Test 2- Test bank Flashcards
1
Q
The predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus drills into a prey bacterium and,once inside, digests it. In an attack upon a gram- negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, What is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by B. Bacteriophorus on its way to the prey’s cytoplasm?
- membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide
- membranecomposed mostly of phospholipids
- peptidoglycan
- capsule
A
4,1,3,2
2
Q
Jams, jellies, preserves, honey and other foods with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria, even when the food containers are left open at room temp. This is because that encounter such an environment_____.
A
undergo death as a result of water loss from the cell
3
Q
in which of feature(s) should one be able to locate a complete chromosome of this bacterium?
- nucleolus
- prophage
- endospore
- nucleoid
A
3 and 4
4
Q
What observation about flagella is true and is consistent with the scientific conclusion that the flagella from protists and bacteria evolved independently?
A
The protein structure and the mechanism of movement in protist flagella are different from those of bacteria flagella
5
Q
In a bacterium that possesses antibiotic resistance and the potential to persist through very adverse conditions, such as freezing, drying, or high temperatures, DNA should be located within, or be part of, which structures?
- nucleoid region
- endospore
- fimbriae
- plasmisds
A
1 2 4
6
Q
If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably also______.
A
lack antibiotic-resistant genes
7
Q
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins?
A
If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes?
8
Q
E. coli cells typically make most of their ATP by metabolizing glucose. Under the conditions of this experiment, as time passed, E. coli generation times should be__________.
A
slower than in the typical environment
9
Q
If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then beneficial mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells via______.
A
transformation
10
Q
in a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the_________.
A
rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat
11
Q
Which of the following is least associated with the others?
a) horizontal gene transfer
b) conjugation
c) transformation
d) binary fission
A
Binary fission
12
Q
Biologists sometimes divide living organisms into two groups: autotrophs and heterotrophs. these two groups differ in______.
A
their mode of nutrition
13
Q
While examining a rock surface, you have discovered an interesting new organism. Which of the following criteria will allow you to classify the organism as belonging to Bacteria but not Archaea or Eukarya?
A
Cell walls are primarily of peptiodoglycan
14
Q
What describes all existing bacteria?
A
Tiny, ubiquitous, metabolically diverse
15
Q
you have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?
A
it is able to form colonies and produce oxygen
16
Q
What statement about the domain archaea is true?
A
Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species
17
Q
What traits do archaeans and bacteria share?
A
lack of a nuclear envelope and presence of plasma membrane
18
Q
Assuming that each of these possesses a cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?
A
extreme halophiles
19
Q
The thermoacidophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lacks peptidoglycan, but still possesses a cell wall. What is likely to be true of this species?
- it is a bacterium
- it is an archaean
- the optimal pH of its enzymes will lie about pH 7.
- the optimal pH of its enzymes will lie below pH 7.
- it could inhabit certain hydrothermal springs
- it could inhabit alkaline hot springs
A
2, 4, 5
20
Q
A fish that has been salt-cured subsequently develops a reddish color. You suspect that the fish has been contaminated by the extreme halophile Halobacterium. Which of these features of cells removed from the surface of the fish, if confirmed, would support you suspicion?
- the presence of the same photosynthetic pigments found in cyanobacteria
- cell walls that lack peptidoglycan
- cells that are isotonic to conditions on the surface of the fish
- cells unable to survive salt concentrations lower than 9%
- the presence of very large numbers of ion pumps in its plasma membrane
A
2,3,4,5
21
Q
Mitochondria are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria. They are, however, no longer able to lead independent lives because most genes originally present on their chromosomes have moved to the nuclear genome. Which phenomenon accounts for the movement of these genes?
A
horizontal gene transfer
22
Q
Bacteria preform each of the following ecological roles. Which role typically does not involve symbiosis?
A
decomposer
23
Q
If all prokaryotes on Earth suddenly vanished, which of the following would be the most likely and most direct result?
A
the recycling of nutrients would be greatly reduced, at least initially
24
Q
What is the goal of bioremediation?
A
to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria
25
Foods can be preserved in many ways by slowing or preventing bacterial growth. Which of these methods should be least effective at inhibiting bacterial growth?
closing previously opened containers: prevents more bacteria from entering, and excludes oxygen.
26
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become_________.
deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients
27
the pathogenic prokaryotes that cause cholera are_______.
bacteria that release an edotoxin
28
The soil layer surrounding plant roots, called the rhizosphere, has been shown in some cases to________.
inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens
29
When a virus infects a bacterial cell, often new viruses are assembled and released when the host bacterial cell is lysed. if these new viruses go on to infect new bacterial cells the host cells may not be lysed. What is the most plausible explanation for this?
the virus has entered the genome of the bacterial cell and is in the lysogenic stage.
30
Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes increases genetic variation. in prokaryotes, transformation, transduction, and conjugation are mechanisms that increase genetic variation. A fundamental difference between the generations of genetic variation in the two domain is:
Eukaryotic genetic variation occurs with vertical gene transfer while prokaryotic genetic variation occurs with horizontal gene transfer.
31
In prokaryotes new mutations accumulate quickly in populations, while in eukaryotes new mutations accumulate much more slowly. The primary reasons for this are?
prokaryotes have short generation times and large population sizes.
32
According to the edosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?
the engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
33
the chlooplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria--- green algae--- land plants
34
a particular species ofprotist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts_______.
have three or four membranes
35
All protists are_______.
eukaryotic
36
An individual mixotroph loses its plastids, yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival?
it engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption
37
Which of the following have chloroplasts (or structures since evolved from chloroplasts) thought to be derived from ancestral green algae?
chlorarachniophytes
38
What process could have allowed the nucleomorphs of chlorarachniophytes to be reduced, without the net loss of any genetic information/
horizontal gene transfer
39
Consider the following data: (a) most ancient eukaryotes are unicellular. (b) all eukaryotes alive today have a nucleus andcytoskeleton. (c) Most ancient eukaryotes lack a cell wall. Which of the following conclusions could reasonably follow the data presented? The first eukaryote may have been_________.
capable of phagocytosis
40
The mitosome of Giardia has no DNA within it. If it did contain DNA, then what predictions should we be able to make about its DNA?
1. it is linear
2. it is circular
3. it has many introns
4. it has few introns
5. it is not associated with histone proteins
6. it is complexed with histone proteins
2, 4, 5
41
Given its mode of reproduction and internal structures, which of the following should be expected to occur in Giardia at some stage of its life cycle?
separation (segregation) of daughter chromosomes
42
If the mitosomes of Giardia contain no DNA, yet are descendants of what were once freeliving organisms, then where are we likelyy to find the genes that encode their structures, and what accounts for their current location their?
nucleus; horizontal gene transfer
43
when a mosquito infected with Plasmodium first bites a human, the Plasmodium______.
cells infect the human liver cells
44
Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins?
1. Plasmodium
2. Trichomonas
3. Paramecium
4. trypanosoma
5. Entamoeba
1 and 4
45
Which of the following pairs of protists and their characteristics is mismatched?
Ciliates---- Red tide organisms
46
Dinoflagellates________.
possess two flagella
47
you are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9+2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. This organism is most likely to be a_______.
ciliate
48
which of the following characteristic of ciliates?
they are often multinucleate
49
A large seaweed that floats freely on the surface of deep bodies of water would be expected to lack which of the following?
holdfasts
50
Reinforce, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of_______.
forams
51
A snail-like,coiled, porous test (shell) of clacium carbonate is characteristic of_____.
foraminiferans
52
You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n)
diatom
53
A gelatinous seaweed that grows in shallow, cold water and undergoes heteromorphic alternation of generations is most probably what type of alga?
brown
54
Which process in Paramecium results in genetic recombination but no increase in population size?
conjugation
55
The genomeof modern chloroplasts is roughly 50% the size of the genome of the cyanobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. In comparison, the genome of P. Chromatophora's chromatophore is only slightly reduced relative to the size of the genome of the cyandobacterium from which it is thought to have been derived. What is a valid hypothesis that can be drawn from this comparison?
P. Chromatophora's chromatophore is the result of an evolutionarily recent endosymbiosis
56
A biologist discovers an alga that is marine, multi cellular, and lives at a depth reached only by blue light. This alga is most likely a type of_________.
Red algae
57
Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae_______.
are unicellular
58
you are given the task of designing an aerobic, mixotrophic protist that can perform photosynthesis in fairly deep water (for example, 250 meters deep) and can also crawl about and engulf small particles. With which two of the following structures would you provide your protist?
1. hydrogenosome
2. apicoplast
4. chloroplast from red alga
5. chloroplast from green alga
3 and 4
59
Similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, the taxon would____.
be polphyletic
60
Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature?
phaeophyta(brown algae)----- blade
61
Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except_______.
plants
62
Previously understood similarities that seemed to connect slime molds and fungi are now considered to be_______.
examples of convergent evolution
63
Branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree
are presently unclear
64
Super cells characteristic of plasmodial slime molds result when which one of the following common cellular processes does not occur?
cytokinesis
65
which of the following is responsible for nearly 100,000 human deaths worldwide every year?
Entamoeba histolytica
66
assume that some member of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthtic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?
loss of chloroplasts
67
living diatoms contain brownish plastids. If global warming causes blooms of diatoms in the surface waters of earth's oceans, how might this be harmful to the animals that build coral reefs?
the coral animals' endosymbiotic dinoflagellates may get "shaded out" by the diatoms
68
Which of the following is a producer?
diatom
69
if we were to apply the most recent technique used to fight potato late blight to the fight against the malarial infection of humans, then we would_______.
insert genes from a Plasmodium-resistant strain of mosquito into anopheles mosquitoes
70
According to the fossil record,plants colonized terrestrial habitats________.
in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil
71
the most direct ancestors of land plants were probably_______.
green algae
72
About 450 million years ago, the terrestrial landscape on earth would have__________.
had non-vascular green plants similar to liverworts forming green mats on rock
73
what evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
74
Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last(most recently)?
rise and diversification of angiosperms
75
Why have biologists hypothesized that the first land plants had low, sprawling growth habit?
the ancestors of land plants, green algae, lack the structural support to stand erect in air.
76
spores and seeds have basically the same function-dispersal-but are vastly different because_______.
spores are unicellular; seeds are not
77
you find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. The mystery organism is most likely a plant and not an alga if it_______.
is surrounded by a cuticle
78
Retaining the zygote on the living gametophyte of land plants_________.
allows it to be nourished by the parent plant
79
The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to______.
sporopollenin
80
According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants?
charopytes
81
which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophtes"
Plantae
82
If the kindgom plantae is someday expanded to include the charophytes(stoneworts), then the shared derived characteristics of the kingdom will include_______.
1. ringsof celluose- synthesizing compexes
2. chlorophylls a and b
3. alternation of generations
4. cell walls of cellulose
5. ability to synthsize sporopollenin
1 and 5
83
Which of the following were probably factors that permitted early plants to successfully colonized land?
1. relative number of potential predators (herbivores)
2. relative number of competitors
3. relative availability of symbiotic partners
4. air's relative lack of support, compared to water's support
1, 2, 3
84
A student encounters a pondweed which appears to be charophyte (stonewort). which of the following features would help the student determine whether the sample comes from a charophyte or from some other type of green alga?
1. molecular structure of enzymes inside the chloroplasts
2. structure of sperm cells
3. presence of phargmoplasts
4. rings of cellulose-synthesizing complexes
2, 3, 4
85
Stomata______.
open to allow gas exchange and close to decrease water loss
86
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses are grouped together as the Bryophytes. Besides not having vascular tissue, what do they all have in common?
they require water for reproduction
87
most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?
they can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.
88
as you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a____.
gametophyte of moss
89
Which of these are spore-producing structures?
sporophyte(capsule) of a moss
90
what is true about the genus Sphagnum?
it is an important carbon sink, reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide.
91
How are the bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?
in both groups, sperm swim form antheridia to archegonia
92
in general, liverworts have a cuticle and pores. However, some species do not have pores. What would you predict concerning the cuticle of these species and why?
the cuticle would be thinner than in those species with pores.
93
Archegonia_______.
may contain sporophyte embryos
94
Which of the following is a true statement about plant reproduction?
Male and female bryophytes each produce a type of gametangia
95
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest.
1. Antheridia
2. Gametes
3. Gametophytes
3,1,2
96
The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one to two cell layers thick. Consequently, which of the following is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?
stomata
97
Which of the following is true of the life cycle of mosses?
Antheidia and archegonia is dominant
98
At some time during their life cycles, bryophytes make_______.
sporangia
99
Two small, poorly drained lakes lie close to each other in a northern forest. The basins of both lakes are composed of the same geologic substratum. One lake is surrounded by a dense Sphagnum mat; the other is not. compared to the pond with Sphagnum, the pond lacking the moss mat should have______.
less-acidic water
100
Encouraging the growth (via nutrient fertilization) of photosynthetic protists in marine environments may help reduce global warming because_____.
photosynthetic protists fix atmospheric carbon dioxide, decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
101
Which set contains the most closely related terms?
a) megasporangium, megaspore, pollen, ovule
b) microsporangium, microspore, egg, ovary
c) megasporangium, megaspore, egg, ovule
d) microsporangium, microspore, carpel, ovary
c
102
How could you determined if a plant is heterosporous?
male and female reproductive structures are located on separate plants
103
A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with trecheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to_______.
ferns
104
You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a pterophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?
whether it has microphylls or megaphylls
105
Assuming that they all belong to the same plant, arrange the following structures from largest to smallest ( or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. spores
2. sporophylls
3. sporophytes
4. sporangia
3, 2, 4, 1
106
If humans had been present to build log structures during the Carboniferous period (they were not), which plant types would have been suitable sources of logs?
ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes
107
Arrange the following terms from most inclusive to least inclusive.
1. embryophytes
2. green plants
3. seedless vascular plants
4. ferns
5. tracheophytes
2, 1, 5, 3, 4
108
What feature of both true mosses and ferns makes it most surprising that they can survive for many generations in dry deserts?
flagellated sperm
109
Which of the following features is most important for true mosses and ferns to reproduce in the desert?
either that their gametophytes grow close together, or that they be hermaphroditic
110
Which of the following characteristics is (are) possessed in common by true mosses, ferns, and spike mosses, and therefore becomes useless at helping to determine to which of these groups "flower of stone" belongs?
1. asporophyte generation that is dominant
2. true leaves and roots
3. flagellated sperm
4. strobili
5. alternation of generations
3 and 5
111
Upon closer inspection of the leaves of "flower of stone," one can observe tiny, cone-like structures. Each cone-like structure emits spores of two different sizes. Further investigation also reveals that the roots of "flower of stone" branch only at the growing tip of the root, forming a Y-shaped structure. Consequently, which of the following is the closest living relative of "flower of stone"?
club moss
112
Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area ofa leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels declineis most analogous to a human_________.
putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline
113
Which of the following features of how seedless land plants get sperm to egg are the same as for some of their algal ancestors?
flagellated sperm swim to the eggs in a water drop
114
In which combination of locations would one who is searching for the gametophytes of "flower of stone" have the best chance of finding them?
1. moist soil
2. underground, nourished there by symbiotic fungi
3. south- or west- facing slopes
4. permanently shady places
5. far from any flower of stone sporophytes
1, 2, and 4
115
suppose an efficient conducting system evolved in a moss that could transport water and other materials as high as a tall tree. Which of the following statements about "trees" of such a species would be false?
females could produce only one archagonium
116
Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution?
the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle
117
which of the following lines of evidence would best best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?
it lacks gametangia
118
Which of the following is not functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?
chloroplasts
119
in addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?
pollen
120
Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the skin cells of humans, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.
1. cells of sporangium
2. cells in the interior of a subterranean root
3. epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls
4. cellsof gametophyte
3,1,4,2
121
arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.
1. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence
2. sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence
3. gametophyte dominance, sporopyte dependence
3-1-2
122
in seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and ha a function most like that of the seed coat?
sporopollenin
123
In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a______.
fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia
124
A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?
the pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors
125
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?
male gametophyte
126
The closest relatives of the familiar pine and spruce trees are_____.
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
127
conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of______
decreased surface area, reducing water loss
128
which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
129
Which of the following statements is true of the pine life cycle?
conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes
130
Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, what is the correct sequence in which the following should appear during development, assuming that fertilization occurs?
1. sporophyte embryo
2. female gametophyte
3. egg cell
4. megaspore
4-2-3-1
131
Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei
1, 4, 3, 2, 5
132
Which of the following sex and generation cominations most directly produces the integumet of pine seed?
female sporophyte
133
on the pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what should be true?
flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get swallowed whole (in other words, without getting chewed)
134
Many mamals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secreations of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that_________.
inhibit herbivory
135
immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination?
they are wind pollinated
136
Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?
female sporophyte
137
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
138
What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
1. the exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks
2. the seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth
3. the seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs
4. the seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.
5. the seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes
3 and 5
139
the generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?
Mitosis
140
Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm.
1. ovary
2. ovule
3. egg
4. carpel
5. embryo sac
4,1,2,5,3
141
If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that are pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be_______.
polyphyletic
142
The internal fertilization that occurs prior to shell deposition has what type of analog in angiosperms?
growth of pollen tube and delivery of sperm nuclei
143
the laying of eggs has what type of analog in angiosperms?
fruit dispersal
144
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all______.
modified leaves
145
The same bees that pollinate the flowers of Brazil nut trees also pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (in other words, plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut trees. These observations explain________.
why brazil nut trues do not set fruit in monoculture plantations
