the ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.

Question 76

spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because_______.

Answer 76

spores are unicellular; seeds are not

Question 77

you find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it_______.

Answer 77

is surrounded by a cuticle

Question 78

Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants_________.

Answer 78

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Question 79

The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to______.

Answer 79

sporopollenin

Question 80

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?

Answer 80

charopytes

Question 81

which taxon is essentially equivalent to the “embryophtes”

Answer 81

Plantae

Question 82

If the kindgom plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes(stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include_______.

1. ringsof celluose- synthesizing compexes
2. chlorophylls a and b
3. alternation of generations
4. cell walls of cellulose
5. ability to synthsize sporopollenin

Answer 82

1 and 5

Question 83

Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonized land?

1. relative number of potential predators (herbivores)
2. relative number of competitors
3. relative availability of symbiotic partners
4. air’s relative lack of support, compared to water’s support

Answer 83

1, 2, 3

Question 84

A student encounters a pondweed which appears to be charophyte (stonewort). which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?

1. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phargmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes

Answer 84

2, 3, 4

Question 85

Stomata______.

Answer 85

open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss

Question 86

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?

Answer 86

they require water for reproduction

Question 87

most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

Answer 87

they can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

Question 88

as you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a____.

Answer 88

gametophyte of moss

Question 89

Which of these are spore-producing structures?

Answer 89

sporophyte(capsule) of a moss

Question 90

what is true about the genus Sphagnum?

Answer 90

it is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Question 91

How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

Answer 91

in both groups, sperm swim form antheridia to archegonia

Question 92

in general, liverworts have a cuticle and pores. However, some species do not have pores. What would you predict concerning the cuticle of these species and why?

Answer 92

the cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores.

Question 93

Archegonia_______.

Answer 93

may contain sporophyte embryos

Question 94

Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?

Answer 94

Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia

Question 95

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.

1. Antheridia
2. Gametes
3. Gametophytes

Answer 95

3,1,2

Question 96

The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?

Answer 96

stomata

Question 97

Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?

Answer 97

Antheidia and archegonia is dominant

Question 98

At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make_______.

Answer 98

sporangia

Question 99

Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have______.

Answer 99

less-acidic water

Question 100

Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because_____.

Answer 100

photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

Question 101

Which set contains the most closely related terms?

a) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule
b) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary
c) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
d) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary

Answer 101

c

Question 102

How could you determined if a plant is heterosporous?

Answer 102

male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants

Question 103

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with trecheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_______.

Answer 103

ferns

Question 104

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

Answer 104

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

Question 105

Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest ( or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1. spores
2. sporophylls
3. sporophytes
4. sporangia

Answer 105

3, 2, 4, 1

Question 106

If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs?

Answer 106

ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes

Question 107

Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.

1. embryophytes
2. green plants
3. seedless vascular plants
4. ferns
5. tracheophytes

Answer 107

2, 1, 5, 3, 4

Question 108

What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?

Answer 108

flagellated sperm

Question 109

Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert?

Answer 109

either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic

Question 110

Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups “flower of stone” belongs?

1. asporophyte generation that is dominant
2. true leaves and roots
3. flagellated sperm
4. strobili
5. alternation of generations

Answer 110

3 and 5

Question 111

Upon closer inspection of the leaves of “flower of stone,” one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of “flower of stone” branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, which of the following is the closest living relative of “flower of stone”?

Answer 111

club moss

Question 112

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area ofa leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels declineis most analogous to a human_________.

Answer 112

putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

Question 113

Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors?

Answer 113

flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop

Question 114

In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of “flower of stone” have the best chance of finding them?

1. moist soil
2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi
3. south- or west- facing slopes
4. permanently shady places
5. far from any flower of stone sporophytes

Answer 114

1, 2, and 4

Question 115

suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about “trees” of such a species would be false?

Answer 115

females could produce only one archagonium

Question 116

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?

Answer 116

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Question 117

which of the following lines of evidence would best best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?

Answer 117

it lacks gametangia

Question 118

Which of the following is not functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Answer 118

chloroplasts

Question 119

in addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

Answer 119

pollen

Question 120

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.

1. cells of sporangium
2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root
3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
4. cellsof gametophyte

Answer 120

3,1,4,2

Question 121

arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.

1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
3. gametophyte dominance, sporopyte dependence

Answer 121

3-1-2

Question 122

in seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and ha a function most like that of the seed coat?

Answer 122

sporopollenin

Question 123

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a______.

Answer 123

fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

Question 124

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

Answer 124

the pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors

Question 125

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?

Answer 125

male gametophyte

Question 126

The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are_____.

Answer 126

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

Question 127

conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of______

Answer 127

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Question 128

which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Answer 128

female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs

Question 129

Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?

Answer 129

conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes

Question 130

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs?

1. sporophyte embryo
2. female gametophyte
3. egg cell
4. megaspore

Answer 130

4-2-3-1

Question 131

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei

Answer 131

1, 4, 3, 2, 5

Question 132

Which of the following sex and generation cominations most directly produces the integumet of pine seed?

Answer 132

female sporophyte

Question 133

on the pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called “flying foxes” commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what should be true?

Answer 133

flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (in other words, without getting chewed)

Question 134

Many mamals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secreations of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that_________.

Answer 134

inhibit herbivory

Question 135

immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?

Answer 135

they are wind pollinated

Question 136

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?

Answer 136

female sporophyte

Question 137

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

Answer 137

double internal fertilization

Question 138

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

1. the exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks
2. the seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal’s mouth
3. the seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs
4. the seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5. the seed coat should be resistant to the animals’ digestive enzymes

Answer 138

3 and 5

Question 139

the generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

Answer 139

Mitosis

Question 140

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.

1. ovary
2. ovule
3. egg
4. carpel
5. embryo sac

Answer 140

4,1,2,5,3

Question 141

If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that are pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be_______.

Answer 141

polyphyletic

Question 142

The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition has what type of analog in angiosperms?

Answer 142

growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei

Question 143

the laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms?

Answer 143

fruit dispersal

Question 144

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all______.

Answer 144

modified leaves

Question 145

The same bees that pollinate the flowers of Brazil nut trees also pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (in other words, plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut trees. These observations explain________.

Answer 145

why brazil nut trues do not set fruit in monoculture plantations